モナコ公国 | |
|---|---|
| モットー: 「 Deo Juvante 」 (ラテン語) (英語:「神の助けにより」) | |
| 国歌: 「Hymne Monégasque」(英語:「モナコ賛歌」) | |
モナコの位置(緑) ヨーロッパ(濃い 灰色) | |
| 資本 | モナコ (都市国家) 43°43′52″N 07°25′12″E / 43.73111°N 7.42000°E / 43.73111; 7.42000 |
| 最大の四半期 | モンテカルロ |
| 公用語 | フランス語[1] |
| 共通言語 | |
| 民族グループ | |
| 宗教 | |
| 異名 |
|
| 政府 | 単一議会制半立憲君主制 |
• モナーク | アルベール2世 |
• 国務大臣 | ディディエ・ギヨーム |
| 立法府 | 全国評議会 |
| 独立 | |
| 1297年1月8日 | |
•フランス帝国から | 1814年5月17日 |
| 1814年6月17日 | |
| 1861年2月2日 | |
• 憲法 | 1911年1月5日 |
| エリア | |
• 合計 | 2.08 km 2 (0.80 平方マイル) ( 194 位) |
• 水 (%) | 無視できる[5] |
| 人口 | |
• 2022年の推定 | |
• 2016年国勢調査 | 37,308 [7] |
• 密度 | 18,774/km 2 (48,624.4/平方マイル) ( 1位) |
| GDP (購買力平価) | 2015年の推定 |
• 合計 | |
• 一人当たり | |
| GDP (名目) | 2019年[b] 推定 |
• 合計 | |
• 一人当たり | |
| 通貨 | ユーロ( € ) ( EUR ) |
| タイムゾーン | UTC +1 (中央ヨーロッパ標準時) |
• 夏 ( DST ) | UTC +2 (中央ヨーロッパ夏時間) |
| 日付形式 | 年/月/日 |
| ドライブを続ける | 右[11] |
| 呼び出しコード | +377 |
| ISO 3166 コード | MC |
| インターネットTLD | .mc |
| |
モナコ[a]は、正式にはモナコ公国[b]であり、西ヨーロッパの地中海に面したイタリア領リグーリア州の西数キロに位置するコート・ダジュールの主権都市国家および小国である 。北、東、西をフランスと接する半飛び地である。公国には38,682人の住民[12]が住んでおり、そのうち9,486人がモナコ国籍である[13 ]。モナコは世界で最も裕福で最も高価な場所の1つとして認識されている[14]。[ 15]公用語はフランス語であるが、多くの住民がモナコ語、英語、イタリア語を話し、理解している。[c]
モナコは面積2.08 km 2 (0.80 平方マイル)で、バチカン市国に次いで世界で2番目に小さい主権国家です。2023年の人口は38,367人で、最も人口密度の高い主権国家となります。モナコの海岸線は世界最短の3.83 km (2.38 マイル)です。[16]モナコ公国はイタリアとの国境から約15 km (9.3 マイル) の場所にあり[17]、9つの行政区から構成され、そのうち最大の行政区はモンテカルロです。
公国は一種の立憲君主制の下で統治されており、アルベール2世大公が国家元首となり、立憲的地位にもかかわらず政治権力を握っている。政府の長である首相は、モナコ国民またはフランス国民のどちらでも務めることができ、国王は任命前にフランス政府と協議する。司法の主要メンバーは、独立しているフランスの判事である。 [18]グリマルディ家は、短い中断を挟みつつ、1297年以来モナコを統治してきた。[19]国の主権は1861年のフランス・モナコ条約によって正式に承認され、モナコは1993年に国連の完全な投票権を持つメンバーとなった。モナコは独立しており、独自の外交政策をとっているが、2つの小さな軍隊の維持を除き、その防衛はフランスの責任である。
モナコの経済発展は、19世紀後半に州初のカジノであるモンテカルロカジノがオープンし、パリと鉄道でつながったことで促進されました。 [20]モナコの温暖な気候、景色、ギャンブル施設は、富裕層の観光地およびレクリエーションセンターとしての地位に貢献しました。モナコは主要な銀行センターとなり、サービス部門や小規模で付加価値が高く汚染のない産業への多角化を目指しました。モナコはタックスヘイブンであり、個人所得税はなく(フランス国民を除く)、事業税は低くなっています。住民の30%以上が億万長者であり[21] 、不動産価格は2018年に1平方メートルあたり10万ユーロ(116,374ドル)に達しました。モナコはマネーロンダリングの世界的な拠点であり、2023年には政府間金融活動作業部会による調査対象となり、犯罪やテロ資金供与を抑制するための金融監督と改革の失敗により「グレーリスト」に載せられる恐れがあります。[22]
モナコは欧州連合(EU)には加盟していないが、税関や国境管理など、特定の EU 政策に参加している。フランスとの関係を通じて、モナコはユーロを唯一の通貨として使用している。モナコは2004 年に欧州評議会に加盟し、国際フランコフォニー機構(OIF)のメンバーでもある。モナコでは毎年モーター レース、モナコ グランプリが開催されている。このレースはF1の元祖グランプリの 1 つである。地元のモーター スポーツ協会は、 1 月にフランス アルプスで開催されるモンテカルロ ラリーにその名称を冠している。モナコ公国には、フランスリーグ 1に出場し、何度もフランス チャンピオンになっているクラブ サッカー チーム、AS モナコと、ユーロリーグでプレーするバスケットボール チームがある。海洋保全の研究の中心地であるモナコには、世界初の保護された海洋生息地の一つ[23] 、海洋博物館、国連組織唯一の海洋研究所である国際原子力機関海洋環境研究所があります。 [24] [25]
歴史
モナコの名前は、近くにあった紀元前6世紀のフォカイア人の ギリシャ植民地に由来しています。リグリア人はモノイコスと呼んでいますが、これはギリシャ語の「μόνοικος」(「一軒の家」)から来ており、「μόνος」(monos)「単独で、単独」[26] +「οἶκος」(oikos)「家」[27]です。古代の神話によると、ヘラクレスはモナコ地域を通過し、以前の神々を追い払いました。[28]その結果、そこに神殿が建設されました。このヘラクレスの「家」がその地域で唯一の神殿であったため、都市はモノイコスと呼ばれました。[29] [30]最終的に神聖ローマ帝国の手に渡り、ジェノバ人に与えられました。
ジェノヴァのグリマルディ家の追放された一族は、実際に支配権を得るまで100年にわたってこの島を争った。ジェノヴァ共和国は19世紀まで存続したが、グリマルディ家がモナコを保持することを許し、同様にフランスとスペインも数百年にわたってこの島を放置した。フランスはフランス革命までこの島を併合しなかったが、ナポレオンの敗北後、この島はサルデーニャ王国の管理下に置かれることになった。
19世紀にサルデーニャ島がイタリアの一部となったとき、この地域はフランスの影響下に入ったが、フランスは独立を許した。フランス同様、モナコも第二次世界大戦中に枢軸国に侵略され、短期間イタリア、次いで第三帝国の統治下に置かれ、最終的に解放された。占領は短期間であったが、ユダヤ人住民は国外追放され、モナコから数人のレジスタンスのメンバーが処刑された。それ以来、モナコは独立しており、欧州連合への統合に向けていくつかの措置を講じている。
グリマルディ家の到着

