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1530年代は 1530 年 1 月 1 日から 1539 年 12 月 31 日まででした。
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1530
1月～3月
- 1月5日- ストラスブールがスイスのプロテスタント都市同盟であるChristliches Burgrechtに加盟[1]。
- 1月20日- メキシコ内陸部に侵入し、ミチョアカン王国を征服する任務に派遣されたスペインの征服者エルナン・コルテスは、兵士の集団を率いてレルマ川を渡り、クイツェオを通り、北西に進んだ。[2]彼らは3月24日にトナラに到着し、その後サンティアゴ川の南とチャパラ湖の北と西の地域を占領した。
- 1月21日-神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世がボローニャの冬の住居から手紙を出し、帝国議会の議員らに4月8日にアウクスブルクで会議を開き、様々な神学上の問題について議論するよう招集した。[3]
- 2月14日–プレペチャ帝国最後のカゾンチであるタンガシュアン2世が征服者ヌーニョ・デ・グスマンによって処刑され、スペインからのプレペチャ帝国の独立は終結した。[4] [5]
- 2月24日-ボローニャで教皇クレメンス7世によりカール5世が皇帝に戴冠される。[6]
- 3月23日-マルタの鷹の貢物、エルサレムの聖ヨハネ騎士団総長が、シチリア王カール5世に毎年貢物を納める代わりに、騎士団にトリポリとマルタ島、ゴゾ島の完全な統治権を与えるという命令を出すという合意が成立した。[ 7 ]所有権の移転は1550年10月26日に行われたが、トリポリは1551年8月15日にオスマン帝国に征服された。
4月～6月
- 4月8日- 神聖ローマ皇帝の招待により、帝国議会議員らはドイツのアウクスブルクで会議を開き、プロテスタントの公式な帝国規則であるアウクスブルク信仰告白を準備した。[3]
- 5月9日-現在のグアテマラのサカテペケス県に住んでいたマヤ族のカクチケル人がスペインの征服者たちに降伏した。[8]
- 6月25日-アウクスブルク信仰告白が神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世に提出される。[9]
7月～9月
- 7月4日-フランス王フランソワはカスティーリャ王フェリペ1世の娘でポルトガル王マヌエル1世の未亡人であるオーストリアのエレノアと結婚する。[10]
- 7月9日-プロテスタントの信仰告白であるテトラポリス信仰告白が、南ドイツの都市コンスタンツ、リンダウ、メミンゲン、ストラスブールを代表して神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世に共同で提出された。[11]
- 7月19日- トルコのオスマン帝国軍がハンガリーの町ナジキョルを占領しようとしたが、地元の伝説によると、トルコ兵は町を守る沼地で行方不明になった。
- 7月25日-神聖ローマ皇帝、スペイン王、シチリア王であるカール5世との合意から4か月後、北アフリカのトリポリがスペインからマルタ騎士団に移譲されることが正式に完了した。[ 12]
- 7月30日-ノイエ・アウクスブルク（現在のベネズエラのコロ）で、ドイツの探検家ニコラウス・フェーダーマンが、ドイツの短命な南米植民地であるクライン＝ヴェネディヒ（「小さなヴェネツィア」）の臨時総督に就任。総督アンブロシウス・エーヒンガーはマラリアから回復するために休暇を取る。[13]
- 8月3日-ガヴィナーナの戦い:フィレンツェはシャロン公フィリベール率いるスペイン軍に占領される(フィリベールは戦闘中に死亡)。ピアニョン (ジローラモ・サヴォナローラの追随者) は打倒され、フィレンツェ包囲戦は終了し、メディチ家は教皇の甥アレッサンドロ・デ・メディチの指揮下で復活した。[14]
- 9月15日- カラブリア州ソリアーノ・カーラブロに聖ドミニコの奇跡的な肖像画が現れる。[15] [16]
10月～12月
- 10月8日-ローマが洪水に見舞われる。[17]
- 10月26日-聖ヨハネ騎士団がカール5世からマルタ島を与えられ、マルタ騎士団が結成される。騎士団は島の首都をイムディーナからビルグに移す。
- 11 月 5 日–聖フェリックスの洪水がゼーラント州を壊滅させます。ライマースワール市の衰退につながるフェルドロンケン ランド ファン ライマースワールの大部分が失われます。[18] [19]
- 11月24日-タビンシュエフティは父ミンギ・ニョの死後、タウングー王朝の王として継承した。
- 12月26日-バーブルの死後、フマーユーンがムガル帝国の統治を開始する。 [20]
- 12月-マルティン・アフォンソ・デ・ソウザの遠征隊がポルトガルからブラジルに向けて出発。[21] [22]
日付不明
- ドイツにツェレ公爵の宮殿が建設されました。
- オーストリア軍はハンガリーのエステルゴムを占領し、ブダまで襲撃した。
- エラスムスは『子供の礼儀作法について』（De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus ）を出版し、これが人気を博し広く翻訳されるようになった。[23] [24]
- フルドリヒ・ツヴィングリのドイツ語訳『チューリッヒ聖書』の最初の完全版がクリストフ・フロシャウアーによって印刷されて出版される。[25]
1531
1月～3月
- 1月15日- イングランド国王ヘンリー8世の宗教改革議会の第3回会議が開会される。
- 1531年1月26日リスボン地震:ポルトガルで地震とそれに続く津波により3万人以上が死亡。[26]
- 2月27日-神聖ローマ帝国のルター派諸侯がシュマルカルデン同盟として知られる同盟を結成。[27] [28]
- 2月または3月 -アントゥキヤの戦い：アダル王国のアフマド・イブン・イブラーヒーム・アル・ガズィーがエチオピア軍を破る。[29]
- 3月28日- インドで、マールワー王国の首都マンドゥの要塞が陥落し、マールワー王国のスルタン、マフムード2世とその息子たちがグジャラートのバハドゥル・シャーに降伏した。[30] [31]
- 3月31日- ヘンリー8世は、イングランド議会の会期末に、1530年毒殺法（他人を毒殺した罪で有罪判決を受けた者を煮殺す規定）、 1530年放浪者法（認定障害者および高齢者による公認の物乞いの許可）、ジプシー追放を認める1530年エジプト人法、橋の維持管理を定めた1530年橋梁法など、多数の法律を裁可した。[32]
4月～6月
- 4月12日-西アフリカとニジェール川流域の大半を統治するソンガイ帝国で、皇帝アスキヤ・ムサが即位2年も経たないうちに兄弟によって暗殺された。同日、アスキア・モハメッド・ベンカンが即位した。 [33]
- 4月16日-メキシコのプエブラ市が設立される。 [34]
- 4月-プナの戦い：フランシスコ・ピサロが、現在の南米エクアドル沖のプナ島の先住民を打ち破った。[35]
- 5月18日- スウェーデンで起こった第3次ダーラカリア反乱は、デンマークのアルボガで聖エリック祭の日にクリスチャン2世が反乱を起こした村々にデンマークの負債の返済のために没収されていた教会の鐘を返還したことで解決した。[36] [37]
- 5月27日- (ナヨン暦893年11月) 1521年以来アラカン王国を治めていたビルマ王、ミャウーのミンカウンが、反乱を起こしたサンドウェ知事ミン・パによるクーデターで殺害された。[38] [39]
- 6月24日- メキシコのサン・ファン・デル・リオ市が設立される。[40]
7月～9月
- 7月25日- メキシコのサンティアゴ・デ・ケレタロ市が設立される。[41]
- 8月22日-オーバーティーンの戦い:モルダビア軍はヤン・タルノフスキ率いるポーランド軍に敗れ、ポーランド軍はポクツィエを奪還した。[42]
- 8月26日-ハレー彗星が近日点に到達。[43]
- 9月15日- 9年以上ぶりのアイルランド議会がキルデア州キャッスルダーモット近くのキルケア城で開会され、10月31日の休会まで続いた。[44]
- 9月16日- （タディンギュット暦893年5回目の増補）ビルマ（現在のミャンマー）で、アラカンの首都ミャウーでミン・パ将軍がアラカンのミンビン王として正式に戴冠式が行われた。[ 45 ]
- 9月24日-スウェーデン王グスタフ1世ヴァーサが35歳で初めて結婚し、ザクセン＝ラウエンブルク家のキャサリンを18歳の誕生日に花嫁として迎えた。[46]
10月～12月
- 10月11日-カッペルの戦い：チューリッヒ軍がカトリック諸州に敗北。スイスの宗教改革者フルドリヒ・ツヴィングリが殺害される。[47]
- 10月28日-アンバセルの戦い:イマーム・ アフマド・イブン・イブラーヒーム・アル・ガズィーが再びエチオピア皇帝ダウィト2世の軍隊を破る。こうしてエチオピア南部はイマーム・アフマドの支配下に入る。
- 11月5日-クリスチャン2世の侵攻軍がオスロに到着。[48] [49]
- 12月9日-グアダルーペの聖母がメキシコシティのテペヤックでフアン・ディエゴの前に初めて現れる。[50] [51]
- 12月12日-メキシコシティ近郊のテペヤックで、グアダルーペの聖母の姿をしたイエスの母マリアが、カトリックに改宗したアステカ人、フアン・ディエゴ・クアウトラトアツィンのティルマトリに刻印された姿で登場する。[52]
日付不明
- アンドレア・アルシアートが『エンブレマタ』を出版。[53]
