しかし、行動 A が目標 B の達成に向けて行われた場合、目標 B にも目標 C があり、目標 C にも目標があり、このパターンは何かによって無限後退が止まるまで続きます。アリストテレスの解決策は、それ自体が望ましい最高善です。最高善はそれ自体の目標です。最高善は、他の善を達成するために望ましいものではなく、他のすべての「善」は最高善を達成するために望ましいものではありません。これには、通常「幸福」、「幸福感」、「繁栄」、「卓越性」と訳される
エウダイモニアの達成が含まれます。
論理実証主義者は次のように問う。「人生の意味とは何か?」「問うことに何の意味があるのか?」[104] [105]「客観的な価値がないのなら、人生は無意味なのか?」[106]ルートヴィヒ・ヴィトゲンシュタインと論理実証主義者は次のように言った。[要出典]「言語で表現すると、問いは無意味である」。なぜなら、人生において「x の意味」という文は通常、 x の結果、 x の重要性、 x の注目すべき点などを示すため、人生の意味の概念が「x の意味」という文において「x の意味」に等しい場合、その文は再帰的になり、したがって無意味になるか、または生物学的な生命が人生に意味を持つために不可欠であるという事実に言及している可能性がある。
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^T.M.P. Mahadevan (1974). Philosophy: Theory and Practice (Proceedings of the International Seminar on World Philosophy). Centre for Advanced Study in Philosophy, University of Madras.
^John T. Scully (2007). The Five Commandments. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4251-1910-2.
^John Piper (2006). Desiring God. Multnomah Books. ISBN 978-1-59052-119-9.
^ a bPeter Harrison (2001). The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00096-3.
^Matthew 28:18–20.
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^ a bThomas Patrick Burke (2004). The Major Religions: An Introduction with Texts. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1049-5.
^Book of Mormon: Mosiah 2:17. 1830. And behold, I tell you these things that ye may learn wisdom; that ye may learn that when ye are in the service of your fellow beings ye are only in the service of your God.
^Book of Mormon: Alma 32:32. 1830. For behold, this life is the time for men to prepare to meet God; yea, behold the day of this life is the day for men to perform their labors.
^Holy Bible: Genesis 3:22. And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil...
^Holy Bible: Matthew 5:48. Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.
^Pearl of Great Price: Book of Moses 1:37–39. 1830. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019. And the Lord God spake unto Moses, saying: ... For behold, this is my work and my glory—to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man.
^"Teachings of Presidents of the Church: Lorenzo Snow". Lorenzo Snow. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2011 [1884]. p. 83. As man now is, God once was: As God now is, man may be.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Book of Mormon: Alma 29:5. 1830. Yea, and I know that good and evil have come before all men; he that knoweth not good from evil is blameless; but he that knoweth good and evil, to him it is given according to his desires, whether he desireth good or evil, life or death, joy or remorse of conscience.
^Book of Mormon: 2 Nephi 2:25. 1830. Adam fell that men might be; and men are, that they might have joy.
^Pearl of Great Price: Book of Moses 5:11. 1830. And Eve, his wife, heard all these things and was glad, saying: Were it not for our transgression we never should have had seed, and never should have known good and evil, and the joy of our redemption, and the eternal life which God giveth unto all the obedient.
^Holisiajay Quran 51:56. Quranic Arabic Corpus. I created the jinn and humankind only that they might worship Me.
^ a bT.W. Mitchell (1927). Problems in Psychopathology. Harcourt, Brace & Company.
^Ecclesiastes 8.
^Steven Dillon (2006). The Solaris Effect: Art and Artifice in Contemporary American Film. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71345-1.
^Raymond Aron (2000). The Century of Total War. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 978-0-86171-173-4.
^Stewart, John (5 March 2010). "Is this the meaning of life? John Stewart argues that despite the perception that science has stripped the meaning from life, recent developments in evolutionary theory suggest that humans have a central role to play in the future of the universe". The Guardian.
