↑Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen,[382] the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter,[139] the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman,[383] the textual studies by Richard Gombrich,[384] and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes Bronkhorst.[300]
↑According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out.[380] According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."[386]
↑Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."[384]
↑Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed)[sic] that a relatively early community (disputed)[sic] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha."[388]
↑J.W. De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."[389]
↑ Siderits, Mark (2019). "Buddha" . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022年5月21日のオリジナルからアーカイブ済み。 2021年10月22日取得。
↑ [a]アナッタ( 2021年1月22日、ウェイバックマシンにアーカイブ済み) 、ブリタニカ百科事典(2013年)、引用:「仏教におけるアナッタとは、人間には永続的で根源的な魂は存在しないという教義である。アナッタ、あるいはアナトマンの概念は、ヒンドゥー教のアートマン(「自己」)の信仰からの逸脱である。」; [b]スティーブン・コリンズ(1994年)、『宗教と実践理性』(編者:フランク・レイノルズ、デイビッド・トレーシー)、ニューヨーク州立大学出版局、 ISBN978-0-7914-2217-5、p. 64;「仏教の救済論の中心は無我の教義(パーリ語:anattā、サンスクリット語:anātman、これと対立するアートマンの教義はバラモン教の思想の中心である)。ごく簡単に言えば、これは人間には魂も、自己も、不変の本質もないという[仏教の]教義である。」; [c] John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age , Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-0158-5、p. 63、引用:「仏教の諸派はアートマンの概念を一切否定する。すでに述べたように、これはヒンドゥー教と仏教の基本的かつ根絶不可能な違いである」;[d]ケイティ・ジャヴァノー(2013)、「仏教の『無我』の教義は涅槃の追求と両立するのか?」 、 2017年9月13日にウェイバックマシンにアーカイブ済み、Philosophy Now;[e]デイヴィッド・ロイ(1982)、「仏教とアドヴァイタ・ヴェーダーンタにおける悟り:涅槃と解脱は同じか?」、International Philosophical Quarterly、第23巻、第1号、pp. 65–74
↑スティーブン・コリンズ (2010).ニルヴァーナ:コンセプト、イメージ、物語. ケンブリッジ大学出版局. p. 31. ISBN978-0-521-88198-2。引用:「この一般的な考え方は、後のヒンドゥー教、ジャイナ教、仏教においても基本的なものとして残りました。キリスト教用語で言うところの永遠の救済は、終わりのない世界として捉えられるものではありません。私たちはすでに輪廻転生の世界、つまり生と死の繰り返しの世界を経験しています。それが問題であって、解決策ではありません。究極の目標は、モークシャ、あるいは仏教徒が最初に呼んだと思われるニルヴァーナという、時間のない状態なのです。」
↑Steven Collins (1990). Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism. Cambridge University Press. pp.82–84. ISBN978-0-521-39726-1. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑Ray Billington (2002). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. pp.58–60. ISBN978-1-134-79348-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑David Loy (2009). Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays. State University of New York Press. pp.35–39. ISBN978-1-4384-2680-8. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑Mun-Keat Choong (1999). The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.1–4, 85–88. ISBN978-81-208-1649-7. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑Dan Lusthaus (2014). Buddhist Phenomenology. Routledge. p.124 with footnotes 2–3 on pp. 266–267. ISBN978-1-317-97343-0.
↑Peter Harvey (2013). The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism. Routledge. pp.198–226. ISBN978-1-136-78336-4. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑Mun-Keat Choong (1999). The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.21–22. ISBN978-81-208-1649-7. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
↑Gananath Obeyesekere (2012). The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience. Columbia University Press. pp.145–146. ISBN978-0-231-15362-1.
↑Edward Conze (2012). Buddhism: Its Essence and Development. Courier. pp.125–137. ISBN978-0-486-17023-7.
↑Fowler (1999), p.65 Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."
↑Williams (2002), p.64, Quote: In the Mahatanhasankhaya Sutta the Buddha [stresses] that things originate in dependence upon causal conditioning, and this emphasis on causality describes the central feature of Buddhist ontology. All elements of samsara exist in some sense or another relative to their causes and conditions..
↑Robert Neville (2004). Jeremiah Hackett (ed.). Philosophy of Religion for a New Century: Essays in Honor of Eugene Thomas Long. Jerald Wallulis. Springer. p.257. ISBN978-1-4020-2073-5., Quote: "[Buddhism's ontological hypotheses] that nothing in reality has its own-being and that all phenomena reduce to the relativities of pratitya samutpada. The Buddhist ontological hypothesese deny that there is any ontologically ultimate object such a God, Brahman, the Dao, or any transcendent creative source or principle."
↑Guy Debrock (2012). Paul B. Scheurer (ed.). Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy. G. Debrock. Springer. p.376, note 12. ISBN978-94-009-2809-1.
↑David J. Kalupahana (1975). Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. pp.54–60. ISBN978-0-8248-0298-1.
↑Genjun Sasaki (1986). Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.67–69. ISBN978-81-208-0038-0.
↑Harvey (1998), p.54, Quote: "The main concrete application of the abstract principle is in the form of a series of conditioned links (nidanas), culminating in the arising of dukkha." (...) "This [doctrine] states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except Nibbana) is independent. The doctrine thus complements the teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found.".