- 征服者 フランシスコ・デ・モンテホは、チチェン・イツァをスペイン統治下のユカタンの首都と主張した。[54]
- サラエボ大学はスーフィー哲学に基づいてガジ・フスレヴベグによって設立された。[55]
- コプ灯台が完成。[56] [57]
- 中国河南省の深刻な干ばつと夏のイナゴの大群により、貧困な農村の多くの人々が飢え死にを避けるために人食いに頼らざるを得なくなった。 [58]
- 神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世は、バルトロメ・デ・ラス・カサスの圧力により、エンコミエンダ制度の最悪の濫用を廃止した。
- ドイツのシルタッハの町で魔女狩りが行われる。
1532
1月～3月
- 1月22日-ブラジル初のポルトガル恒久植民地としてサン・ヴィセンテが設立される。[59]
- 2月12日-シエナのアカデミア・デッリ・イントロナーティが共同で執筆した舞台喜劇『騙された者たち』 （Gl'ingannati ）が、イタリアの都市で毎年開催されるカーニバルの祭典の一環として初演される。[60]
- 2月24日- 81歳のローマカトリック教会カンタベリー大主教ウィリアム・ウォーラムは、教皇の権威を損なうイギリス議会のすべての行為から距離を置くことを公式に宣言した。[61]
- 3月18日-庶民院議長トーマス・モアがヘンリー8世に「聖職者に対する嘆願書」を提出。[62]ヘンリーは、庶民院が政府の提案に同意することを拒否した後では、そのような考慮はほとんど期待できないと応答した。その後まもなく、議会は4月10日まで閉会された。
4月～6月
- 4月27日- 1115年の建国以来400年以上続いたイタリアのフィレンツェ共和国の民主政府が、世襲制の絶対君主制を確立するために、教皇クレメンス7世の命令により廃止された。 [63]教皇クレメンスの庶子であるフィレンツェ公アレッサンドロ・デ・メディチに全権が与えられ、共和国の議会（シニョーリア）と行政官ゴンファロニエーレの統治は終了した。
- 4月-ペルーのキパイパンの戦い：アタワルパが弟のワスカルを破り、インカ帝国の内戦に勝利。[64] [65]
- 5月13日-フランシスコ・ピサロがペルー北海岸に上陸。[66]
- 5月16日-トーマス・モア卿がイングランド大法官を辞任。[67]
- 6月25日-スレイマン大帝がハンガリーへの再侵攻を開始。
7月～9月
- 7月23日-ニュルンベルク宗教平和条約がシュマルカルデン同盟の加盟国に認められ、宗教の自由が認められた。[68]
- 8月13日-ブルターニュとフランスの統合：ブルターニュ公国はフランス王国に吸収される。[69]
- 8月5日-オーストリア帝国のギュンス包囲戦が始まる。オスマン帝国軍はスレイマン大帝率いる10万人の軍勢を率いて、神聖ローマ帝国の首都オーストリアのウィーンへの大規模な侵攻を企て、ギュンス（現在のハンガリーのクーシェグ）の街を占領しようとした。ニコラ・ユリシッチ指揮下の800人にも満たないクロアチア兵の防衛軍は、100対1以上の数的不利にも関わらず抵抗に成功した。[70]
- 8月30日-大雨と神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世の援軍がクロアチア守備隊の増援として到着したことによりギュンス包囲戦は失敗に終わり、スレイマンは撤退した。[70]
- 9月1日-アン・ブーリンは婚約者であるイングランド王ヘンリー8世によってペンブルック侯爵に叙せられる。[71]
10月～12月
- 10月7日- (タザウンモン暦894年第9満月) ビルマの王ミン・ビン、アラカン王が12,000人の連合軍(三方から攻撃する11,000人の3つの軍隊と、1,000人の兵士を乗せた軍船の艦隊)を率いてインドのベンガルに侵攻。
- 11月16日-フランシスコ・ピサロとその部下がカハマルカでインカ帝国皇帝アタワルパを捕らえ、待ち伏せして多数の追随者を虐殺したが、自らは被害を受けなかった。[72]その後、彼は身代金として約5000万ドルの金を提示した。[73]
- 12月1日- (894年ピャトウ月5回目の増補) ミンビン率いるビルマ軍が抵抗を受けることなくベンガルの首都ダッカに進軍。
- 12月4日- 現在はフランス領だが当時はイタリアのサヴォイア公国の一部であったシャンベリーの大聖堂で火災が発生。火事でトリノの聖骸布に数か所穴が開いた。ローマカトリック教徒の中には、この布は十字架刑後のナザレのイエスの埋葬用の布であり、イエスの奇跡的な痕跡があると信じていたが、聖骸布は大聖堂の修道女たちによって修復された。
- 12月20日- スペイン人からのアタワルパの身代金の最初の支払いが行われ、部屋を埋めるために金がクスコに届けられた。
日付不明
- 『君主論』は著者ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリの死後5年目に出版された。 [74]
- パンタグリュエルはフランソワ・ラブレーによって出版された。 [75]
- イングランドのヘンリー8世はソーン兄弟にブリストル文法学校を設立する勅許状を与えた。[76] [77]
- スタンフォード校はウィリアム・ラドクリフによってイギリスに設立された。[78] [79]
- パリ高等法院は市内の物乞いを逮捕し、「二人一組で鎖につながれて下水道で働かせる」としている。[80]
- 歴史家オスヴァルド・シルバによれば、インカ人とマプチェ人の間で起こったマウレ川の戦いの可能性のある日付。[81]
1533
1月～3月
- 1月25日-イングランド王ヘンリー8世がアン・ブーリンと正式に、しかし秘密裏に結婚し、彼女はヘンリー8世の2番目の王妃となる。[82]
- 1月26日-初代ウォルデン男爵トーマス・オードリーがイングランド大法官に任命される。[83] [84]
- 2月4日- イングランド国王ヘンリー8世により宗教改革議会が召集され、4月7日まで開催された。
- 2月14日- ドイツの都市ミュンスターと神聖ローマ帝国の間の条約により、ミュンスターはルター派の都市として認められる。
- 2月18日- 聖パウロ修道会（通称バルナビ派）は、教皇クレメンス7世の短い勅書「Vota per quae vos 」によって教皇の承認を得た。[85]
- 3月30日-トーマス・クランマーがカンタベリー大主教に就任。[86]
4月～6月
- 4月7日-イングランドにおける上訴制限法令が国王の裁可を受け、国王が最高権力者であると宣言し、教皇への司法上訴を禁じた。[87] [88]
- 4月10日- 1523年以来デンマークを統治し、後にノルウェー王に選出されるも戴冠は果たさなかったデンマーク王フレゼリク1世が61歳で死去。王位が空いたことで後継者をめぐる争いが起こり、すぐにデンマーク前国王クリスチャン2世を支持するローマカトリック教徒と、フレゼリクの息子でクリスチャン3世と宣言されたルター派の間で伯爵の確執(グレーヴェンス・フェイデ) が勃発した。
- 5月23日- イングランド王ヘンリー8世とキャサリン・オブ・アラゴンの結婚がクランマー大司教によって無効と宣言される。[89] 1530年に教皇クレメンス7世がヘンリー8世の婚姻無効の請願を却下したため、キャサリンは死ぬまで自分がヘンリーの妻であると信じ続けた。
- 6月1日
- ペドロ・デ・エレディアによってコロンビアのカルタヘナが設立される。
- クランマーはウェストミンスター寺院でアン・ブーリンをイングランド王妃として戴冠した。[90]
7月～9月
- 7月11日- ヘンリー8世は教皇クレメンス7世によって破門され、クランマー大司教も破門される。[91]
- 7月22日-オスマン帝国とオーストリア大公国間のコンスタンティノープル条約:ローマ王フェルディナンド1世はハンガリーの大部分に対する領有権を撤回し、トランシルヴァニアのヴォイヴォダであるヤーノシュ・シャポリャイがオスマン帝国のスルタンであるスレイマン大帝の宗主権の下、ハンガリー王となる。
- 7月26日-サパ・インカ ・アタワルパはフランシスコ・ピサロの命令によりカハマルカで絞首刑に処せられる。[92] : 77–78 古い資料では処刑は1533年8月29日とされていたが、20世紀後半の歴史家は後に、スペイン軍が8月10日までにカハマルカを出発していたため8月の日付は誤りであると結論付けた。[93]スペイン軍は弟のトゥパク・ワルパを後継者に即位させる手配をするが[92] : 86–67 、彼は10月に毒殺されたとみられる後死去する。[94]
- 8月13日-フランス国王フランソワは、貿易協定を締結するため、モロッコの統治者アブ・アル・アッバス・アフマド・イブン・ムハンマド宛の書簡を携えてピエール・ド・ピトン大佐をモロッコに派遣した。 [95]
- 9月7日-イングランド国王ヘンリー8世の2番目の妻アン・ブーリンが、ヘンリー8世との結婚から3か月余り後にグリニッジで女の子を出産。国王の2番目の娘 エリザベスは15年後にイングランドの君主となり、44年以上にわたって統治することになる。
- 9月13日-トリニダード島のスペイン植民地総督アントニオ・セデーニョが、その軍隊とともに、その地域の先住民であるカリナゴ族の攻撃を受ける。スペイン軍は多くの兵士を失ったが、セデーニョはカリナゴ族を破り、島をスペインの支配下に置く。
10月～12月
- 10月28日- 14歳のオルレアン公アンリ（後のフランス国王アンリ2世）とカトリーヌ・ド・メディシスがマルセイユのサン・フェレオル・レ・オーギュスタン教会で結婚した。[96] [97]
- 11月15日-フランシスコ・ピサロがペルーのクスコに到着。[92] : 115
