ニュージャージー | |
|---|---|
| ニックネーム: ガーデンステート[1] | |
| モットー: 自由と繁栄 | |
ニュージャージー州が強調表示されたアメリカ合衆国の地図 | |
| 国 | アメリカ合衆国 |
| 州になる前 | ニュージャージー州 |
| 連合に加入 | 1787年12月18日(3日) |
| 資本 | トレントン |
| 最大の都市 | ニューアーク |
| 最大の郡または同等の郡 | ベルゲン |
| 最大の大都市圏と都市圏 | ニューヨーク |
| 政府 | |
| • 知事 | フィル・マーフィー( D ) |
| • 副知事 | タヘシャ・ウェイ(D) |
| 立法府 | ニュージャージー州議会 |
| • 上院 | 上院 |
| • 下院 | 総会 |
| 司法 | ニュージャージー州最高裁判所 |
| 米国上院議員 | コーリー・ブッカー(民主党) ジョージ・ヘルミー(民主党) |
| 米国下院代表団 | 民主党 8 名共和党 3 名空席 1 名 (リスト) |
| エリア | |
| • 合計 | 8,722.58平方マイル(22,591.38 km 2) |
| • 土地 | 7,354.22 [2] 平方マイル (19,047.34 km 2 ) |
| • 水 | 1,368.36平方マイル(3,544.04 km 2) 15.7% |
| • ランク | 47位 |
| 寸法 | |
| • 長さ | 170マイル(273 km) |
| • 幅 | 70マイル(112 km) |
| 標高 | 250フィート(80メートル) |
| 最高標高 (ハイポイント[3] [a]) | 1,803 フィート (549.6 メートル) |
| 最低標高 (大西洋[3]) | 0 フィート (0 メートル) |
| 人口 (2020年[5] [6]) | |
| • 合計 | 9,288,994 |
| • ランク | 11日 |
| • 密度 | 1,263.0/平方マイル (487.6/km 2 ) |
| • ランク | 1位 |
| • 世帯収入の中央値 | 2022年に97,126ドル[4] |
| • 所得順位 | 3位 |
| 異名 | ニュージャージー人(公用語)[7] 、ニュージャージー人[8] [9] |
| 言語 | |
| • 公用語 | なし |
| • 話し言葉 | |
| タイムゾーン | UTC– 05:00 (東部時間) |
| • 夏 ( DST ) | UTC– 04:00 ( EDT ) |
| USPSの略称 | ニュージャージー |
| ISO 3166 コード | 米国ニュージャージー州 |
| 伝統的な略語 | ニュージャージー |
| 緯度 | 北緯38°56′から北緯41°21′ |
| 経度 | 西経73°54′から西経75°34′ |
| Webサイト | ニュージャージー州政府 |
ニュージャージー州は、アメリカ合衆国の中部大西洋岸地域と北東部の両方に位置する州である。最も人口密度が高く、北東部メガロポリスの中心に位置している。ニュージャージー州は、北と東でニューヨーク州、東、南東、南で大西洋、西でデラウェア川とペンシルバニア州、南西でデラウェア湾とデラウェア州に接している。面積は7,354平方マイル (19,050 km 2 )で、ニュージャージー州は陸地面積では5番目に小さい州であるが、 2020年のアメリカ合衆国国勢調査によると、住民は930万人近くに達し、人口では11位となっている。州都はトレントンで、州で最も人口の多い都市はニューアークである。ニュージャージー州は、アメリカ合衆国国勢調査局によってすべての郡が都市部とみなされている唯一のアメリカ合衆国の州である。
