1474年8月15日の聖母被昇天の日、キリスト教徒はモディカのカルテッローネ地区のユダヤ人住民に残忍な破壊行為を行った。これはシチリアのユダヤ人に対する最初にして最も恐ろしい虐殺であった。夕方、多数のキリスト教徒が約360人のユダヤ人を虐殺し、ラ・ジュデッカに甚大な被害をもたらした。彼らは「マリア万歳!ユダヤ人に死を!」(Viva Maria! Morte ai Giudei!)と叫びながら街を駆け回った。[ 179 ]
教皇クレメンス8世は、ローマとアンコーナのゲットーを除く教皇領からユダヤ人を追放するパウルス3世の教皇勅書を承認し、 「盲目的な頑固さ」( Caeca et obdurata)を発布した。「全世界はユダヤ人の高利貸し、独占、そして欺瞞に苦しんでいる。……当時も今も、ユダヤ人はパレスチナとアラビア砂漠を去って以来、どの国においても権利を享受してきたことを繰り返し思い起こさなければならない。したがって、彼らの倫理的・道徳的教義、そして彼らの行いは、彼らが住む国を問わず、当然批判にさらされるに値する。」
Jews of Łęczyca are accused of ritual murder after a young child is found dead in the woods. The blame falls on the Jews after a local gentile named Foma confesses to the crime then says he had been coerced into doing it by the Jews. Despite the lack of evidence, two Jewish elders named Meyer and Lazar are arrested and tortured, and eventually quartered publicly.[239]
1644
Jewish martyr Judah the Believer is burned at the stake as he recites prayers in Hebrew.
Two ChristianJanissaries accuse the Jews of Istanbul of killing a child who had actually been killed by his own father. After killing his own son, he threw his body onto the Jewish quarter in order to implicate the Jews in the crime. Once the Grand Vizier learned the facts of the case from his spies stationed in the Greek quarter, he informed the Sultan and the Janissaries were put to death. 20 Jews were killed in total by the Greek mobs.[244]
1664 May
Jews of Lemberg (now Lviv) ghetto organize self-defense against impending assault by students of Jesuit seminary and Cathedral school. The militia sent by the officials to restore order, instead joined the attackers. About 100 Jews killed.[245]
1669
The majority of Jews in Oran are expelled by the Spanish queen.[246][247]
Raphael Levy is burned at the stake over blood libel. After being offered a chance to convert and live, he declared that he had lived a Jew and would die a Jew.
1679
The Exile of Mawza. It is considered the single most traumatic event experienced collectively by the Jews of Yemen. All Jews living in nearly all cities and towns throughout Yemen were banished by decree of the king, Imām al-Mahdi Ahmad, and sent to a dry and barren region of the country named Mawza to withstand their fate or to die. Only a few communities who lived in the far eastern quarters of Yemen were spared this fate by virtue of their Arab patrons who refused to obey the King's orders. Many would die along the route and while confined to the hot and arid conditions of this forbidding terrain.
Mob attacks against Jews in Vilna. It was condemned by King John Sobieski, who ordered the punishment of the guilty.
1682
Largest trial against alleged Judaizers in Lisbon, Portugal. 117 were tried in 3 days.[248]
1683
Hungarian rebels known as Kuruc rushes into the town of Uherský Brod, massacring the majority of its Jewish inhabitants. Most of the victims were recent refugees who were expelled from Vienna in 1670. One of the Hebrews killed by the mob was Jewish historian Nathan ben Moses Hannover, who was a survivor of the Chmielnicki massacres. Most of the survivors fled to Upper Hungary.
Only 500 Jews survive after Austrian sieged the city of Buda. Half of them are sold into slavery.[249][251]
1689
Worms is invaded by the French and the Jewish quarter is reduced to ashes.[252]
1689
The Jewish Ghetto of Prague is destroyed by French troops. After it was over 318 houses, 11 synagogues, and 150 Jews were dead.[253]
1691
219 people are convicted of being Jewish in Palma de Mallorca. 37 of them are burned to death. Among those martyred is Raphael and his sister Catalina Benito, who although declaring she wanted to live, jumped right into the flames rather than to be baptized.[254][255]
1696
A number of Converso Jews are burned alive in Évora, Portugal.
1698
A female child is found dead at a church in Sandomierz. The mother of the child first said she placed her body in the church because she could not afford a burial, but after torture accused the Jewish leader Aaron Berek of the local community of murdering her daughter. The mother and Berek were sentenced the death.[256]
1699
A mob attacks the Jewish Quarter of Bamberg but runs away after one Jew stops them by pouring baskets of ripe plums on the attackers. The event is still commemorated on the 29th of Nisan as the Zwetschgen-Ta'anit (Prune-Fest).[257]
An outbreak of the plague and a terrible famine in Algiers reduced many Jewish families to indigence. Then, influenced by false accusations, the bey imposed an exorbitant fine on the community and ordered the destruction of the synagogues, which were saved only by the payment of a further sum. This ruined the majority of the Jews.[258]
1711
Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern antisemitic polemics.
The last Jews of Carniola, Styria and Carinthia are expelled.