- 12月3日-イヴァン4世は3歳で父のヴァシリー3世の後を継いでモスクワ大公に就任し、 [98] 1584年に死去するまでロシアを統治した。
- 12月21日（聖トマス使徒の祝日） - エルナンド・デ・グリハルバとその乗組員は、メキシコの太平洋沿岸の無人島レビジャヒヘド諸島を発見した最初の人物となり、グリハルバがサント・トメ島と名付けた、おそらくソコロ島と思われる島の発見を報告した。[99]
- 12月28日– グリハルバと彼の乗組員は、おそらくサンベネディクト島であるロス・イノセンテス島を発見しました。[100]
日付不明
1534
1月～3月
- 1月15日-イングランド議会は王位継承の宣誓に関する法律を可決し、ヘンリー8世とアン・ブーリンの結婚とその子供たちを正当な王位継承者として認めた。[102]
- 2月23日-ヤン・マティス率いるアナバプテストの一団がウェストファリアのミュンスターを占領し、そこを新エルサレムと宣言し、反対派を追放し、その他全員に強制的に洗礼を施す。
- 3月10日-ポルトガル王室は植民地ブラジルを15の寄進領、つまり公国に似た世襲称号に分割した。[103]
- 3月30日- 1533年聖職者服従法がイングランドで法律となり、聖職者の服従が義務付けられ、つまり聖職者は国王に服従し、国王の許可なしに教会法を公布することは禁止された。[104]
4月～6月
- 4月5日（復活祭の日曜日） -アナバプテストの ヤン・マティスが、キリストの再臨と予言した日にミュンスターを包囲したランツクネヒトに殺害される。彼の信奉者であるライデンのヨハネスが街を制圧する。
- 4月13日-トーマス・モア卿は王室委員会の前に召喚され、王位継承法への忠誠を誓う。彼は議会がアン・ブーリンをイングランドの正当な女王と宣言する権利を認めるが、国王の再婚が精神的に有効であることを否定すると証言した。[105]モアはローマカトリックの教皇至上主義を固く信じ、ヘンリー8世に対する至上権の宣誓を拒否した。モアはロンドン塔に監禁され、1535年7月6日に絞首刑に処せられる。
- 5月10日-ジャック・カルティエが北西航路を探しながらニューファンドランド島を探検。[106]
- 6月9日- ジャック・カルティエとその乗組員がセントローレンス湾を発見した最初のヨーロッパ人となる。[106]
- 6月23日-コペンハーゲンは、名目上は退位したデンマーク国王クリスチャン2世の利益のために、リューベックの軍（およびハンザ同盟）を率いるオルデンブルク伯クリストファーに門戸を開いた。コペンハーゲンと、その数日後のマルメの降伏は、同盟軍にとって伯爵戦争の最高潮を表している。これらの勝利により、デンマーク貴族は7月4日にクリスチャン3世を国王として承認したと推定される。[107] [108]
- 6月29日-ジャック・カルティエがプリンスエドワード島を発見。[106]
7月～9月
- 7月4日-クリスチャン3世がデンマーク王に選出される選挙がライの町で行われる。
- 7月7日-現在のニューブランズウィック州で、ヨーロッパ人とセントローレンス湾の原住民との間で最初の交流が行われたとされる。
- 7月20日-ケンブリッジ大学出版局はイングランド王ヘンリー8世から勅許状を与えられ、特権出版社の最初のものとなった。[109]
- 8月15日-イグナチオ・デ・ロヨラと他の6人がパリ近郊のモンマルトルでイエズス会設立の誓いを立てた。[110]
- 8月26日-ピエロ・デ・ポンテが第45代ホスピタル騎士団総長に就任。
- 9月24日- ブラジル初のカピタンシアであるペルナンブコ州カピタンシアがペルナンブコ州に設立される。[111]
10月～12月
- 10月4日-ヴィッテンベルクでミカエル祭が開かれ、マルティン・ルターによるキリスト教聖書全巻のドイツ語訳が初めて販売された。ハンス・ルフトによって2巻1,824ページに印刷され、ルターの1522年の新約聖書訳に旧約聖書と外典が加えられ、木版画も含まれている。[112]
- 10月13日- 9月25日に亡くなったクレメンス7世の後継者を探す2日間のコンクラーベの後、アレッサンドロ・ファルネーゼ枢機卿がローマカトリック教会の第220代教皇に選出される。オスティアの司教ファルネーゼはパウロ3世教皇の名を名乗り、11月3日に戴冠する。[113]
- 10月18日-ユグノー教徒がフランス全土でカトリックのミサを攻撃するプラカードを掲示し、激しい宗派間の反応を引き起こした（プラカード事件）。
- 11月3日-イングランド宗教改革議会が国王至上法を可決し、ヘンリー8世をイングランド国教会の最高指導者として確立した。[102]
- 12月4日-スレイマン大帝率いるオスマン帝国軍がサファヴィー朝から苦戦することなくバグダッド市を奪取し、現在のイラクにおけるオスマン帝国のほぼ400年にわたる支配が始まった。[114]
- 12月6日–征服者 セバスティアン・デ・ベラルカサル率いる200人以上のスペイン人入植者が、エクアドルのキトとなる地域を発見した。
日付不明
- マンコ・インカ・ユパンキは、ペルーのクスコで、スペインの征服者フランシスコ・ピサロによって、兄のトゥパク・ワルパ（1533年10月没）の後継者としてサパ・インカとして戴冠された。
- 『ガルガンチュア』はフランソワ・ラブレーによって出版されました。
- イディッシュ語で書かれた最初の本『ミルケヴェト・ハ・ミシュネ』が（クラクフで）印刷された。これはラビ・アシェル・アンチェルによるタナッハのコンコーダンスで、聖書のヘブライ語の難しいフレーズを翻訳したものである。 [ 115]
1535
1月～3月
- 1月18日-現在のペルーの首都リマがフランシスコ・ピサロによってシウダー・デ・ロス・レイエスとして建設される。[116]
- 1月21日- 1534年10月のプラカール事件のフランスのプロテスタント指導者たちがパリのノートルダム大聖堂の前で焼き殺され、フランソワ国王や訪問中のオスマン帝国の外交官を含む大勢の群衆がそれを見守った。[117]
- 2月27日-ジョージ・ジョイエはウィリアム・ティンダルの告発に対する自身の名誉を回復するためにアントワープで『弁明』を出版した。
- 3月10日-トマス・デ・ベルランガ神父がペルーへ向かう途中、航路を外れてガラパゴス諸島を発見。
- 3月23日-ウィリアム・スケフィントン率いるイングランド軍が、3月16日に始まった包囲戦の後、アイルランドのトーマス・フィッツジェラルド第10代キルデア伯爵の拠点であるメイヌース城を襲撃した。スケフィントンは生き残った25人の守備兵にほとんど慈悲を示さず、降伏の2日後に城の前で彼らの首をはねた。[118]
- 3月29日（天文4年2月26日）1526年以来統治してきた後奈良天皇が正式に第105代天皇に即位[119]
4月～6月
- 4月11日-フランスを訪問中のオスマン帝国の使節団は、10月にイスタンブールから到着してから6か月後にマルセイユを出発した。オスマン帝国の新フランス大使ジャン・ド・ラ・フォレは、フランスのガレー船に乗ってオスマン帝国の艦隊に同行し、一行はチュニスに向けて出航した。[120]
- 4月20日- スウェーデン国王グスタフ・ヴァーサが国外にいる間、スウェーデンの首都ストックホルムの上空に異常な大気現象「ヴァーデルソル」が現れ、2時間続きました。ヴァーデルソルがプロテスタントの宗教改革とグスタフ国王自身に対する神の好意を示す兆候であるかどうかは不明であったため、福音ルーテル教会の大司教オラウス・ペトリは、ウルバン・ラーソンに、この出来事を絵画「ヴァーデルソルスタヴラン」に記録するよう依頼しました。
- 5月4日- ロンドンの英国カルトジオ会の最初の殉教者であるロンドンのジョン・ホートン、ボーヴェールのロバート・ローレンス、アックスホルムのオーガスティン・ウェブスターが、英国至上主義の誓いに署名することを拒否したため、タイバーンで処刑された。[121] 3人は435年後の1970年10月25日にローマカトリック教会の聖人として列聖され、5月4日が祝日となった。[122]
- 5月10日-アムステルダムで、牧師ヤコブ・ファン・ヘール率いる再洗礼派の小部隊が市庁舎を襲撃し、市を占拠するクーデターを試みた。市の民兵による反撃で、市民長のピーテル・コリンズが反乱軍に殺害された。[123]この年アムステルダムで起きた別の事件では、男性7人と女性5人が路上で全裸で歩くという事件があり、オランダの他の都市でも再洗礼派が反乱を起こした。
- 5月19日- フランスの探検家ジャック・カルティエが、 3隻の船、110人の部下、そしてドナコナ酋長の2人の息子（カルティエが最初の航海で連れて行った）を率いて、北アメリカへの2度目の航海に出発。
- 5月20日-ウィリアム・ティンダルは聖書翻訳に関連して異端の罪でアントワープで逮捕され、[124]ヴィルボールドで投獄された。
- 6月1日-神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世によるチュニス征服が、バルバロッサ艦隊の壊滅とともに始まる。オスマン帝国から最終的に都市を奪取した後、約3万人の住民が虐殺される。
- 6月8日-ボーンホルムの戦い:スウェーデンとデンマークの連合艦隊がハンザ海軍を破る。
- 6月22日- ロチェスター司教ジョン・フィッシャー枢機卿がイングランド国王ヘンリー8世への忠誠の誓いを拒否したため処刑される。[102]
- 6月24日-ミュンスターの反乱:ミュンスターのアナバプテスト国家が征服され、解散される。
7月～9月
- 7月6日- 『ユートピア』の著者であり、かつてイングランド大法官を務めたトーマス・モア卿が、 ヘンリー8世をイングランド教会の長として認めず、ローマカトリック教会から離脱したため、反逆罪で処刑された。[125]