ニュージャージー州に最初にパレオ・インディアンが居住したのは紀元前13,000年頃であった。17世紀初頭にヨーロッパ人が到着したとき、先住民の大半はレナペ族で、北部ではムンシー族、その他の地域ではウナミ族やウナラッチゴ族といった方言のグループに細分化されていた。[10] [11]オランダ人とスウェーデン人の入植者が州に最初のヨーロッパ人入植地を築き、[12]後にイギリス人がこの地域を掌握し、ジャージーにちなんでニュージャージー州を設立した。[13] [14]植民地の肥沃な土地と比較的宗教に寛容なことから、大規模で多様な人口が集まった。ニュージャージーはアメリカ独立戦争を支援した13植民地の一つで、アメリカ独立戦争ではいくつかの極めて重要な戦闘や軍事司令部が置かれた。ニュージャージーは南北戦争の間も連邦に留まり、北軍を支援するために兵士、資源、軍指導者を提供した。戦後、ニュージャージー州は主要な製造業の中心地として、また移民の主要な目的地として浮上し、米国の産業革命の推進に貢献しました。ニュージャージー州は、多くの産業、技術、商業の革新の場でした。 [15]ニュージャージー州に関係する多くの著名なアメリカ人は、学界、擁護活動、ビジネス、エンターテイメント、政府、軍事、非営利団体のリーダーシップ、その他の分野を含む、国内外で影響力があることが証明されています。
ニュージャージー州は北東部の大都市圏の中心に位置していたため、20世紀後半には急速な成長と郊外化が進んだ。21世紀初頭から、同州の経済は多様化が進み、主要産業にはバイオテクノロジー、製薬、情報技術、金融、観光などがあり、大西洋岸の物流と流通の中心地となっている。ニュージャージー州は依然として移民の主要な目的地であり、世界で最も多文化な人口を抱える州の一つである。[16] [17]歴史的な傾向を反映して、同州は2008年以降、都市の成長が郊外の成長を上回り、都市の再都市化が進んでいる。[18]
ニュージャージー州は、米国で最も教育水準が高く、裕福で、健康で、多様性があり、高度に発達した州の1つであり、いくつかの生活の質の指標で高い評価を得ています。[19] 2022年現在、ニュージャージー州の年間世帯収入の中央値は96,346ドルで、全50州の中で最も高くなっています。[20]州内の全世帯のほぼ10分の1、つまり323,000世帯以上が億万長者であり、全州の中で最も億万長者の割合が高くなっています。[21]ニュージャージー州の公立学校システムは、米国の全州の中で常に上位かその中間に位置しています。[22] [23] [24] [25] 2024年には、ニュージャージー州は全体で2番目に健康な人口を抱えると評価されました。[26]ニュージャージー州は、2024年に4番目に多様性のある州として評価されました。 [27]ニュージャージー州は、アメリカ人間開発指数と標準的な人間開発指数の両方で上位近くにランクされています。アメリカ海洋大気庁の気候学研究によると、ニュージャージー州は20世紀初頭から100年間の平均気温の上昇が最も早い州であり、これは北大西洋の温暖化によるものとされている。[28]
歴史
先史時代
北アメリカとアフリカの衝突の圧力により、アパラチア山脈が形成されました。約18,000年前、氷河期により氷河がニュージャージー州まで広がりました。氷河が後退するにつれて、パセーイク湖、川、牧草地、沼地、渓谷が残りました。[29]
紀元前6千年紀以来、レナペ族をはじめとするネイティブアメリカンがニュージャージー州に居住してきた。シェイイチビは、現在のニュージャージー州にあたる土地のレナペ語名である。 [30]レナペ族は、デラウェア川、ハドソン川下流、ロングアイランド湾西部の周辺地域で、狩猟と採集を補うためにトウモロコシ農業を営むいくつかの自治グループであった。レナペ族は、共通の女性の祖先に基づく母系の氏族に分かれていた。氏族は、動物の印によって識別される3つの異なる氏族、すなわち亀、七面鳥、狼に組織されていた。レナペ族がオランダ人と初めて遭遇したのは17世紀初頭で、オランダ人、後のヨーロッパ人入植者との主な関係は毛皮貿易を通じてであった。