^Man's Search for Meaning, Viktor Frankl. Beacon Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8070-1426-4.
^"Monty Python's Completely Useless Web Site: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life: Complete Script". intriguing.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
^Terry Burnham (2005). Mean Markets and Lizard Brains: How to Profit from the New Science of Irrationality. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-71695-2.
^Yolanda Fernandez (2002). In Their Shoes: Examining the Issue of Empathy and Its Place in the Treatment of Offenders. Wood 'N' Barnes Publishing. ISBN 978-1-885473-48-6.
^Adams, Douglas (29 March 1978). The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Fit the Fourth) (Audio, Radio). BBC Radio 4. I think the problem such as it was, was too broadly based. You never actually stated what the question was.
^Glenn Yeffeth (2005). The Anthology at the End of the Universe: Leading Science Fiction Authors on Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. BenBella Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932100-56-3.
^William B. Badke (2005). The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Meaning of Everything. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-2069-6.
^Adams, Douglas (12 April 1978). The Hitch-Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy (Fit the Sixth) (Audio, Radio). BBC Radio 4. That's it. Six by nine… forty-two! I always said there was something fundamentally wrong about the universe!
^""Person of Interest" recap (5.13): The sound of my voice". After Ellen. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
^"APA Dictionary of Psychology: existential crisis". dictionary.apa.org.
^ a bAndrews, Mary (April 2016). "The existential crisis". Behavioral Development Bulletin. 21 (1): 104–109. doi:10.1037/bdb0000014.
^ a b cButenaitė, Joana; Sondaitė, Jolanta; Mockus, Antanas (2016). "Components of existential crises: a theoretical analysis". International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach. 18: 9–27. doi:10.7220/2345-024X.18.1.
^Crowell, Steven (2020). "Existentialism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^Blomme, Robert J. (2013). "Absurdism as a Fundamental Value: Camusian Thoughts on Moral Development in Organisations". International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy. 7 (2): 116. doi:10.1504/IJMCP.2013.055720.
^Honderich, Ted, ed. (2005). "absurd, the". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
^ a b c d e f gYalom, Irvin D. (17 March 2020). "10. Meaninglessness". Existential Psychotherapy. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-5416-4744-2.
^Greer, Frank (October 1980). "Toward a Developmental View of Adult Crisis: a Re-Examination of Crisis Theory". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 20 (4): 17–29. doi:10.1177/002216788002000404. ISSN 0022-1678. S2CID 146743538.
^ a bPratt, Alan. "Nihilism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ a bYang, William; Staps, Ton; Hijmans, Ellen (2010). "Existential crisis and the awareness of dying: the role of meaning and spirituality". Omega. 61 (1): 53–69. doi:10.2190/OM.61.1.c. ISSN 0030-2228. PMID 20533648. S2CID 22290227.
^Zapffe, Peter Wessel. "The Last Messiah". Philosophy Now (45).
^"nihilism". www.britannica.com. 14 August 2023.
^ a b c d eKahane, Guy (10 June 2022). "Meaningfulness and Importance". In Landau, Iddo (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Meaning in Life. pp. 92–108. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190063504.013.6. ISBN 978-0-19-006350-4.
^Nozick, Robert (1981). "6. Philosophy and the meaning of life". Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66479-1.
^ a b c dNozick, Robert (15 December 1990). "16. Importance and Weight". Examined Life: Philosophical Meditations. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-72501-3.
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^Benatar, David (5 May 2017). "3. Meaninglessness". The Human Predicament: A Candid Guide to Life's Biggest Questions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-063382-0.
^Benbaji, Yitzhak (2001). "The Moral, the Personal, and the Importance of What We Care about". Philosophy. 76 (297): 415–433. doi:10.1017/S0031819101000365. ISSN 0031-8191. JSTOR 3751779. S2CID 143737564.
^Tugendhat, Ernst (4 October 2016). "2. "Good" and "Important"". Egocentricity and Mysticism: An Anthropological Study. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54293-7.
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