- 7月15日-ジェームズ5世、カール5世、教皇パウロ3世の特使であったチャールズ・レイノルズ大司教（聖職者）がローマに埋葬される。彼は ヘンリー8世の異端の罪による破門を求める運動中にマラリアで亡くなった。
- 8月17日-教皇パウロ3世は教皇勅書「Sublimis Deus」を発布し、5人の枢機卿と3人の司教からなる委員会を任命し、ローマ市とローマ教皇庁の改革を実施し、すべての精神的および世俗的な違反、乱用、誤りを根絶し、罰する無制限の権限を与えた。[126]
- 9月13日-神聖ローマ皇帝カール5世が、パレルモの新しいポルタ・ヌオーヴァを通過した最初の人物となり、北アフリカ領チュニスのヨーロッパ征服を祝った。[127]
10月～12月
- 10月2日-ジャック・カルティエがセントローレンス川の島に到着。この島は後にモントリオールとなる。
- 10月4日- ウィリアム・ティンダルとマイルス・カヴァデールの翻訳による最初の完全な英語聖書がアントワープで印刷されました。
- 11月1日-フランチェスコ2世スフォルツァの死から18日後、神聖ローマ皇帝でスペイン王のカール5世は、スフォルツァの遺言に基づきミラノ公国を相続地として主張した。フランス王フランソワは、ミラノ、ジェノヴァ、アスティを統治するフランスの権利を理由にカール5世の主張に異議を唱え、この争いはフランスと帝国の間の戦争へと発展した。[128]
- 11月14日–
- スペインの植民地行政官アントニオ・デ・メンドーサがヌエバ・エスパーニャの初代総督に任命され、スペイン国王カルロス1世に代わって、現在のメキシコとアメリカ合衆国南西部、カリフォルニアからルイジアナ、フロリダ州、中央アメリカとカリブ海の大部分、南アメリカ北部、フィリピン、グアムに至る広大な地域を管轄することになった。[129]
- ジュネーヴ州の有権者
- ジュネーヴ共和国（1534/1541–1798、1813–1815）|ジュネーヴ共和国]]は、市内の7つの慈善団体を1つの団体であるジュネーヴ総合病院に統合することを承認した。
- 11月30日-フッター派の指導者ヤコブ・フッターが、アルプス山脈のイタリア側チロル地方のクラウゼンで妻とともに逮捕される。2人はブロンツォーロの要塞の刑務所に連行される。[130] [131]
- 12月4日-ヴェネツィア共和国の統治機関であるコンセジョ・デ・イ・ディエセは、木造の共和国の宝物庫を石造りのヴォールトを持つゼッカに置き換えることを決議し、建築家に設計を募集した。[132]
- 12月28日- スコットランド王ジェームズ5世の特使ジェームズ・アトケンヘッドがスコットランドを出発し、ヴァンドーム公シャルルの娘メアリー・オブ・ブルボンを次期王妃として評価するためにフランスへ向かった。[133]評価とジェームズ5世のフランスへの個人訪問の後、スコットランドの君主はフランス王フランソワの娘マデレーヌ・オブ・ヴァロワとの結婚計画に戻ることを決定した。
- 12月-マンコ・インカ・ユパンキ（名目上はサパ・インカ）がペルーのスペイン人征服者らによって投獄される。
日付不明
- ムガル帝国の皇帝 フマーユーンはグジャラートのバハドゥル・シャーに戦いを挑んだ。
- スペイン軍はユカタン半島の二度目の征服の試みを断念した。
- 最も古い（部分的に）エストニア語の印刷本は、シモン・ヴァンラートの中期低地ドイツ語ルター派テキストからヨハン・ケールが翻訳したカテキズムであり、タリンで使用するためにヴィッテンベルクのハンス・ルフトによって印刷された。[134]
- スレイマン1世はエルサレムの周囲の城壁の再建を開始する。[135]
1536
1月～3月
- January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas,[136][137] is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.[138]
- January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.[139]
- January 24 – King Henry VIII of England is seriously injured when he falls from his horse at a jousting tournament in Greenwich, after which the fully armored horse falls on him. The King is unconscious for two hours, sustaining an injury to an ulcerated leg and a concussion.[140][141][142]
- February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.[143]
- February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[144] The compact is confirmed in 1569.[144]
- February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter, founder of the Hutterites, is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy.[145]
- March 8 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after falling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan, the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.[146]
- March 14 – Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
- March
- The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.[147]
- The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[148] Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin.[149] Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
April–June
- April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
- April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[102] Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
- April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.[150]
- May 2 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.[151]
- May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.[152]
- May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.[153]
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.[154]
- May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.[155][156]
- May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.[157]
- June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.[158]
- June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
- June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.[159]
- June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.[160]
July–September
- July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo, Francisco Quiñones, and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano, south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.[161]
- July 21 – The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon, to meet with King Francois I.[162]