1191年に皇帝ヘンリー6世から土地を授与された後、モナコは1215年にジェノヴァの植民地として再建されました。[31] [32]モナコは1297年にグリマルディ家の一員によって初めて統治され、フランチェスコ・グリマルディ(通称「マリツィア」(イタリア語で「悪意のある人」または「狡猾な人」と訳される))とその部下がフランシスコ会の修道士(イタリア語でモナコ)に扮してモナコの岩山を守る要塞を占領しました。ただし、この地域はすでにこの名前で知られていたため、これは偶然です。[33]
フランチェスコは数年後にジェノヴァ軍によって追放され、「岩」をめぐる争いはその後1世紀にわたって続いた。[34]グリマルディ家はジェノヴァ人であり、争いは一種の一族間の確執であった。ジェノヴァ人は他の紛争にも関与し、1300年代後半にはジェノヴァはコルシカ島をめぐってアラゴン王国と戦った後、モナコを失った。[35]アラゴンは最終的に統一スペインの一部となり、領土の他の部分は他の州に少しずつ統合された。1346年から1355年の間に、モナコはマントンとロクブリュヌの町を併合し、その領土をほぼ10倍に拡大した。[35]
1400–1800

1419年、グリマルディ家はアラゴン王国からモナコを購入し、「モナコの岩」の公式かつ議論の余地のない統治者となった。1612年、オノレ2世は自らを「モナコ公」と称し始めた。[36] 1630年代、彼はスペイン軍に対するフランスの保護を求め、1642年にルイ13世の宮廷で「異邦人公爵」として迎えられた。[37]
こうしてモナコ公国はフランス国王の臣下となったが、同時に主権を持つ公国でもあった。[38]歴代の公国とその家族は人生の大半をパリで過ごし、フランスやイタリアの貴族と結婚していたが、グリマルディ家はイタリア人である。公国はフランス革命までフランスの保護国として存続した。[39]
19世紀

1793年、革命軍がモナコを占領し、1814年までフランスに占領された(この時期、ヨーロッパの大部分はナポレオン・ボナパルト指揮下のフランス軍に制圧されていた)。[37] [40] 1814年にグリマルディ家によって公国が再建されたが、1815年のウィーン会議でサルデーニャ王国の保護国に指定された。 [40]モナコは1860年までこの地位にあったが、トリノ条約によりサルデーニャ軍は公国から撤退し、周囲のニース伯領(およびサヴォワ)はフランスに割譲された。[41]モナコは再びフランスの保護国となった。1860年までイタリア語がモナコの公用語であったが、その後フランス語に置き換えられた。[42]
この時期以前にはマントンとロクブリュヌで不穏な動きがあった。住民はグリマルディ家による重税にうんざりしていた。住民はマントンとロクブリュヌの自由都市として独立を宣言し、サルデーニャ島への併合を望んだ。フランスは抗議した。不穏はモナコ王シャルル3世が、500年以上グリマルディ家によって統治されてきた本土の2つの町(当時公国の約95%)に対する権利を放棄するまで続いた。[43]
これらは410万フランと引き換えにフランスに譲渡された。[44]この譲渡とモナコの主権は1861年のフランス・モナコ条約で承認された。1869年、公国は住民からの所得税の徴収を停止した。これは、カジノの驚異的な成功のおかげでグリマルディ家が享受できた贅沢だった。[45]これにより、モナコは金持ちの遊び場になっただけでなく、彼らが住むのに好む場所になった。[46]
20世紀


1910年のモナコ革命により1911年のモナコ憲法が採択されるまで、モナコ公国は絶対的な統治者であった。[47]新しい憲法によりグリマルディ家の独裁政治は若干緩和され、アルベール1世は第一次世界大戦中にすぐにその統治を停止した。
1918年7月、フランス・モナコ条約が新たに調印され、フランスはモナコを限定的に保護することになった。1919年にヴェルサイユ条約で承認されたこの条約は、モナコの国際政策がフランスの政治、軍事、経済の利益と一致することを定めた。また、モナコ継承危機も解決した。

1943年、イタリア軍がモナコに侵攻して占領し、ファシスト政権が樹立された。[48] 1943年9月、ムッソリーニが失脚した後、ドイツ国防軍がイタリアとモナコを占領し、ナチスによるユダヤ人の移送が始まった。モンテカルロのオペラ座バレエ団を創設した著名なフランス系ユダヤ人、ルネ・ブルムはパリの自宅で逮捕され、フランス首都郊外のドランシー移送収容所に収容された後、アウシュビッツに移送され、後に殺害された。[49]ブルムの同僚でモンテカルロ・オペラ座の監督だったラウル・ギュンツブールは、フランスレジスタンスの助けを受けて逮捕を逃れ、スイスに逃亡した。[50] 1944年8月、ドイツ軍はレジスタンス指導者のルネ・ボルギーニ、ジョセフ・アンリ・ラジュー、エステル・ポッジョを処刑した。
レーニエ3世は、 1949年に祖父のルイ2世が死去したことを受けて王位を継承し、2005年まで統治した。1956年4月19日、レーニエ3世はアメリカの女優グレース・ケリーと結婚し、その様子はテレビや新聞で広く報道され、この小さな公国に世界の注目が集まった。[51]
1962年の憲法改正により死刑制度が廃止され、女性参政権が認められ、モナコ最高裁判所が設立され、基本的自由が保障された。1963年、モナコが裕福なフランス国民の租税回避地となっていることに憤慨したシャルル・ド・ゴールがモナコを封鎖し、危機が生じた。 [52]
1993年、モナコ公国は完全な投票権を持ち、国連に加盟した。[41] [53]
21世紀

