1330 年頃のアンジェリーノ・ドゥルセルトの航海図[ 111 ]にすでに「Bracile」、「Hy-Brazil」、「Ilha da Brasil」という名前の島々が地図に登場していることから、語源学者は標準的な語源に疑問を抱くことがある。ブラジルのこれらの島々のほとんどはアイルランド沖にあり、伝説の「祝福された島」のケルト語表現に由来すると考えられるが[ 111 ]、1351 年のメディチ・アトラスでは、 1 つのブラジルがアイルランドの近くに、もう 1 つはアゾレス諸島のテルセイラ島の近くに位置している。この用法は、4 つの火山に由来するか、赤い樹脂染料であるドラゴンの血に由来する可能性がある。いずれにせよ、現在のブラジルの最初の名前はIlha de Vera Cruz (「真の十字架の島」) であり、その後、新しい大陸であることが発見された後はTerra de Santa Cruz (「聖十字架の土地」)となった。この状況が変わったのは、フェルナン・デ・ロローニャ率いるリスボンを拠点とする商人コンソーシアムが、それまでインドからしか入手できなかった高価な染料木材を大規模に採掘するために、この新しい植民地をリースした後のことだった。
スペイン語の「エクアドル」は、スペイン語の「República del Ecuador」(文字通り「赤道共和国」)を短縮したもので、 1824年にキト王立謁見区の領土の一部として設立された旧グラン・コロンビア県エクアドルに由来する。県および共和国の首都であり続けたキトは、赤道から わずか約40キロメートル(25マイル)、つまり1/4度南に位置している。
「イスラエル」および関連用語「イスラエルの民」('Am Isra'el עם יִשְׂרָאֵל)および「イスラエルの子ら」(Benei Isra'el בני יִשְׂרָאֵל )は、古代からユダヤ民族の文学においてユダヤ民族を指してきた。イスラエル(יִשְׂרָאֵל – 文字通り「神と格闘する」)という名前は、ヘブライ語聖書に由来し、聖書の族長ヤコブに与えられた称号である。創世記の記述によれば、ヤコブは川の浅瀬で天使と格闘し、忍耐によって勝利した。神はその後、彼の名前をイスラエルに変えた。これは、彼が人と格闘して勝利したように、神と協議して勝利したことを意味する。
マラウイという名前は、マラウイ湖に映る太陽のまばゆい反射から生まれたとされる、「燃える水」または「炎の舌」を意味する現地語に基づいている可能性がある。しかし、マラウイ建国の大統領であるヘイスティングス・バンダ大統領は、インタビューの中で、1940年代に「La Basse Guinee Con[t]enant Les Royaumes de Loango, de Congo, d'Angola et de Benguela」というタイトルの古いフランスの地図に「ボロロ」の地域に「Lac Maravi」が描かれているのを見て、「Nyasa」(または「Maravi」)よりも「Malawi」という名前の方が気に入ったと語っている。「Lac Marawi」は必ずしも今日のマラウイ湖と一致するわけではない。バンダは1964年の独立当時、非常に大きな影響力を持っていたため、旧ニャサランドを「マラウイ」と名付け、その名前が定着した。
西の島々(旧称):スペイン語の「 Las islas de Poniente 」に由来し、トルデシリャス条約の条項に基づきスペインが領有権を主張するために採用された。ポルトガル人は(偶然にも正しかったのだが)これらの島々が自国の勢力圏内にあると考え、代わりに「 Ilhas do oriente」(東の島々)と呼んだ。経度に関する問題が解決されておらず、また島々には紛争を引き起こすような香辛料もなかったため、ロペス・デ・レガスピは1565年にフェリペ2世のためにこれらの島々を植民地化することに成功した。
「ポラン人の土地」とは、ポラン人(ポラニエ)の領土のことである。10世紀にポラン人が統一ポーランドを形成すると、この名称はポーランド全土を指す言葉としても使われるようになった。「ポーランド」(ポルスカ)という名称は、13世紀から14世紀にかけて、ポラン人の本来の領土が大ポーランド(ヴィエルコポルスカ)と呼ばれるようになるまで、両方の意味を表していた。この部族名は、おそらくポーランド語の「野原」または「開けた野原」を意味 する「 pole 」に由来する。
Lengyelország (ハンガリー語)、Lenkija (リトアニア語)、لهستان Lahestân (ペルシア語) はすべて、古ルテニア語または古ポーランド語の民族名lęděnin (おそらく「未開の地を耕す男」、「開拓者」) とその拡大形lęchに由来します。
「Swedes」は、 Swede の古い英語の複数形です。古英語のSweoðeod、古ノルド語のSviþjoðに由来します。最初の要素Sviの語源は、印欧祖語の* suos (「自分のもの」、「自分の親族のもの」)に関連します。最後の要素þjoðは「人々」を意味し、ドイツ語のdeutやチュートン語のteutと同源です。
教会の諸州、旧称:イタリア語のStati della Chiesa。この名称は複数形で、教皇権の下に統合された様々な領地を指し、現代の国家と区別するために用いられた。Chiesaはラテン語のecclesiaに由来し、古代ギリシャ語のékklēsía( έκκλησία、「教会」、元々は「集会」)に由来し、ekklētos(「呼び出された」)ekkalein( ἐκκαλεῖν、ek-「外へ」とkalein「呼ぶ」の複合語
↑ウォーカー、J. & C.「北アフリカまたはバルバリア II. アルジェ」ボールドウィン & クラドック (ロンドン)、1834 年。