- July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.[163]
- July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.[164][165] On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
- August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom.[166]
- September 1 – King James V of Scotland becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence.[167] King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.[168]
October–December
- October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in as the Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland.[169]
- October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.[102]
- October 10 – English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York.[169]
- October 16 – The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.[162]
- November 4 – Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio, the envoy of Pope Paul III, files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.[162]
- November 13 –
- On "a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen",[170] Robert Pakington, a London merchant and a member of the English Parliament, becomes the first person in Britain to be murdered with a handgun,[171] while he is walking across the street from his home at Soper's Lane toward the Mercers' Chapel. His assailant is never caught, despite the offer of a large reward.
- Robert Aske meets with royal delegates at York, including the Duke of Norfolk and negotiates the return of the homes of Catholic monks and nuns, as well as a safe passage for Aske and several Catholic representatives for a meeting with King Henry VIII.[169]
- November 26 – At the Château de Blois, the marriage contract between King James V of Scotland and King Francois of France to arrange the marriage of James to Francois' daughter Madeline, is signed despite the reluctance of the French monarch to send his daughter to an unhealthy climate.[172]
- December 5 – After two months, the Pilgrimage of Grace ends at Pontefract Castle after the Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk promises to present a list of 24 Articles of the pilgrims' demands, "The Commons' Petition", to King Henry VIII. The Duke pledges a reprieve for abbeys from dissolution until Parliament can meet, and to obtain a general pardon for the rebel pilgrims.[169]
Date unknown
- Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.[173]
- Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.[174]
1537
January–March
- January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.[175]
- January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
- January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire.[176]
- January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.[176]
- January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian allies
- February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle. He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.[176]
- March 8 – Chipatá, now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia, is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada, which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela.
- March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil.[177][178]
April–June
- April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.[179][180]
- April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.[181]
- April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.[182]
- May 17 –
- The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway, the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.{[183]
- The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.[184]
- June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.[185][186]
- June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.
July–September
- July 12– Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay, but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru.[187]
- July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India[188]
- July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.[189]
- August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo, an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi.