2002年、フランスとモナコの間で締結された新しい条約では、グリマルディ王朝を継承する後継者がいない場合は、公国はフランスに返還されることなく独立国家のままであると規定されている。モナコの軍事防衛は依然としてフランスの責任である。[54] [55]
2005年3月31日、病弱で公務を遂行できなかったレーニエ3世は、その職務を一人息子で跡継ぎのアルベールに譲った。 [56]彼は56年間の治世の6日後に死去し、息子のアルベール2世が跡を継ぎ、モナコ大公となった。公式の喪に服した後、アルベール2世は2005年7月12日に正式に大公の王位に就き、[57]祝賀会は、 3か月前に父が埋葬されていたサンニコラ大聖堂での荘厳なミサで始まった。彼のモナコ王位への即位は2段階の行事で、さらに式典があり、2005年11月18日にはモナコ・ヴィルの歴史ある大公宮殿で各国首脳を招いて盛大なレセプションが行われた。[58] 2015年8月27日、アルベール2世は、第二次世界大戦中に合計90人のユダヤ人とレジスタンス戦士の強制移送を手助けしたモナコの役割について謝罪した。そのうち生き残ったのはわずか9人だった。「フランスで受けた迫害から逃れるために我々のもとに避難してきた女性、男性、子供を近隣の当局に引き渡すという取り返しのつかないことを我々は犯した」とアルベール2世は、モナコ墓地で犠牲者の記念碑が除幕された式典で述べた。「彼らは困窮し、中立国を見つけられると思って、わざわざ我々のもとに避難してきたのだ」[59]
2015年、モナコは満場一致で、切実に必要とされている住宅と小さな緑地/公園エリアを主に収容することを目的とした、控えめな土地埋め立て拡張を承認した。 [60]モナコは2008年に拡張を検討していたが、中止していた。[60]この計画では、約6ヘクタール(15エーカー)のアパート、公園、店舗、オフィスを建設し、土地の価値は約10億ユーロになる。[61]この開発はラルヴォット地区に隣接し、小さなマリーナも含まれる。[61] [62]主な提案は4つあり、最終的な用途の組み合わせは開発の進行とともに確定する。[63]新しい地区の名前はアンス・デュ・ポルティエである。[62]

2020年2月29日、モナコはCOVID-19の初の感染者を発表した。この男性はプリンセス・グレース病院センターに入院し、その後フランスのニース大学病院に移送された。 [64] [65]
2020年9月3日、モナコ初の衛星OSM-1 CICEROが、ベガロケットでフランス領ギアナから宇宙に打ち上げられた。[66]この衛星は、モナコのオービタル・ソリューションズ・モナコ社によって製造された。
2024年7月、モナコは15年ぶりに第111回ツール・ド・フランス自転車レースの最終33kmステージのスタートラインを主催した。この名誉ある自転車レースの存在は、都市国家にとって祝福の理由となった。[67]

政府

政治

モナコは1911年以来立憲君主制を採用しており、モナコ大公が国家元首となっている。[68]行政府は、政府の長である首相が内閣の他の5名を統括する。[69] 2002年までは、首相はフランス政府が推薦した候補者の中から大公によって任命されたフランス国民であったが、2002年の憲法改正以降、フランス人またはモナコ人が首相を務めることができるようになった。[31] 2024年9月2日、アルベール2世大公はフランス国民のディディエ・ギヨームを首相に 任命した。
1962年のモナコ憲法に基づき、大公は一院制の国民議会と拒否権を共有している。[70]国民議会の24人の議員は5年の任期で選出され、16人は多数決で選出され、8人は比例代表で選出される。[71]すべての法律は国民議会の承認を必要とする。2023年のモナコ総選挙後、24議席はすべて王政支持派のモナコ国民連合が占める。[72]
公国の市政はモナコ市が管理している。市は市議会によって統括されており[73]、市議会は14人の選出議員で構成され、市長が議長を務める。[74] ジョルジュ・マルサンは2003年から市長を務めている。全国議会とは異なり、市議会議員は4年の任期で選出され[75]、厳密に無党派であり、市議会内では頻繁に反対派が形成される。 [73] [76]
モナコの司法官はモナコ大公によって任命される。司法官の主要ポストはフランス政府によって任命されたフランス人治安判事が務める。モナコには現在3人の治安判事がいる。[77]
安全

国家のより広範な防衛はフランスによって担われている。モナコには海軍も空軍もないが、人口比および面積比で見ると、モナコは世界でも最大級の警察力(約38,000人に対して警察官515人)と警察の存在を誇っている。[78]モナコ警察には軍と共同で巡視船や監視船を運用する特別部隊が含まれている。モナコの警察部隊はフランス人将校によって指揮されている。[79]
小規模な軍隊も存在する。これは、モナコ・ヴィルにある王子と宮殿の護衛部隊であるCompagnie des Carabiniers du Prince(王子のカラビニエ中隊)から成り、[80]武装した消防隊と民間防衛隊( Sapeurs-Pompiers )とともに、モナコの全軍を構成している。[81] Compagnie des Carabiniers du Princeは、1817年にオノレ4世王子によって公国と公家の警護のために創設された。中隊の将校と兵士はちょうど116名で、下士官と兵士は地元の者であるが、将校は一般的にフランス軍に勤務していた。前述の警備任務に加えて、カラビニエは公国の海岸と沿岸水域をパトロールしている。[82]
地理


モナコは、5つの地区と10の区を持つ主権都市国家であり、[83]西ヨーロッパのコート・ダジュールに位置しています。3つの側面はフランスのアルプ=マリティーム県と接しており、1つの側面は地中海に面しています。中心部はイタリアから約16km (9.9マイル) 、ニースの北東わずか13km (8.1マイル) に位置しています。[53]
面積は2.1 km 2 (0.81 平方マイル)、または208 ha (510 エーカー)、人口は38,400人で、[84]世界で2番目に小さい国であり、最も人口密度の高い国です。[53]この国の陸上国境はわずか5.47 km (3.40 マイル)、[84]海岸線は3.83 km (2.38 マイル)、海上領有権は22.2 km (13.8 マイル)、幅は1,700 mから349 m (5,577 フィートから1,145 フィート)です。[85] [86]
ジュラ紀の石灰岩は、局所的にカルスト化した主要な基盤岩である。そこには、1946年から一般公開されている観測所の洞窟がある。 [87]
国内最高地点は、D6007(モワエンヌ・コルニッシュ通り)からシュマン・デ・レヴォワール(レヴォワール地区)にあるパティオ・パレス住宅ビルへの入口で、海抜164.4メートル(539フィート)である。[88]国内最低地点は地中海である。[89]
サンジャン川は長さ約0.19km(190m、0.12マイル、620フィート)で最長の水域であり、フォントヴィエイユは面積約0.5ha(1.2エーカー)で最大の湖である。[90]モナコで最も人口の多い地区はモンテカルロであり、最も人口の多い区はラルヴォット/バ・ムーランである。[91]
ポール・エルキュリーの拡張後、[92]モナコの総面積は 2.08 km 2 (0.80 平方マイル) または 208 ha (510 エーカー) に拡大しました。[91]その後、地中海から埋め立てて、フォントヴィエイユ地区を 0.08 km 2 (0.031 平方マイル) または 8 ha (20 エーカー)拡張する新しい計画が承認されました。埋め立てプロジェクトには、フォントヴィエイユ地区の拡張も含まれています。[93] [94] [95] [92] [96]モナコには、ポール・エルキュリーとポール・フォントヴィエイユの 2 つの港があります。 [97]モナコの近くには、カップ・ダイユと呼ばれるフランスの隣港があります。 [97]モナコの唯一の天然資源は漁業です。[98]国土のほぼ全体が市街地であるため、モナコには商業的な農業産業がまったくありません。以前はル・ポルティエと呼ばれていた小規模な住宅拡張は2023年に完成に近づいており、さらにラルヴァットビーチに新しい遊歩道が追加され、こちらもメンテナンスが行われました。[99]