1721
Arab creditors set fire to an Ashkenazi synagogue, fed up with debts. Ashkenazi Jews are banned from Jerusalem along with anyone who looks like an Ashkenazi Jew. Some Ashkenazim dressed up like Sephardic Jews in order to fool the authorities.[261][262][263]
1721
Maria Barbara Carillo was burned at the stake for heresy during the Spanish Inquisition. She was executed at the age of 95 or 96[264] and is the oldest person known to have been executed at the instigation of the Inquisition.[265] Carillo was sentenced to death for heresy for returning to her faith in Judaism.
Edict of Catherine I of Russia: "The Jews... who are found in Ukraine and in other Russian provinces are to be expelled at once beyond the frontiers of Russia."[267]
1734
The Haidamaks, paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.[268]
1736
María Francisca Ana de Castro, called La bella toledana, a Spanish immigrant to Peru, was arrested in 1726, accused of "judaizing" (being a practicing Jew). She was burned at the stake after an auto de fe in 1736. This event was a major spectacle in Lima, but it raised questions about possible irregular procedures and corruption within the Inquisition.
1737
Blood libel in Jarosław leads to Jews being tortured and others being put to death.[269]
1742
Elizabeth of Russia issues a decree of expulsion of all the Jews out of Ukraine. Her resolution to the Senate's appeal regarding harm to the trade: "I don't desire any profits from the enemies of Christ". One of the deportees is Antonio Ribera Sanchez, her own personal physician and the head of army's medical dept.[267]
1743
The Russians gain control of Riga and all local Jews are expelled.[270]
1744
Frederick II The Great (a "heroic genius", according to Hitler) limits Breslau to ten "protected" Jewish families, on the grounds that otherwise they will "transform it into complete Jerusalem". He encourages this practice in other Prussian cities. In 1750 he issues Revidiertes General Privilegium und Reglement vor die Judenschaft: "protected" Jews had an alternative to "either abstain from marriage or leave Berlin" (Simon Dubnow).
1744
Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa orders: "... no Jew is to be tolerated in our inherited duchy of Bohemia" by the end of Feb. 1745. In December 1748 she reverses her position, on condition that Jews pay for readmission every ten years. This extortion was known among the Jews as malke-geld (queen's money).[271] In 1752 she introduces the law limiting each Jewish family to one son.
Pope Pius VI issues a severe Editto sopra gli ebrei (Edict concerning the Jews). Previously lifted restrictions are reimposed, Judaism is suppressed
1775
A blood libel spread in Hebron, in which Jews were falsely accused of murdering the son of a local sheikh.[275][276][277][278] Mob attacks took place.[279][280] At first the Sheikh demanded to kill all the Jews but after pleas settled on a large fine that nearly destroyed the community.[281][282][283][284]
Holy Roman EmperorJoseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in Toleranzpatent on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded "quintessence of foolishness and nonsense". Moses Mendelssohn writes: "Such a tolerance... is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution".
Jews are expelled from Jeddah, most of them flee to Yemen.[288]
1790
Yazid becomes the Sultan of Morocco and immediately orders troops to massacre and plunder the Jewish quarter of Tétouan.
1790
The Touro Synagogue's warden, Moses Seixas, wrote to George Washington, expressing his support for Washington's administration and good wishes for him. Washington sent a letter in response, which read in part:
"... the Government of the United States ... gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance. ... May the children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine and figtree, and there shall be none to make him afraid. May the father of all mercies scatter light and not darkness in our paths, and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy."
—Letter of George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island[289]
↑Jewish Virtual Library. "The Birth and Evolution of Judaism". Jewish Virtual Library. AICE. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
↑Kohler, Kaufmann; Jackson, A. V. W. "ZOROASTRIANISM: The religion of ancient Persia". Jewish Encyclopedia. The Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
↑Albertz, Rainer (2003). Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era. Europe: Royal Van Gorcum. p.300. ISBN902323880X.
↑the exact time frame covered by the Book of Esther is disputed
↑Meyers, Carol (2007). "16. Esther". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p.325. ISBN9780199277186. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
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↑"Letter of George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 June 2011.
↑Smith, Andy (18 August 2013). "Newport's Touro Synagogue celebrates its 250th anniversary". The Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Justice Elena Kagan, United States Supreme Court, was the keynote speaker at the 66th Annual George Washington Letter weekend at Touro Synagogue
↑Coyle, Ann (2007). "Address at Touro Synagogue on President Washington's Letter". News from Brown. Brown University. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Brown University President Ruth J. Simmons delivered the keynote address at the 60th Annual Reading of the George Washington Letter at the nation's oldest synagogue, Touro Synagogue in Newport, R.I., on Sunday, 19 Aug. 2007
↑PAUR Staff (2014). "Paxson delivers keynote address at Touro Synagogue in Newport". News from Brown. Brown University. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Brown President Christina Paxson delivered the keynote address at the annual reading of President George Washington's Letter to the Hebrew Congregations of Newport on Sunday, 17 Aug. 2014, at 1 p.m. in Touro Synagogue.
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Bibliography
Flannery, Edward H. (1985). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press. ISBN978-0-8091-4324-5. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
External links
International Religious Freedom Report for 2012—A Continued Rise in Anti-Semitism, a report by the U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labo