↑ Gaston, LL (1912). Andorra, the Hidden Republic: Its Origin and Institutions, and the Record of a Journey Thither . New York, USA: McBridge, Nast & Co. p. 9.
↑ベンソン、ダグラス S. (1995)、『古代エジプトの戦争:古代エジプトの年代記における武力紛争の概観、紀元前1600年~紀元前30年』、DSベンソン
↑「元々、メディア・アトロパテネは、大メディアの北部にあたる地域でした。北はアラクセス川によってアルメニアと隔てられ、東はカスピ海沿岸の山々まで、西はウルミア湖(古代のマティアネ・リムネ)と現在のクルディスタンの山々まで広がっていました。南の境界はアマルドス川だったと考えられます。」Kroll, SE「Media Atropatene」1994年、Talbert, JA Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-by-map Directory、プリンストン大学出版局、2000年より。
↑ Sircar, DC (1990). Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India . Motilal Banarsidass. p. 135. ISBN978-81-208-0690-02016年6月10日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2016年4月19日に取得。
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1234Белы, А. Хроніка "Белай Русі": нарыс гісторыі адной геаграфічнай назвы. Энцыклапедыкс (Мінск), 2000. ISBN985-6599-12-1. (in Russian) as cited in Biely, Ales. "Why is the Russia White?Deprecated link archived 13 September 2012 at archive.today". Retrieved 28 September 2011.
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↑Yule, Henry (1913). Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp.2–3. ISBN81-206-1966-8.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) "There are reasons however for believing the word China was bestowed at a much earlier date, for it occurs in the Laws of Manu, which assert the Chinas to be degenerate Kshatriyas, and the Mahabharat, compositions many centuries older that imperial dynasty of Ts'in ... And this name may have yet possibly been connected with the Ts'in, or some monarchy of the like title; for that Dynasty had reigned locally in Shen si from the ninth century before our era..."
↑Yule, Henry (1913). Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp.3–7. ISBN81-206-1966-8.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
12Wade, Geoff. "The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'", Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 188, May 2009. pp. 12–13.
12Wade, Geoff. "The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'". Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 188, May 2009, p. 20.
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↑Oxford English Dictionary (1989), "China". ISBN0-19-957315-8.The Book of Duarte Barbosa (chapter title "The Very Great Kingdom of China"). ISBN81-206-0451-2. Portuguese original is here. ("O Grande Reino da China").