行政区分


モナコは面積で世界で2番目に小さい国であり、バチカン市国のみがこれより小さい。[100]モナコは世界で最も人口密度の高い国である。 [101]国はモナコ市という1つの自治体(コミューン)のみで構成されている。国とモナコ市の間に地理的な区別はないが、政府(州レベル)と自治体(市レベル)の責任は異なる。[102] 1911年の憲法によれば、公国は3つの自治体に分割された。[103]
- モナコ・ヴィルは、地中海に突き出た岩だらけの岬にある公国の旧市街であり、政治の中心地で、「モナコの岩」または単に「ザ・ロック」として知られています。
- モンテカルロは、東と北東にモンテカルロ カジノがある主要な住宅地およびリゾート地です。
- ラ・コンダミーヌ、港湾地域を含む南西部、ポール・エルキュリー。
1917年に市町村は1つに合併され、[104] [どのように? ]その後、区またはカルティエの地位が与えられました。
- フォントヴィエイユは、1970 年代に海から領有権を主張して新たに建設された地域である 4 番目の区として追加されました。
- モネゲッティはラ・コンダミーヌの一部から作られた第5区となった。
- ラルヴォットはモンテカルロの一部から創設された第6区となった。
- ラ・ルース/サン・ロマン(ル・テナオを含む)は、モンテカルロの一部から作られた第7区になりました。
その後、さらに 3 つの区が設立されましたが、2013 年に再び解散されました。
- モンテカルロの一部から作られたサンミッシェル。
- ラ・コンダミーヌの一部から作られたラ・コル。
- Les Révoiresもラ・コンダミーヌの一部から作られました。
サン・ミシェルの大部分は2013年に再びモンテカルロの一部となった。ラ・コルとレ・レヴォワールは再区画化の一環として同年に合併し、より大きなジャルダン・エキゾティック区の一部となった。2014年から新たな土地開拓による追加区の建設が計画されていたが[105]、アルベール2世大公は2009年の新年の演説で、当時の経済情勢を理由に計画を終了したと発表した。 [106]アルベール2世大公は2010年半ばにこの計画を断固として再開した。[107] [108] 2015年にはアンス・デュ・ポルティエと呼ばれる新開発が発表された。[62]
伝統的な地区と現代の地理的エリア
モナコの伝統的な4つの地区は、モナコ・ヴィル、ラ・コンダミーヌ、モンテカルロ、フォントヴィエイユです。[109]ラ・コンダミーヌの高地にあるモネゲッティ郊外は、低地のラ・コンダミーヌと比べると非常に独特な雰囲気と地形を持ち、今日ではモナコの実質的な第5の地区とみなされています。[ 110 ]
病棟

都市計画の目的のため、1966年の主権法令により、公国は「現在の特徴が保存されなければならない」保留地区と区に分割されました。これらの地区と区の数と境界は、何度も変更されています。最新の分割は2013年に行われ、2つの保留地区と7つの区が作成されました。現在、海沿いに 6ヘクタールの新しい地区、ル ポルティエが建設中です。
注:統計上の理由から、モナコの区はさらに178の市街地ブロック(îlots)に分割されており、これは米国の国勢調査ブロックに相当します。[91]
- もう一つの可能性は、フォントヴィエイユII開発が2013年に開始されるというものである[111] [112]

建築

モナコには多種多様な建築物がありますが、特にモンテカルロにおけるモナコ公国の特徴的な様式はベル・エポックです。1878年から1879年にシャルル・ガルニエとジュール・デュトルーが建てたカジノとサル・ガルニエに、ベル・エポックが最も華やかに表現されています。装飾的な要素には、小塔、バルコニー、尖塔、多色の陶器、女柱像などがあります。これらが融合して、絵画のように美しい歓楽と贅沢の幻想が生まれ、モナコが目指し、今も目指している魅力的な自己表現が生まれました。[113]このフランス、イタリア、スペインの要素が混ざり合った奇抜なデザインは、アシエンダのヴィラやアパートメントに取り入れられました。1970年代の大開発の後、レーニエ3世大公は公国内の高層ビル開発を禁止しました。その後継者であるアルベール2世大公はこの君主制を覆しました。[114]近年[いつ?モナコの建築遺産の破壊が加速しており、戸建て住宅も含め、人々は不安を募らせている。[115]モナコ公国には遺産保護に関する法律はない。[116]
気候
モナコは、海洋性気候の影響を強く受けた、夏が暑い地中海性気候(ケッペンの気候区分:Csa )で、湿潤亜熱帯気候(Cfa)に似ているところがある。その結果、夏はさわやかで暖かく乾燥し、冬は穏やかで雨が多い。モナコの緯度を考えると冬は非常に穏やかで、地中海盆地のずっと南に位置する地域と同じくらい穏やかである。[117]乾燥した夏は、涼しく雨が降る時期があり、その平均日数も短い。一定の海風により大気が温暖であるため、夏の午後はめったに暑くならない(実際、気温が30℃または86℉を超えることはまれである)。一方、夏は海水温がかなり高いため、夜は非常に穏やかである。通常、この季節の気温は20℃(68℉)を下回ることはない。冬には霜や降雪は極めて稀で、通常は10年に1~2回発生します。[118] [119] 2018年2月27日にはモナコとモンテカルロの両方で降雪がありました。[120]
Economy