- August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.[190]
- August 15 – The city of Asunción, now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay, is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.[191]
- August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
- August 26–The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.[192] Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home.[193][194]
- September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway.[195]
- September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza.[196] Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.[197]
October–December
- October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England, Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever. The Queen consort dies nine days later.[198]
- November 1 – In what is now the Central American nation of Honduras, the Spanish conquistadore Alonso de Cáceres arrives at the Peñol de Cerquín, the mountaintop fortress of King Lempira of the Lencas, the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed.[199]
- November 27 – Alfonso d'Avalos, the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French Duke of Montmorency to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control.[200]
- December 9 – Petar Keglević takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia.[201]
- December 28 – The Ordonnance de Montpellier, establishing the first system in Europe for all writers to submit copies of their printed work to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by King François I of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library.[202][203]
Date unknown
- Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato, one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León, part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later[204] while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru.[205] The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570.[206]
- Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
- Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.[207]
- The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. .[208]
- The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III; these include Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
- Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London)[209] The Matthew Bible, edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.[209]
Ongoing
- Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious organizations dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory,[210] Castle Acre Priory,[211] Chertsey Abbey,[212] Furness Abbey,[213] London Charterhouse[214][215] and Valle Crucis Abbey.
1538
January–March
- January 14 – Leonard Grey, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent County Laois, formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership. between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.[216]
- January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire, on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani, escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia. After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski have Katzianer murdered.
- February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily, is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.
- February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.[217]
- March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III. He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.
April–June
- April 6 – In India,Sher Shah Suri, who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.[218]
- April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: In Peru, Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.[219]
- May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland, while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London, with neither of the two seeing each other.
- May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.[220]
- May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell, the former Chief Minister of England.
- June 18 –
- Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.[221]
- The formal wedding of Mary of Guise and King James V of Scotland takes place at St Andrews Cathedral.
- June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.[222]
July–September
- July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth, granddaughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus, son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck.[223] The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543.
- July 25 – The city of Guayaquil, now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".[224]
- August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.[225]
- September 18 – Ştefan V Lăcustă of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, Petru Rareș.[226]
- September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.[227]
- September 29– The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy begins and lasts one week.[228][229]
October–December
- October 6 – The eruption the Italian volcano ends after seven days, having created Monte Nuovo.[228]
- October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.[230][231]
- November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.[232]
- November 30
- Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
- Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved.[233][234]
- December 17 – Pope Paul III confirms the excommunication of Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church.[235]
Date unknown
- Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.[236][237]
- The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
- In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).
1539
January–March
- January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected two a two year term as Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria.
- January 12 – Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.
- January – Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War – Battle of Naungyo, Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
- February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England.[238]
- March 1 – King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28.
- March 2 – Askia Isma'il, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa, dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded by Askia Ishaq I.
- March 30 – Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.
April–June
- April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").
- April 19 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed at Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon, representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states.[239] Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.[240]
- April 28 – The English Parliament meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
- May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
- May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.
- May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.
- June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
- June 28 – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.[241]
July–September
- July 13 – Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Great following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha
- July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa, leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento, rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.[242]
- The siege of Castelnuovo ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.[243][242]
- August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
- August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.[244]
- September 7 – Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.
October–December
- October 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves.[245]
- November 1 – Joachim II Hector introduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
- November 26 – Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering Fountains Abbey to the English Crown. [246]
- December 7 – Juan Pardo de Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.[247]
- December 15 – In the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada (now the Republic of Colombia, Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado and his troops fight a final battle at Duitama (now the Boyacá Department) against the indigenous armies of the Muisca Confederation, led by Tundama.[248]
- December 27 – Anne of Cleves arrives in England in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 florins to her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.
Undated
- Protestant Reformation
- Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.
- Beaulieu Abbey, Bolton Abbey, Colchester Abbey, Newstead Abbey, St Albans Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, York and Hartland Abbey (the last) fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England.
- The first edition of the Calvinist Genevan Psalter is published.
- In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
- The first printing press in North America is set up in Mexico City.[249]
- Teseo Ambrogio's Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas, published in Pavia, introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.
Births
1530
- January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571)[250]
- January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587)
- February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)
- February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578)
- February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600)[251]
- March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573)[252]
- May 5 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, French nobleman (d. 1574)
- May 7 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Protestant general (d. 1569)[253]
- June 17 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579)[254]
- June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg, German physician (d. 1598)[255]
- July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602)[256]
- August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)[257]
- August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (d. 1565)[258]
- August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)[259]
- August 25 – Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584)[260][261]
- September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)[262]
- October 1 – Walter Aston, English politician (d. 1589)[263]
- October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck, Flemish sculptor (d. 1606)[264]
- October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)[265]
- November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)[266]
- November 6 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (d. 1576)[267]
- December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616)[268]
- December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (d. 1592)[269]
- date unknown
- Julius Caesar Aranzi, Italian anatomist (d. 1589)[270]
- Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (d. 1569)
- Christopher Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581)
- Jean Bodin, French jurist (d. 1596)[271]
- Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Polish bishop, political thinker and philosopher (d. 1607)[272][273]
- Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (d. 1566)[274]
- Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608)[275]
- Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584)[276]
- Jean Nicot, French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606)[277]
- Mordecai Yoffe, Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612)[278]
- Anastasia Romanovna, Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560)[279]
- Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (d. 1587)[280]
- probable
- Moses Isserles, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572)[281]
- Claude Le Jeune, French composer (d. 1600)[282]
- Gráinne O'Malley, Irish ruler (d. 1603)[283]
- Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598)[284][285]
- Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567)[286]
- Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595)
- Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (d. 1568)[287]
- Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581)[288]
- Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580)[289]
- Pey de Garros, Provençal poet (d. 1585)[290]
1531
- January 26 – Jens Bille, Danish servant and poet (d. 1575)[291]
- April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)[292]
- May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581)[293]
- May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584)
- June 1 – János Zsámboky, Hungarian scholar (d. 1584)[294]
- July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574)[295]
- July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser, German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595)[296]
- September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595)[297]
- September 4 – Hans Fugger, German businessman (d. 1598)[298]
- September 14 – Philipp Apian, German mathematician and medic (d. 1589)[299]
- Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, English noble and diplomat (d. 1594)[300]
- October 7 – Scipione Ammirato, Italian historian (d. 1601)[301]
- October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585)[302]
- October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck, Belgian jurist (d. 1586)[303]
- October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis, Dutch minister (d. 1581)[304]
- November 14 – Richard Topcliffe, English torturer (d. 1604)[305]
- November 16 – Anna d'Este, duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607)[306]
- November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi, Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612)[307]
- November 29 – Johannes Letzner, German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613)[308]
- December – Hendrick van Brederode, Dutch noble (d. 1568)[309]
- December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga, Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591)[310]
- December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
- date unknown
- Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1575)[311]
- António, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (d. 1595)
- John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England (d. 1607)[312]
- Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (d. 1553)[313]
1532
- January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (d. 1598)[314]
- February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (d. 1607)[315]
- February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589)[316]
- March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611)[317]
- March 25 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596)[318]
- April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger, German theologian (d. 1608)[319][320]
- April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568)[321]
- June 1 – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (d. 1605)[322]
- June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)[323]
- June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560)[324]
- June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579)[325]
- June 16 – Francis Coster, Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619)[326]
- June 24
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable;[327] d. 1588)
- William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592)[328]
- July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (d. 1565)
- July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)[329]
- August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590)[330]
- October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596)[331][332]