↑Siderits, Mark (2007). "Buddhism as philosophy," p. 39
↑Shi Huifeng, Is "Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol.2, 2016.
↑Ronkin, Noa (2005). "Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition" p. 91. RoutledgeCurzon.
↑"What is the Triple Gem?". www.accesstoinsight.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
↑Williams, Paul (2002), "Buddhist Thought", p. 52, Taylor & Francis Kindle Edition
↑Siderits, Mark, Buddhism as philosophy, 2017, p. 149.
↑Gold, Jonathan C. (22 April 2011). "Vasubandhu". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive (Summer 2018 Edition). Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
↑Brunnhölzl, Karl, When the Clouds Part, The Uttaratantra and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Snow Lion, Boston & London, 2014, page 3.
↑Williams (2008), pp.104–105, 108–109, Quote: "... [The Mahaparinirvana Sutra] refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics.".
↑Fowler (1999), pp.101–102 Quote: "Some texts of the tathagatagarbha literature, such as the Mahaparinirvana Sutra actually refer to an atman, though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on anatta. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of atman and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous."
↑Suzuki, D.T. (1956), The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p.69
↑Carole Anderson (2013), Pain and its Ending, p.143
123Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages", The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 7, Number 2, 1984
↑Martine Batchelor (2014). The Spirit of the Buddha. Yale University Press. p.59. ISBN978-0-300-17500-4. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2016.; Quote: "These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison."
↑Roderick Bucknell; Chris Kang (2013). The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation. Routledge. pp.12–13. ISBN978-1-136-80408-3.
↑Yin-shun (2012). "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Simon and Schuster.
↑See for example, Tsong-Kha-Pa (2015) "The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment", chapter three. Shambala Pubs.
↑Goodman, Charles (2017). "Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010.
↑Bodhi Bhikkhu (1997). Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy. Wisdom Publications. p.387, fn. 12. ISBN978-0-86171-128-4.
↑Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.
↑Johnston, William M. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Monasticism, Routledge, 2013, p. 467–468.
↑Analayo (2018) "Satipatthana Meditation, A Practice Guide," chapter 1. Windhorse Publications.
12Boin-Webb, Sara. (English trans. from Walpola Rāhula's French trans. of the Sanskrit; 2001) "Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy) by Asaṅga", p. 9, Asian Humanities Press.
↑Sharf, Robert (2014), "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" (PDF), Philosophy East and West, 64 (4): 933–964, doi:10.1353/pew.2014.0074
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↑Mun-Keat Choong (1999). The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3. ISBN978-81-208-1649-7.
↑e.g. "Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism" and "Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)"
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↑Nattier, Jan (2003), A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā), University of Hawaii Press, pp. 172–174, ISBN978-0-8248-3003-8
↑Rinpoche, Kalu (1995), Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana, Clearpoint Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-9630371-5-2
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↑Sørensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. (ed.) (2010). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras,in East Asia. Handbook of Oriental Studies. p. 20.
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↑Hajime Nakamura (1983). A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.102–104, 264–269, 294–295. ISBN978-81-208-0651-1.; Quote: "But the Upanishadic ultimate meaning of the Vedas, was, from the viewpoint of the Vedic canon in general, clearly a new idea.."; p. 95: The [oldest] Upanishads in particular were part of the Vedic corpus (...) When these various new ideas were brought together and edited, they were added on to the already existing Vedic..."; p. 294: "When early Jainism came into existence, various ideas mentioned in the extant older Upanishads were current,....".
↑Klaus G. Witz (1998). The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction. Motilal Banarsidass. pp.1–2, 23. ISBN978-81-208-1573-5.; Quote: "In the Aranyakas therefore, thought and inner spiritual awareness started to separate subtler, deeper aspects from the context of ritual performance and myth with which they had been united up to then. This process was then carried further and brought to completion in the Upanishads. (...) The knowledge and attainment of the Highest Goal had been there from the Vedic times. But in the Upanishads inner awareness, aided by major intellectual breakthroughs, arrived at a language in which Highest Goal could be dealt with directly, independent of ritual and sacred lore".Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994). The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp.58 with footnote 148, 22–29, 87–103, for Upanishads–Buddhist Sutta discussion see 65–72. ISBN978-3-447-03479-1.
↑Patrick Olivelle (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation. Oxford University Press. pp.3–5, 68–71. ISBN978-0-19-536137-7.;Christoph Wulf (2016). Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World. Routledge. pp.125–126. ISBN978-1-317-33113-1.; Quote: "But he [Bronkhorst] talks about the simultaneous emergence of a Vedic and a non-Vedic asceticism. (...) [On Olivelle] Thus, the challenge for old Vedic views consisted of a new theology, written down in the early Upanishads like the Brhadaranyaka and the Mundaka Upanishad. The new set of ideas contained the...."
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External links
Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network, BuddhaNet
Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels, SuttaCentral
East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide, Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA
Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet), East West Center
Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism, Richard Hayes, Leiden University
Readings in Theravada Buddhism, Access to Insight
Readings in Zen Buddhism, Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik)
Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon, Nagarjuna Institute—UWest
Readings in Buddhism, Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages)
Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism at Open Directory Project