Monaco has the world's highest GDP nominal per capita at US$185,742, GDP PPP per capita at $132,571 and GNI per capita at $183,150.[124][125][126] It also has an unemployment rate of 2%,[127] with over 48,000 workers who commute from France and Italy each day.[91] According to the CIA World Factbook, Monaco has the world's lowest poverty rate[128] and the highest number of millionaires and billionaires per capita in the world.[129] For the fourth year in a row, Monaco in 2012 had the world's most expensive real estate market, at $58,300 per square metre.[130][131][132] Although the average price went down in 2020, to an average price of $53,378 per square metre, Monaco remains one of the most expensive places in the world to buy property.[133] The world's most expensive apartment is located in Monaco, a penthouse at the Odeon Tower valued at $335 million according to Forbes in 2016.[134]
One of Monaco's main sources of income is tourism. Each year many foreigners are attracted to its casinos and pleasant climate.[86][135] It has also become a major banking centre, holding over €100 billion worth of funds.[136] Banks in Monaco specialise in providing private banking, asset and wealth management services.[137] Monaco is the only place in Europe where credit card points are not redeemable. Hotel points are not able to be accumulated nor are transactions recorded, allowing for an increase in privacy that is sought by many of the locals. The principality has successfully sought to diversify its economic base into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries, such as cosmetics.[failed verification][128]
The state retains monopolies in numerous sectors, including tobacco and the postal service. The telephone network (Monaco Telecom) used to be fully owned by the state. Its monopoly now comprises only 45%, while the remaining 55% is owned by Cable & Wireless Communications (49%) and Compagnie Monégasque de Banque (6%). Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas.[138]
Monaco is not a member of the European Union, but very closely linked via a customs union with France. As such, its currency is the same as that of France, the euro. Before 2002, Monaco minted its own coins, the Monegasque franc. Monaco has acquired the right to mint euro coins with Monegasque designs on its national side.
Gambling industry
_(32774947955).jpg/500px-Monte_Carlo_Casino,_Monaco_-_interior-_(2)_(32774947955).jpg)
The plan for casino gambling was drafted during the reign of Florestan I in 1846. Under Louis-Philippe's petite-bourgeois regime a dignitary such as the Prince of Monaco was not allowed to operate a gambling house.[31] All this changed in the dissolute Second French Empire under Napoleon III. The House of Grimaldi was in dire need of money.
The towns of Menton and Roquebrune, which had been the main sources of income for the Grimaldi family for centuries, were now accustomed to a much-improved standard of living and lenient taxation thanks to the Sardinian intervention and clamoured for financial and political concession, even for separation. The Grimaldi family hoped the newly legal industry would help alleviate the difficulties they faced, above all the crushing debt the family had incurred, but Monaco's first casino would not be ready to operate until after Charles III assumed the throne in 1856.
The grantee of the princely concession (licence) was unable to attract enough business to sustain the operation and, after relocating the casino several times, sold the concession to French casino magnates François and Louis Blanc for 1.7 million francs.
The Blancs had already set up a highly successful casino (in fact the largest in Europe) in Bad-Homburg in the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Homburg, a small German principality comparable to Monaco, and quickly petitioned Charles III to rename a depressed seaside area known as "Les Spelugues (Den of Thieves)" to "Monte Carlo (Mount Charles)."[139] They then constructed their casino in the newly dubbed "Monte Carlo" and cleared out the area's less-than-savoury elements to make the neighbourhood surrounding the establishment more conducive to tourism.
The Blancs opened Le Grand Casino de Monte Carlo in 1858 and the casino benefited from the tourist traffic the newly built French railway system created.[140] Due to the combination of the casino and the railroads, Monaco finally recovered from the previous half-century of economic slump and the principality's success attracted other businesses.[141] In the years following the casino's opening, Monaco founded its Oceanographic Museum and the Monte Carlo Opera House, 46 hotels were built and the number of jewellers operating in Monaco increased by nearly five-fold. In an apparent effort not to overtax citizens, it was decreed that the Monégasque citizens were prohibited from entering the casino unless they were employees.[142] By 1869, the casino was making such a vast sum of money that the principality could afford to end tax collection from the Monegasques—a masterstroke that was to attract affluent residents from all over Europe in a policy that still exists today.
Today, Société des bains de mer de Monaco, which owns Le Grand Casino, still operates in the original building that the Blancs constructed and has since been joined by several other casinos, including the Le Casino Café de Paris, the Monte Carlo Sporting Club & Casino and the Sun Casino. The most recent[when?] addition in Monte Carlo is the Monte Carlo Bay Casino, which sits on 4 hectares of the Mediterranean Sea; among other things, it offers 145 slot machines, all equipped with "ticket-in, ticket-out" (TITO). It is the first Mediterranean casino to use this technology.[143]
Low taxes
Monaco has a 20% VAT plus high social-insurance taxes, payable by both employers and employees. The employers' contributions are between 28% and 40% (averaging 35%) of gross salary, including benefits, and employees pay a further 10% to 14% (averaging 13%).[144]
Monaco has never levied income tax on individuals,[93] and foreigners are thus able to use it as a "tax haven" from their own country's high taxes, because as an independent country, Monaco is not obliged to pay taxes to other countries.[145][146]
The absence of a personal income tax has attracted many wealthy "tax refugee" residents from European countries, who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco. Celebrities, such as Formula One drivers, attract most of the attention but the vast majority are lesser-known business people.[147]
Per a bilateral treaty with France, French citizens who reside in Monaco must still pay income and wealth taxes to France.[148] The principality also actively discourages the registration of foreign corporations, charging a 33 per cent corporation tax on profits unless they can show that at least three-quarters of turnover is generated within Monaco. Unlike classic tax havens, Monaco does not offer offshore financial services.[93]
In 1998, the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, part of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), issued a first report on the consequences of the financial systems of known tax havens.[149] Monaco did not appear in the list of these territories until 2004, when the OECD became indignant regarding the Monegasque situation and denounced it in a report, along with Andorra, Liechtenstein, Liberia, and the Marshall Islands. The report underlined Monaco's lack of co-operation regarding financial information disclosure and availability.[150][151] Later, Monaco overcame the OECD's objections and was removed from the "grey list" of uncooperative jurisdictions. In 2009, Monaco went a step further and secured a place on the "white list" after signing twelve information exchange treaties with other jurisdictions.[93]
In 2000, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) stated: "The anti-money laundering system in Monaco is comprehensive. Difficulties have been encountered with Monaco by countries in international investigations on serious crimes that appear to be linked also with tax matters. In addition, the FIU of Monaco (SICCFIN) suffers a great lack of adequate resources. The authorities of Monaco have stated that they will provide additional resources to SICCFIN."[152]
Also in 2000, a report by French politicians Arnaud Montebourg and Vincent Peillon stated that Monaco had relaxed policies with respect to money laundering including within its casino and that the Government of Monaco had been placing political pressure on the judiciary so that alleged crimes were not being properly investigated.[153] In its Progress Report of 2005, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified Monaco, along with 36 other territories, as a tax haven,[154] but in its FATF report of the same year it took a positive view of Monaco's measures against money-laundering.[155][156]
The Council of Europe also decided to issue reports naming tax havens. Twenty-two territories, including Monaco, were thus evaluated between 1998 and 2000 on a first round. Monaco was the only territory that refused to perform the second round, between 2001 and 2003, whereas the 21 other territories had planned to implement the third and final round, planned between 2005 and 2007.[157]
In June 2024, the FATF added Monaco to its "grey list", which includes countries needing "increased monitoring" due to statewide issues of money laundering and terrorist financing.[158]
Numismatics