- October 30 – Yuri of Uglich, Prince of Uglich (d. 1563)[333]
- November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)[334]
- November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585)[335]
- December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605)[336]
- December 20
- John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586)[337]
- Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (d. 1577)[338]
- December 26 – Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
- date unknown
- Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit missionary (d. 1613)[339]
- William Allen, English cardinal (d. 1594)[340]
- Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (d. 1585)[341]
- Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary (d. 1597)[342]
- Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (d. 1592)[343]
- John Hawkins, English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595)[344]
- Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (d. 1573)[345]
- Ralph Lane, English explorer (d. 1603)[346]
- Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585)[347]
- Thomas Norton, English lawyer (d. 1584)[348]
- Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623)
- Flavio Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581)[349]
- Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600)[350]
- probable
- Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian portrait painter (d. 1625)[351]
- Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer (d. 1594)[352]
1533
- January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (d. 1600)[353]
- January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)
- January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner, German theologian (d. 1587)[354]
- January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)[355]
- February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589)[356]
- February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)[357]
- February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)[358]
- February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592)[359]
- March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550)[360]: 397
- April 5 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)[361]
- April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604)[362]
- April 24 – William I of Orange (d. 1584)[363]
- May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596)[364]
- July 20 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578)[365]
- July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)[366]
- August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588)[367]
- August 7
- Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595)[368]
- Valentin Weigel, German theologian (d. 1588)[369]
- September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (d. 1589)[370]
- September 7 – Queen Elizabeth I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1603)[371]
- September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572)[372]
- September 27 – Stefan Batory, King of Poland (d. 1586)[373]
- October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568)[374]
- October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)
- October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602)[375]
- November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1597)[360]: 510
- December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)[376]
- date unknown – Eknath, Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599)[377]
- probable
- Amina, Queen of Zazzua (d. 1610)[378]
- Cornelis Cort, Dutch engraver (d. 1578)[379]
- David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (k. 1566)[380]
1534
- January 6 – Pavao Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)
- February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)
- February 10 – Song Ikpil, Korean scholar (d. 1599)
- March 19 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)
- April 18 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)
- June 15 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)
- June 23 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
- July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)
- July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)
- July 18 – Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (d. 1583)
- August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
- September 24 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
- October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597)
- October 18 – Jean Passerat, French writer (d. 1602)
- November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)
- November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)
- November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)
- November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)
- December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d. 1604)
- December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
- date unknown
- Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d. 1590)
- Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d. 1572)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. 1601)[381]
- Paul Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. 1573)
- Joan Waste, English Protestant martyr (d. 1556)
- Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (d. 1557)
1535
_c_1565.jpg/500px-Catherine_of_Sweden_(1552)_c_1565.jpg)
- February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591)[382]
- January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1603)
- February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye, French noble (d. 1564)
- February 27 – Min Phalaung, Burmese monarch (d. 1593)
- February 28 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578)
- March 10 – William of Rosenberg, High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592)
- March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach, princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587)
- May 31 – Alessandro Allori, Italian painter (d. 1607)
- June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)[383]
- June 18 – Jakub Krčín, Czech architect (d. 1604)
- June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf, German physician and botanist (d. 1596)
- June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573)
- July 4 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592)
- July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609)
- July 22 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
- August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619)
- September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren, Flemish historian (d. 1612)
- September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551)
- October 16 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
- November 9 – Nanda Bayin, King of Burma (d. 1600)
- December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597)
- December 28 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (d. 1578)
- date unknown
- Federico Barocci, Italian painter (d. 1612)
- Niels Kaas, Danish chancellor (d. 1594)
- James Melville of Halhill, Scottish historian (d. 1617)
- Thomas North, English translator (d. c. 1604)
- Giaches de Wert, Flemish composer (d. 1596)
- Benedict Pereira, Spanish theologian (d. 1610)
1536
- January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569)[384]
- February 2
- Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623)[385]
- Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612)[386]
- February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612)[387]
- February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)[388]
- March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)[389]
- March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)[390]
- April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)[391]
- May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603)[392]
- May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587)[393]
- August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587)[394]
- August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566)[395]
- August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607)[396]
- October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601)[397]
- October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586)[398]
- October 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (d. 1614)[399]
- November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
- November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606)[400]
- December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584)[401]
- December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572)[402]
- date unknown
- Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593)[403]
- Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
- Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602)[404]
- Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624)[405]
- Roger Marbeck, chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604)[406]
- Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608)[407]
- Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596)[408]
- Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
- Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614)[409]
1537
- January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605)[410]
- January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)[411]
- February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575)[412]
- March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572)[413]
- May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)[414]
- May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619)[415]
- May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604)[416]
- May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577)[417][418]
- June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554)[419][420]
- July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604)[421]
- July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
- July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
- August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604)[422]
- August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
- October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554)[423][424]
- October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553)[198]
- November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583)[425]
- December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
- December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)[426]
- December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586)[427]
- December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593)[428]
- date unknown
- Jane Lumley, English translator (d. 1578)[429]
- Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582)[430]
- John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
- Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567)[431]
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598)[432]
1538
- January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612)[433]
- January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)[434]
- January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
- January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
- January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565)[435]
- February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
- March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612)[436]
- April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)[437]
- April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600)[438]
- June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614)[439]
- July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
- July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)[440]
- September 29
- Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
- Joan Terès i Borrull, Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
- October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584)[441]
- October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559)[442]
- November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606)[443]
- June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)[444]
- July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619)[445]
- December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615)[446]
- December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612)[447]
- December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566)[448]
- December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613)[449]
- December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
- December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)[450]
- date unknown
- François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
- Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601)[451]
- Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568)[452]
- Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)[453][454]
- Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601)[455]
1539
- January 28 – Nicolò Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1618)
- February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582)
- February 23
- Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
- Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d. 1613)
- February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (d. 1597)
- March 5 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (d. 1604)
- March 18 – Maria of Nassau, Countess of Nassau (d. 1599)
- April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603)
- April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (d. 1602)
- April 7
- Tobias Stimmer, Swiss artist (d. 1584)
- Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (d. 1610)
- April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1572)
- May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621)
- May 29 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613)
- June 6 – Catherine Vasa, Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610)
- June 13 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
- June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (d. 1589)
- July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583)
- September 18 – Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595)
- October 1 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (d. 1611)
- November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
- December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (d. 1604)
- December 20 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (d. 1602)
- December 31 – John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
- date unknown
- José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (d. 1590)
- Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (d. 1610)
- Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist (d. 1608)
- Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d. 1583)
Deaths
1530
- February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485)[456]
- February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490)[457]
- April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)
- May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander[458]
- June 4 – Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1493)[459]
- June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465)[460]
- June 6 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (b. 1512)[461]
- June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473)[462]
- August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)
- August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana:
- Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (b. 1489)[463]
- Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (b. 1502)[464]
- August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)[465]
- August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460)[466]
- August 28 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (b. 1454)[467]
- August 29 – Moise of Wallachia[468]