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↑The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form (perhaps a locative), and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. However, the application of the (possibly) "dual" ending to some toponyms and other words, a development peculiar to Hebrew, does not in fact imply any "two-ness" about the place. The ending is found, for example, in the Hebrew words for such single entities as "water" ("מַיִם"), "noon" ("צָהֳרַיִם"), "sky/heaven" ("שָׁמַיִם"), and in the qere – but not the original "ketiv" – of "Jerusalem" ("ירושל[י]ם"). It should also be noted that the dual ending – which may or may not be what the -áyim in "Mitzráyim" actually represents – was available to other Semitic languages, such as Arabic, but was not applied to Egypt. See inter alia Aaron Demsky ("Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim" in Demsky (ed.) These Are the Names: Studies in Jewish Onomastics, Vol. 3 (Ramat Gan, 2002), pp. 11–20), Avi Hurvitz (A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew: Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period (Brill, 2014), p. 128) and Nadav Na'aman ("Shaaraim – The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah" in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. 8 (2008), article no. 24Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, pp. 2–3).
↑Izre'el, Shlomo (19 November 2010). "On the So-Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru". www.academia.edu: 84. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
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↑Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. BRILL. pp.144–145. ISBN978-90-04-36381-6.
↑Tvauri, Andres (9 November 2023). The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia. Tartu University Press. p.31. ISBN978-9949-19-936-5.
↑Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. BRILL. p.144. ISBN978-90-04-36381-6.
↑Munro-Hay, Stuart. Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity, p. 19. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1991.
↑Thompson, Basil. "The Land of Our Origin (Viti, or Fiji)Archived 10 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine". Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 143–146. 1892
↑Government of Fiji. "Fiji Today, 2005–2006"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 April 2007.: "Europeans in Fiji".
↑.Grünthal, Riho. "The Finnic Ethnonyms". Finno-Ugrian Society.
↑Cadamosto, Alvise. Mondo Nuovo, Libro de la Prima Navigazione di Luigi di Cadamosto de la Bassa Ethiopia ed Altre Cosa. Op cit. Montalbado, Francanzano (ed.) Paesi Novamente Retrovati et Novo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino Intitulato. (Vicenza), 1507. (in Italian)
↑Ceesay, Hassoum. "The Origins of 'The Gambia'Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine". The Daily Observer, 18 December 2007.
↑Khintibidze, Elguja (1998), The Designations of the Georgians and Their Etymology, pp. 29–30. Tbilisi State University Press, ISBN5-511-00775-7 (A New Theory on the Etymology of the Designations of the Georgians (Excerpt from the book)Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine) (Google Cache)
↑Bunbury, Edward Herbert (25 August 2025). A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans: Vol. II. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN978-3-563-89924-3.
↑Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp.699–704. ISBN3-525-20768-9.. (in German)
↑Jackson, John G. Introduction to African Civilizations, p. 201. 2001.
↑"El Almirante Christoval Colon Descubre la Isla Española, ÿ haze poner una Cruz, etc. – JCB Archive of Early American Images". Lunacommons.org. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
↑Zaicz, Gábor, ed. (2006). Etimológiai szótár - Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (in Hungarian). Budapest: TINTA Könyvkiadó. pp.454–455. ISBN963-7094-01-6. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
↑Zaicz, Gábor, ed. (2006). Etimológiai szótár - Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (in Hungarian). Budapest: TINTA Könyvkiadó. p.529. ISBN963-7094-01-6. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
↑Hermann Pálsson (2007). Landnamabok (reprinted.). Univ. of Manitoba Press. p.18. ISBN978-0-88755-370-7. The spring was an extremely cold one. Floki climbed a certain high mountain, and north across the mountain range he could see a fjord full of drift ice. That's why they called the country Iceland, and so it's been called ever since.
↑Einar Pálsson (1981). Arfur Kelta (in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Mímir. p.36.
↑The word Hindu (हिन्दु) entered Sanskrit from Persian in early medieval times and is attested – in the sense of dwellers of the Indian subcontinent – in some texts, such as Bhavishya Purāna, Kālikā Purāna, Merutantra, Rāmakosha, Hemantakavikosha and Adbhutarūpakosha.
↑MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). "Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol.8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
↑Nicholson, Oliver (19 April 2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-256246-3.
↑Online Etymology Dictionary. "Kenya." Accessed 10 September 2011.