Monaco issued its own coins in various devaluations connected to the écu already in the seventeenth century, but its first decimal coins of the Monégasque franc were issued in 1837 continued until 2001.
Although Monaco is not a European Union member, it is allowed to use the euro as its currency by arrangement with the Council of the European Union; it is also granted the right to use its own designs on the national side of the euro coins, which was introduced in 2002.[159] In preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 2001. Like Belgium, Finland, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, Monaco decided to put the minting date on its coins. This is why the first euro coins from Monaco have the year 2001 on them, instead of 2002, like the other countries of the Eurozone that decided to put the year of first circulation (2002) on their coins.[160] Three different designs were selected for the Monégasque coins.[161] The design was changed in 2006 after Prince Rainier's death to feature the effigy of Prince Albert.[161]
Demographics
Monaco's total population was 38,400 in 2015, and estimated by the United Nations to be 36,297 as of 1 July 2023.[162][163] Monaco's population is unusual in that the native Monégasques are a minority in their own country: the largest group are French nationals at 28.4%, followed by Monégasque (21.6%), Italian (18.7%), British (7.5%), Belgian (2.8%), German (2.5%), Swiss (2.5%) and U.S. nationals (1.2%).[164] According to 2019 studies, 31% of Monaco's population is reported to be millionaires equalling up to 12,248 individuals
Citizens of Monaco, whether born in the country or naturalised, are called Monégasque. Monaco has the world's highest life expectancy at nearly 90 years.[165][166]
Language

The main and official language of Monaco is French, while Italian is spoken by the principality's sizeable community from Italy. French and Italian are in fact more spoken in the principality today than Monégasque, its historic vernacular language. A variety of Ligurian, Monégasque is not recognised as an official language; nevertheless, some signage appears in both French and Monégasque, and the language is taught in schools. English is also used.
Italian was the official language in Monaco until 1860, when it was replaced by French.[42] This was due to the annexation of the surrounding County of Nice to France following the Treaty of Turin (1860).[42]
The Grimaldi, princes of Monaco, are of Ligurian origin; thus, the traditional national language is Monégasque, a variety of Ligurian, now spoken by only a minority of residents and as a common second language by many native residents. In Monaco-Ville, street signs are printed in both French and Monégasque.[167][168]
Religion
Religion in Monaco according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the Pew Forum, 2012[3]
Christianity
Christians comprise a total of 86% of Monaco's population.[3]
According to Monaco 2012 International Religious Freedom Report, Roman Catholic Christians are Monaco's largest religious group, followed by Protestant Christians. The Report states that there are two Protestant churches, an Anglican church and a Reformed church. There are also various other Evangelical Protestant communities that gather periodically.
Catholicism


The official religion is Catholicism, with freedom of other religions guaranteed by the constitution.[2] There are five Catholic parish churches in Monaco and one cathedral, which is the seat of the archbishop of Monaco.
The diocese, which has existed since the mid-19th century, was raised to a non-metropolitan archbishopric in 1981 as the Archdiocese of Monaco and remains exempt (i.e. immediately subject to the Holy See). The patron saint is Saint Devota.
Anglican Communion
There is one Anglican church (St Paul's Church), located in the Avenue de Grande Bretagne in Monte Carlo. The church was dedicated in 1925. In 2007 this had a formal membership of 135 Anglican residents in the principality but was also serving a considerably larger number of Anglicans temporarily in the country, mostly as tourists. The church site also accommodates an English-language library of over 3,000 books.[169] The church is part of the Anglican Diocese in Europe.
Reformed Church of Monaco
There is one Reformed church, which meets in a building located in Rue Louis Notari. The building dates from 1958 to 1959. The church is affiliated with the United Protestant Church of France (Église Protestante Unie de France, EPUF), a group that incorporates the former Reformed Church of France (Église Réformée de France). Through this affiliation with EPUF, the church is part of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. The church acts as a host church to some other Christian communities, allowing them to use its building.
Charismatic Episcopal Church
The Monaco Parish of the Charismatic Episcopal Church (Parish of St Joseph) dates from 2017 and meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.
Christian Fellowship
The Monaco Christian Fellowship, formed in 1996, meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.
Greek Orthodoxy
Monaco's 2012 International Religious Freedom Report states that there is one Greek Orthodox church in Monaco.
Russian Orthodox
The Russian Orthodox Parish of the Holy Royal Martyrs meets in the Reformed Church's Rue Louis Notari building.
Hinduism
According to the Monaco Statistics database (IMSEE), there are around 100 Hindus living in the country.[170]
Judaism
The Association Culturelle Israélite de Monaco (founded in 1948) is a converted house containing a synagogue, a community Hebrew school, and a kosher food shop, located in Monte Carlo.[171] The community mainly consists of retirees from Britain (40%) and North Africa. Half of the Jewish population is Sephardic, mainly from North Africa, while the other half is Ashkenazi.[172]
Islam
The Muslim population of Monaco consists of about 280 people, most of whom are residents, not citizens.[173] The majority of the Muslim population of Monaco are Arabs, though there is a Turkish minority as well.[174] Monaco does not have any official mosques.[175]
Sports
Two important sports for Monaco are football and racing, but there are a number of other sports played;sports are also a part of Monaco's economy and culture.
Formula One



Since 1929, the Monaco Grand Prix has been held annually in the streets of Monaco.[176] It is widely considered to be one of the most prestigious automobile races in the world. The erection of the Circuit de Monaco takes six weeks to complete and the removal after the race takes another three weeks.[176]
The circuit is narrow and tight and its tunnel, tight corners and many elevation changes make it perhaps the most demanding Formula One track.[177] Driver Nelson Piquet compared driving the circuit to "riding a bicycle around your living room".
Despite the challenging nature of the course it has only had two fatalities, Luigi Fagioli who died from injuries received in practice for the 1952 Monaco Grand Prix (run to sports car regulations that year, not Formula 1)[178] and Lorenzo Bandini, who crashed, burned and died three days later from his injuries in 1967.[179] Two other drivers had lucky escapes after they crashed into the harbour, the most famous being Alberto Ascari in the 1955 Monaco Grand Prix and Paul Hawkins, during the 1965 race.[176]
In 2020, the Monaco Grand Prix was cancelled for the first time since 1954 because of the global COVID-19 pandemic.
Monégasque Formula 1 drivers
There have been five Formula One drivers from Monaco:
- Charles Leclerc (2018–present) Winner of the 2024 Monaco Grand Prix
- Robert Doornbos (2005, Dutch driver under a Monégasque licence)
- Olivier Beretta (1994)
- André Testut (1958–1959)
- Louis Chiron (1950–1958) Winner of the 1931 Monaco Grand Prix
Formula E
Starting in 2015 Formula E started racing biennially with the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco on the Monaco ePrix[180] and used a shorter configuration of the full Formula 1 circuit, keeping it around Port Hercules until 2021.
ROKiT Venturi Racing is the only motor racing team based in the principality, headquartered in Fontvieille.[181] The marque competes in Formula E and was one of the founding teams of the fully-electric championship. Managed by former racing drivers Susie Wolff (CEO) and Jérôme d'Ambrosio (Team Principal),[182] the outfit holds 16 podiums in the series to date including five victories. 1997 Formula One World Champion Jacques Villeneuve and eleven-time Formula One race winner Felipe Massa have raced for the team previously.[183][184] Ten-time Macau winner and 2021 vice World Champion Edoardo Mortara and Season 3 Formula E champion Lucas di Grassi currently race for the team.[185]
Monte Carlo Rally
Since 1911 part of the Monte Carlo Rally has been held in the principality, originally held at the behest of Prince Albert I. Like the Grand Prix, the rally is organised by Automobile Club de Monaco. It has long been considered to be one of the toughest and most prestigious events in rallying and from 1973 to 2008 was the opening round of the World Rally Championship (WRC).[186] From 2009 until 2011, the rally served as the opening round of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge.[187] The rally returned to the WRC calendar in 2012 and has been held annually since.[188] Due to Monaco's limited size, all but the ending of the rally is held on French territory.
Football