- September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)
- September 15 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (b. 1508)[469]
- October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477)[470]
- November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)
- November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, British statesman (b. c. 1473)[471]
- December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)[472]
- December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470)[473]
- December 26 – Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483)[474]
- date unknown
- Quentin Matsys, Flemish painter (b. 1466)[475]
- Estienne de La Roche, French mathematician (b. 1470)[476]
- Søren Norby, Danish naval commander[477]
- Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (b. 1487)[478]
1531
- January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode, Dutch noble (b. 1462)[479]
- January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460)[480]
- February 16 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (b. 1452)[481]
- March – María Pacheco, Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496)[482]
- March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440)[483]
- May 19 – Jan Łaski, Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456)[484]
- May 20 – Guy XVI, Count of Laval (b. 1476)[485]
- May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493)[486]
- July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (b. 1460)[487]
- July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (b. 1484)
- July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet, Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers[488]
- August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (b. 1461)[489]
- September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458)[490]
- September 22 – Louise of Savoy, French regent (b. 1476)[491]
- October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484)[47]
- November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (b. 1482)[492]
- November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (b. 1508)[493]
- December 1 – Maud Green, English noble (b. 1492)[494]
- date unknown
- Henrique of Kongo, bishop (b. 1495)[495]
- Eva von Isenburg, sovereign Princess Abbess of Thorn Abbey
- Bars Bolud Jinong, Mongol khan (b. 1490)
- Vallabha Acharya, Indian founder of the Hindu Vallabha sect (b. 1479)[496]
- Gerónimo de Aguilar, Spanish Franciscan friar who participated in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (b. 1489)[497]
- probable
- Fernan Perez de Oliva, Spanish man of letters (b. 1492)[498]
- Antonio Pigafetta, Italian navigator (b. 1491)
1532
- May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex
- June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)
- June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479)[499]
- July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470)[500]
- August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518)[501]
- August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468)[502]
- August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467)[503]
- August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)[504]
- September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia[505]
- October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter[506]
- December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500)[507]
- December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502)[508]
- December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)[509]
- December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500)[510]
- December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467)[511]
- date unknown
- Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (b. 1500)[512]
- Huáscar, 12th Inca Emperor[513]
1533
- March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467)[514]
- April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471)[515]
- April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)[516]
- April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488)[517]
- June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496)[518]
- July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503)[519]
- July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)[520]
- July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502)[92]: 77–78
- September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461)[521]
- September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479)[522]
- September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447)[523]
- October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522)[524]
- October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru[94]
- December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479)[525]
- date unknown
- Alauddin Firuz Shah II, sultan of Bengal[526]
- Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1460)[527]
- Anne Rud, Danish noble and defender[528]
- Fortún Ximénez, Spanish sailor and mutineer[529]
- Bayin Htwe, king of Prome in Burma[530]
- Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494)[531]
- probable – Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (b. 1477)[532]
1534
- January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)
- January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507)
- February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)
- March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)
- March 17 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490)
- March 19 – Michael Weiße, German theologian (b. c. 1488)
- April 5 – Jan Matthys, German Anabaptist reformer
- April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)
- May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)
- June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)
- June 27 – Hille Feicken, Dutch Anabaptist
- August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)
- August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)
- August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
- September 7 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (b. 1479)
- September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)
- September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)[533]
- October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)
- November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)
- November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
- November 23 – Beatriz Galindo, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465)[534]
- December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1508)
- December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b. 1453)
- date unknown
- István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b. 1477)
- Edward Guildford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1474)
- Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b. 1499)
- Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b. 1474)
- Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1497)
- John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b. 1480)
1535
- February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486)
- February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450)
- April 4 – Beatrix of Baden, Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492)
- May 4 (executed by Henry VIII of England):
- Saint John Houghton, Carthusian monk
- Saint Robert Lawrence, Carthusian monk
- Saint Augustine Webster, Prior of the London Charterhouse
- Saint Richard Reynolds, Bridgettine monk of Syon
- May 26 – Francesco Berni, Italian poet (b. 1497)
- June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer, Dutch Anabaptist
- June 19 – Sebastian Newdigate, Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500)
- June 22 – John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469)
- July 6 – Sir Thomas More, English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478)[535]
- July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
- August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici, ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509)
- September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469)
- September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513)
- November 17 – Piero de Ponte, 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462)
- December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (b. 1511)
- December 31 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
- date unknown
- Jodocus Badius, Flemish pioneer of printing (b. 1462)
- Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (b. 1516)
- Bartolomeo Tromboncino, Italian composer (b. 1470)
- Feliks Zamoyski, Polish noble
1536
- January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)[536]
- January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485)[537]
- January 22
- John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509)[139]
- Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495)[139]
- February 25
- Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492)[538]
- Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)[145]
- March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493)[539]
- April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)[540]
- May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503)[541]
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501/1507)[541][154]
- May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
- June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474)[542]
- July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466)[543]
- July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519)[544]
- June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482)[545]
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
- September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)[546]
- September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller[547]
- September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483)[548]
- October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494)[549]
- October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503)[550][551]
- December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)[552]
- date unknown
- Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465)[553]
- Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473)[554]
- Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai[555]
- John Rastell, English printer and author[556]
- Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450)[557]
1537
_-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_-_Venice_2016_(2).jpg/500px-Saint_Gerolamo_Emiliani_(Morleiter,_1767)_-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_-_Venice_2016_(2).jpg)
- January 6
- Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)[558]
- Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)[559]
- January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459)[560]
- February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499)[561]
- February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513)[562]
- February 8
- Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480)[563]
- Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481)[564]
- January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498)[565]
- March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489)[566]
- March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498)[567]
- May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482)[568]
- May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485)[569]
- June 2
- Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507)[570]
- Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504)[570]
- Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502)[570]
- June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487)[571]
- June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502)[572]
- July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)[573]
- July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500)[574]
- September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475)[575]
- September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472)[576]
- September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch[577]
- September 25 – William Framyngham, English author[578]
- October 24 – Jane Seymour, 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508)[198]
- October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510)[579]
- December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490)[580][581]
- date unknown – John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle[582]
- probable – Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475)[583]
1538
- January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504)[584]
- February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488)[585]
- February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).[586]
- February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480)[587]
- March 18 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
- April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480)[588]
- April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510)[589]
- May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496)[590]
- May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482)[591]
- May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471)[592][593]
- June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467)[594]
- June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467)[595]
- July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475)[596]
- September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483)[597]
- September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515)[598]
- October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490)[599]
- November 22 – John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)[600]
- December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455)[601]
- date unknown
- Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (b. 1475)[602]
- Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
- Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450)[603]
1539
- January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509)
- February – Narapati of Prome, king of Prome in Burma.
- February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
- February 13 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474)[604]
- March 5 – Nuno da Cunha, Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487)
- March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
- March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard, English nobleman (b. c. 1478))
- April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
- April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (b. 1460)
- April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (b. 1470)
- May 1 – Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503)[605]
- May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
- May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
- June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486)
- July 5 – St Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
- July 9 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476)
- August – Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (b. 1480)
- September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (b. 1475)[606]
- November 14 – Hugh Cook Faringdon, English Abbot of Reading
- December 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (b. 1474)
- December 20 – Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. c. 1506)
- date unknown
- James Beaton, Scottish church leader (b. 1473)
- Cura Ocllo, Inca queen
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1538年はパガニーノ・パガニーニが亡くなった年でもある。
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- ^ 「ストークスリー、ジョン（1475–1539）、ロンドン司教」。オックスフォード英国人名辞典（オンライン版）。オックスフォード大学出版局。2004年。doi :10.1093/ ref :odnb/26563。ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. 2021年10月26日閲覧。 (定期購読または英国の公共図書館の会員登録が必要です。)