↑Singto–Dedicated to Thai Boxing, and all things Thai
↑Itano, Nicole (2007). No Place Left to Bury the Dead. Simon and Schuster. p.314. ISBN978-0-7432-7095-3.
↑Merriam-Webster Online. "Basotho". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
↑Room, Adrian (2004). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. McFarland & Company. p.221. ISBN978-0-7864-1814-5.
↑The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013). "Malay". Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.
↑Abdul Rashid, Melebek; Amat Juhari, Moain (2006), Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language"), Utusan Publications & Distributors, pp.9–10, ISBN967-61-1809-5
↑Milner, Anthony (2010), The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, pp.18–19, ISBN978-1-4443-3903-1
12"Notable dates in Malta's history". Department of Information – Maltese Government. 6 February 2008.
↑"Controversy over unique Maltese bee population". Malta Today. 6 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.
↑Pickles, Tim (January 1998). Malta 1565: Last Battle of the Crusades. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-85532-603-3.
↑"Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
↑Admon (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх[History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian). National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History. pp.67–69.
↑Г. Сүхбаатар (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (Rouran) state]. Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть[Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian). Vol.3. pp.330–550.
12Svantesson, Jan-Olov & al. The Phonology of Mongolian, pp. 103–105. Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford), 2005.
↑Pulleyblank, Edwin George. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. UBC Press, 1991. ISBN0-7748-0366-5.
↑Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. "Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012.(1.93MB). 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
↑M. D. D. Newitt (1972). "The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche". The Journal of African History. 13 (3): 398. doi:10.1017/S0021853700011713. JSTOR180586.
↑Rensch, Karl H. (1993). "Father Alois Kayser and the Recent History of the Nauruan Language". Nauru Grammar. By Kayser, Alois. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Australia. pp.vii–viii. ISBN064612854X.
↑Storr, Cait (2020). International Status in the Shadow of Empire: Nauru and the Histories of International Law. Cambridge University Press. p.92. doi:10.1017/9781108682602. ISBN9781108682602.
↑"Nauru parliament signs off on country's name change, referendum to come". Radio New Zealand. 13 May 2026. Archived from the original on 6 June 2026. Retrieved 17 May 2026.
↑"Nauru officially changes name to Naoero". RNZ Pacific. 30 July 2026. Retrieved 30 July 2026– via ABC News.
↑see: Online Etymology Dictionary on Nether However, the explanation given in this source about the origin of the word Nederlanden as used "by the Austrians" in contradistinction to their own mountainous country, is extremely implausible, if only because the use of the word antedates the Austrian Netherlands by two centuries at least. Austria itself has a Niederösterreich region (Lower Austria) that is quite mountainous, but derives its name from its downriver location.
↑Duke, A. (2009). Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing.
12Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?". Columbia University. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
↑S. M. Ikram (1 January 1995). Indian Muslims and partition of India. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp.177–. ISBN978-81-7156-374-6. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
↑Rahmat Ali. "Rahmat Ali::Now or Never". The Pakistan National Movement. p.2. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
↑Roderic H. Davidson (1960). "Where is the Middle East?". Foreign Affairs. 38 (4): 665–675. doi:10.2307/20029452. JSTOR20029452. S2CID157454140.
↑Belau National Museum, cited by Pelnar, Bonnie. "The Bais of Balau". Retrieved 22 September 2011.
↑Zhao Rugua. 蕃 [Zhū Fān Zhì, An Account of the Various Barbarians].
12Patanne, E. P. (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. San Juan: LSA Press. ISBN971-91666-0-6.
↑Wang Zhenping (2008). "Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines"(PDF). Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies. 1: 249–260. ISSN1882-7756. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
↑Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p.70. ISBN971-10-0226-4.
↑Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'I in Chinese Records – Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle". Philippine Studies. 53 (1). Ateneo de Manila: 119–138. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
↑Nicholl, Robert. "Brunei Rediscovered". Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 4 (1980).
↑Milner-Gulland, R. R. (1997). The Russians: The People of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. pp.1–4. ISBN978-0-631-21849-4.