Monaco hosts two major football teams in the principality: the men's football club, AS Monaco FC, and the women's football club, OS Monaco. AS Monaco plays at the Stade Louis II and competes in Ligue 1, the first division of French football. The club is historically one of the most successful clubs in the French league, having won Ligue 1 eight times (most recently in 2016–17) and competed at the top level for all but six seasons since 1953. The club reached the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final, with a team that included Dado Pršo, Fernando Morientes, Jérôme Rothen, Akis Zikos and Ludovic Giuly, but lost 3–0 to Portuguese team FC Porto. French World Cup-winners Thierry Henry, Fabien Barthez, David Trezeguet, and Kylian Mbappe have played for the club. The Stade Louis II also played host to the annual UEFA Super Cup from 1998 to 2012 between the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa League.
The women's team, OS Monaco, competes in the women's French football league system. The club plays in the local regional league, deep down in the league system. It once played in the Division 1 Féminine, in the 1994–95 season, but was quickly relegated.
The Monaco national football team represents the nation in association football and is controlled by the Monégasque Football Federation, the governing body for football in Monaco. Monaco is one of two sovereign states in Europe (along with the Vatican City) that is not a member of UEFA and so does not take part in any UEFA European Football Championship or FIFA World Cup competitions. They are instead affiliated with CONIFA, where they compete against other national teams that are not FIFA members. The team plays its home matches in the Stade Louis II.
Rugby
Monaco's national rugby team, as of April 2019, is 101st in the World Rugby Rankings.[189]
Basketball
Multi-sport club AS Monaco owns AS Monaco Basket which was founded in 1928. They play in the top-tier European basketball league, the EuroLeague, and the French top flight, the LNB Pro A. They have three Pro A Leaders Cup, two Pro B (2nd-tier), and one NM1 (3rd-tier) championship. They play in Salle Gaston Médecin, which is part of Stade Louis II.
Professional boxing
Due in part to its position both as a tourist and gambling centre, Monaco has staged major professional boxing world title and non-title fights from time to time; those include the Carlos Monzon versus Nino Benvenuti rematch,[190] Monzon's rematch with Emile Griffith,[191] Monzon's two classic fights with Rodrigo Valdes,[192][193] Davey Moore versus Wilfredo Benitez,[194] the double knockout-ending classic between Lee Roy Murphy and Chisanda Mutti (won by Murphy),[195] and Julio César Chávez Sr. versus Rocky Lockridge.[196] All of the aforementioned contests took place at the first Stade Louis II or the second Stade Louis II stadiums.
Other sports and events


The Monte-Carlo Masters is held annually in neighbouring Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France, as a professional tournament for men as part of tennis's ATP Masters Series.[197] The tournament has been held since 1897. Golf's Monte Carlo Open was also held at the Monte Carlo Golf Club at Mont Agel in France between 1984 and 1992.
Monaco has a national Davis Cup team, which plays in the European/African Zone.
Monaco has also competed in the Olympic Games, although, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal. At the Youth Olympic Winter Games, Monaco won a bronze medal in bobsleigh.
The 2009 Tour de France, the world's premier cycle race, started from Monaco with a 15 km (9 mi) closed-circuit individual time trial starting and finishing there on the first day, and the 182 km (113 mi) second leg starting there on the following day and ending in Brignoles, France.[198]
Monaco has also staged part of the Global Champions Tour (International Show-jumping).[199] In 2009, the Monaco stage of the Global Champions tour took place between 25 and 27 June.
The Monaco Marathon is the only marathon in the world to pass through three countries, those of Monaco, France and Italy, before the finish at the Stade Louis II.
The Monaco Ironman 70.3 triathlon race is an annual event with over 1,000 athletes competing and attracts top professional athletes from around the world. The race includes a 1.9 km (1.2 mi) swim, 90 km (56 mi) bike ride and 21.1 km (13.1 mi) run.
Since 1993, the headquarters of the International Association of Athletics Federations,[200] the world governing body of athletics, is located in Monaco.[201] An IAAF Diamond League meet is annually held at Stade Louis II.[202]
A municipal sports complex, the Rainier III Nautical Stadium in the Port Hercules district consists of a heated saltwater Olympic-size swimming pool, diving boards and a slide.[203] The pool is converted into an ice rink from December to March.[203]
In addition to Formula One, the Circuit de Monaco hosts several support series, including FIA Formula 2, Porsche Supercup and Formula Regional Europe.[204] It has in the past also hosted Formula Three and Formula Renault.
From 10 to 12 July 2014 Monaco inaugurated the Solar1 Monte Carlo Cup, a series of ocean races exclusively for solar-powered boats.[205],[206]
The women team of the chess club CE Monte Carlo won the European Chess Club Cup several times.

Culture

Cuisine
The cuisine of Monaco is a Mediterranean cuisine shaped by the cooking style of Provence and the influences of nearby northern Italian and southern French cooking, in addition to Monaco's own culinary traditions.[207]
Two famous restaurants in Monaco include the Le Lous XV, currently with three Michelin stars, and the Café de Paris. The Café de Paris is next to the Casino and first 1868, though it has been renovated several times over its lifetime.
Music
.jpg/500px-Monaco_-_panoramio_(68).jpg)
Monaco has an opera house, a symphony orchestra and a classical ballet company. Monaco participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest between 1959–1979 and 2004–2006, winning in 1971, although none of the artists participating for the principality was originally Monegasque. French-born Minouche Barelli, however, acquired Monegasque citizenship in 2002, 35 years after her representing the principality in 1967.[208]
Visual arts
Monaco has a national museum of contemporary visual art at the New National Museum of Monaco. In 1997, the Audiovisual Institute of Monaco was founded aimed to preserve audiovisual archives and show how the Principality of Monaco is represented in cinema. The country also has numerous works of public art, statues, museums, and memorials (see list of public art in Monaco).
Prince Albert of Monaco visited the Sassi di Matera on 22 April 2022, exploring the ancient districts.[209]
Museums in Monaco

.jpg/500px-Le_jardin_exotique_de_Monaco_(47624110281).jpg)
Events, festivals, and shows
The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as :
Bread Festival
Monaco also has an annual bread festival on 17 September every year.[210]
Parks and Gardens
There is several gardens in Monaco, which are in a variety of styles and purpose. There is an exotic plant garden, Saint Martin garden, African plants garden, Casino Gardens, Princess Grace Rose Garden, and a Japanese Gardens.[211]
Education
Primary and secondary schools

Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including: seven nursery and primary schools; one secondary school, Collège Charles III;[212] one lycée that provides general and technological training, Lycée Albert 1er;[213] and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training, Lycée technique et hôtelier de Monte-Carlo.[214] There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools, Institution François d'Assise Nicolas Barré and Ecole des Sœurs Dominicaines, and one international school, the International School of Monaco,[215][216] founded in 1994.[217]
Colleges and universities
There is one university located in Monaco, namely the International University of Monaco (IUM), an English-language university specialising in business education and operated by the Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales (INSEEC) group.
Flag

The flag of Monaco is one of the world's oldest national flag designs.[218] Adopted by Monaco on 4 April 1881 its based on the Monaco Royal colors going back to the 14th century.[219]
The flag has similarities to the flags of German state of Hesse, Thuringia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Poland in the modern times.[220]
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Coat of Arms
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Blason
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Flag
Transport


The Monaco-Monte Carlo station is served by the SNCF, the French national rail system. The Monaco Heliport provides helicopter service to the closest airport, Côte d'Azur Airport in Nice, France.
The Monaco bus company (CAM) covers all the tourist attractions, museums, Exotic garden, business centres, and the Casino or the Louis II Stadium.[221]
There is about 77 km (48 miles) of roads in Monaco, many sections of which are also used for automotive and other races.[222]
The main port is Port Hercules which inculdes a deep-water pier, and there is another smaller harbor between the Rock and Fontvieille.
Relations with other countries

Monaco is so old that it has outlived many of the nations and institutions that it has had relations with. The Crown of Aragon and Republic of Genoa became a part of other countries, as did the Kingdom of Sardinia. Honoré II, Prince of Monaco secured recognition of his independent sovereignty from Spain in 1633, and then from Louis XIII of France by the Treaty of Péronne (1641).
Monaco made a special agreement with France in 1963 in which French customs laws apply in Monaco and its territorial waters.[148] Monaco uses the euro but is not a member of the European Union.[148] Monaco shares a 6 km (3.7 mi) border with France but also has about 2 km (1.2 mi) of coastline with the Mediterranean sea.[223] Two important agreements that support Monaco's independence from France include the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861 and the French Treaty of 1918 (see also Kingdom of Sardinia). The United States CIA Factbook records 1419 as the year of Monaco's independence.[223]

France and Italy have embassies within Monaco, while most other nations represented via operations in Paris.[224][225] There are about another 30 or so consulates.[224] By the 21st century Monaco maintained embassies in Belgium (Brussels), France (Paris), Germany (Berlin), the Vatican, Italy (Rome), Portugal (Lisbon),[226] Spain (Madrid), Switzerland (Bern), United Kingdom (London) and the United States (Washington).[224]
As of 2000[update] nearly two-thirds of the residents of Monaco were foreigners.[227] In 2015 the immigrant population was estimated at 60%[223] It is reported to be difficult to gain citizenship in Monaco, or at least in relative number there are not many people who do so. In 2015 an immigration rate of about 4 people per 1,000 was noted, or about 100–150 people a year.[228] The population of Monaco went from 35,000 in 2008 to 36,000 in 2013, and of that about 20 per cent were native Monegasque[229] (see also Nationality law of Monaco).
A recurring issue Monaco encounters with other countries is the attempt by foreign nationals to use Monaco to avoid paying taxes in their own country.[223] Monaco actually collects a number of taxes including a 20% VAT and 33% on companies unless they make over 75% of their income inside Monaco.[223] Monaco does not allow dual citizenship but does have multiple paths to citizenship including by declaration and naturalisation.[230] In many cases the key issue for obtaining citizenship, rather than attaining residency in Monaco, is the person's ties to their departure country.[230] For example, French citizens must still pay taxes to France even if they live full-time in Monaco unless they resided in the country before 1962 for at least 5 years.[230] In the early 1960s there was some tension between France and Monaco over taxation.[231]
There are no border formalities entering or leaving France. For visitors, a souvenir passport stamp is available on request at Monaco's tourist office. This is located on the far side of the gardens that face the Casino.
See also
Notes
- ^ /ˈmɒnəkoʊ/ MON-ə-koh; French: [mɔnako]; Italian: [ˈmɔːnako]; Monégasque: Mùnegu [ˈmuneɡu]; Occitan: Mónegue [ˈmuneɣe]
- ^ French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Prinçipatu de Mùnegu; Ligurian: Prinçipato de Mónego; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue; Italian: Principato di Monaco.
- ^ For further information, see languages of Monaco.
- ^ Monetary agreement with the EU to issue euros
- ^ Although not a contracting party to the Schengen Agreement, has an open border with France and Schengen laws are administered as if it were a part of France.[236][237]
- ^ Through an agreement with France[238]
- ^ Through an agreement with France. Part of the EU Customs territory, administered as part of France.[236][239][240][241]
- ^ Also part of the EU excise territory[241]
- ^ Through an agreement with France. Administered as a part of France for taxation purposes.[234][236][241][242]
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External links
- Government
- Official Government Portal Archived 2 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website of the Prince's Palace of Monaco Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members. (Archived 7 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine.)
- Monaco Statistics Pocket – Edition 2014 Archived 17 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- General information
- Monaco Archived 30 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Monaco from UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Monaco Archived 19 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Information about Monaco.
- History of Monaco: Primary documents Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Wikimedia Atlas of Monaco
Geographic data related to Monaco at OpenStreetMap- Google Earth view Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Travel
- Official website for tourism Archived 24 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- News
- Monaco Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC News
- NEWS.MC Archived 15 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine. English-language Monaco news source and publisher of daily newsletter Good Morning Monaco.
- Monacolife.net Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. English news portal.
- The Monaco Times Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine – A regular feature in The Riviera Times is the English language newspaper for the French–Italian Riviera and the Principality of Monaco provides monthly local news and information about the business, art and culture, people and lifestyle, events and also the real estate market.
- Monaco-IQ Archived 2 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Monaco information and news aggregator.
- Other
- Order of the doctors of Monaco Archived 21 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