↑Vansina, Jan Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom, p. 35. University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. ISBN0-299-20124-4. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
↑Vansina, Jan Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: the Nyiginya Kingdom, p. 44. University of Wisconsin Press, 2004. ISBN0-299-20124-4. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
↑Budge. An Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Vol. II.
↑"Sentosa Merlion". Sentosa. Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
↑Historia y geografía de España ilustradas por el idioma vascuence de Juan Antonio Moguel, reeditada en La gran enciclopedia vasca (1980), ISBN84-248-0017-6.
↑Valentijn, François (1903) [First published 1724 in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën]. "History of the Dutch Trade". In Campbell, William (ed.). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. p.52. ISBN978-957-638-083-9. LCCN04007338.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) quoting Pieter Nuyts (February 10, 1629).
↑Mair, Victor H. (2003). "How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language".
↑Ostler, Nicholas (2010). The Last Lingua Franca. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p.89. ISBN978-0-8027-1771-9.
↑MacKenzie, D. N. (2005). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London & New York: Routledge Curzon. pp.17 & 98. ISBN0-19-713559-5.
↑Mo'in, M. (1992). A Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes. Vol.5–6. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. ISBN1-56859-031-8.
↑จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Phumisak, Jid). "The Origin of the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names." 1976.
↑Eliot, Charles (1921). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) [EBook #16847]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp.Ch. xxxvii 1, citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on Champan inscriptions of 1050 A.D. and according to Gerini appears in Ptolemy's Samarade = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is located near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Tais there in Ptolemy's time, and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name Khotan, made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.
↑Peoples of Africa: Togo-Zimbabwe. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. p.531. ISBN978-0-7614-7168-4.
12Dawnay, Guy Payan (1926). The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Ltd. p.315. In the Ewe language the name Togo means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, as Dr. Nachtigal's first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.
↑Hart, Marie. The New Trinidad and Tobago, p. 13. Collins (London and Glasgow), 1972.
↑Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p.385. ISBN0-7864-2248-3.
↑Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p.281. ISBN978-0-559-29668-0.
↑Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. p.838. ISBN90-04-08265-4.
↑Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press, University of Michigan. p.132.
↑Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, reviseded.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p.65. ISBN0-88402-021-5. Retrieved 28 August 2013. According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
↑Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999). Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p.46. ISBN978-3-447-04146-1. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
↑Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p.3. ISBN978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
↑Imber, Colin. "The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650, The Structure of Power"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
↑Öztürk, Özhan (2011). "Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi". Ankara: Genesis Yayınları. p.364. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. ...Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi...
↑Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology", Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 157, ISBN9985-4-4152-9{{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link)
↑US Library of Congress Country Studies. "Turkmenistan."
↑Claudius Ptolemy (1898). "Ἕκθεσις τῶν κατὰ παράλληλον ἰδιωμάτων: κβ',κε'"(PDF). In Heiberg, J.L. (ed.). Claudii Ptolemaei Opera quae exstant omnia. Vol.1 Syntaxis Mathematica. Leipzig: in aedibus B.G.Teubneri. pp.112–113.
↑Parliament of England. The Acts of Union, paragraphs II, III, and IV. 1707, as cite in Kerney, Hugh F. The British Isles: A History of Four Nations, p. 215. 2006.
↑Nhu Trong Trung Bon Thi. "An Introduction to VietologyArchived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine", p. 3.
12Allard, Francis, Lingnan and Chu During the First Millennium BC" in Guangdong: Archaeology and Early Texts: (Zhou-Tang)], edited by Shing Müller, Thomas O. Höllmann, Putao Gui. ISBN3-447-05060-8. The quote is from Sima Qian, Shi ji j. 65.
↑If the Baiyue did in fact exist prior to the destruction of Yue in 338 BC, this would disprove the folk etymology that connects the word to this event.
↑The Annals of Lü Buwei, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510. ISBN978-0-8047-3354-0. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes."
↑Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "Sấm Trạng Trình". Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền ("Vietnam is being created")
12Tonnesson, Stein & Antlov, Hans. Asian Forms of the Nation, p. 126. Routledge, 1996.
↑Many Semitic languages, including Arabic and Hebrew, preserve a system with south on the "right" and north on the "left"
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