植民地時代

オランダ人はニュージャージー州の土地の所有権を主張した最初のヨーロッパ人であった。オランダのニューネーデルランド植民地は、現代の中部大西洋岸諸州の一部から構成されていた。土地所有のヨーロッパ人の原則はレナペ族には認められなかったが、オランダ西インド会社の方針では、入植者は入植した土地を購入することが求められた。最初に購入したのはミヒール・ポーで、彼は1630年にノース川沿いにパヴォニアと呼ばれる後援船を設立し、これが後にベルゲンとなった。ピーター・ミヌイットがデラウェア川沿いの土地を購入してニュースウェーデン植民地が設立され、1655年にオランダに征服されるまで続いた。その後、 1664年6月24日、リチャード・ニコルズ大佐の指揮するイギリス艦隊が現在のニューヨーク港に航行し、アムステルダム砦を占領して州全体を併合した後、この地域全体がイギリスの領土となった。
イングランド内戦の間、チャンネル諸島のジャージー島は英国王室に忠誠を誓い、国王に聖域を与えた。1649年、セントヘリアのロイヤルスクエアで、父チャールズ1世の処刑後、イングランド王チャールズ2世が国王に即位した。北アメリカの土地はチャールズ2世によって分割され、彼は弟のヨーク公(後のジェームズ2世)に、ニューイングランドとメリーランドの間の地域を私有植民地(王室植民地ではない)として与えた。ジェームズはその後、ハドソン川とデラウェア川の間の土地(後にニュージャージーとなる土地)を、イングランド内戦を通して忠誠を誓い続けた2人の友人、ジョージ・カートレット卿とストラットン・バークレー卿に与えた。[31]その地域はニュージャージー州と名付けられた。
ニュージャージー州は創設以来、民族的、宗教的多様性を特徴としてきた。ニューイングランドの会衆派教会の信者は、スコットランド長老派教会やオランダ改革派教会の移民と並んで定住した。住民の大多数は100エーカー(40ヘクタール)の土地を個別に所有する町に住んでいたが、少数の裕福な地主は広大な地所を所有していた。イングランドのクエーカー教徒と英国国教会信者は大きな土地を所有していた。プリマス植民地やジェームズタウンなどの植民地とは異なり、ニュージャージー州にはヨーロッパから直接移住してきた人々ではなく、他の植民地から来た第2波の移民が住んでいた。ニュージャージー州は植民地時代を通じて農業が盛んな田舎町のままであり、商業農業は散発的に発展した。デラウェア川沿いのバーリントンやパースアンボイなどのいくつかの町は、ニューヨーク市やフィラデルフィアへの船積みの重要な港として台頭した。植民地の肥沃な土地と寛容な宗教政策がさらに多くの入植者を引き寄せ、ニュージャージーの人口は 1775 年までに 12 万人に増加しました。
イギリス統治の最初の10年間の開拓は、ハッケンサック川とアーサー・キル川沿いで行われた。開拓者は主にニューヨークとニューイングランドから来た。1673年3月18日、バークレーは植民地の半分をイギリスのクエーカー教徒に売却し、クエーカー教徒はデラウェア渓谷地域をクエーカー教徒の植民地として開拓し、ウィリアム・ペンがしばらくその土地の管財人を務めた。ニュージャージーは1674年から1702年までの28年間、東ジャージーと西ジャージーの2つの異なる州として統治され、1686年から1689年まではニューイングランド自治領の一部であった。
1702年、2つの州は領主ではなく王室の総督のもとで再統合された。コーンベリー卿の称号を持つエドワード・ハイドが王室植民地の初代総督となった。イギリスは彼が賄賂を受け取ったり土地投機をしたりして無能で腐敗した統治者であると信じていた。1708年、彼はイギリスに呼び戻された。ニュージャージーは当時ニューヨークの総督によって統治されていたが、ニュージャージーの開拓者たちはこれに激怒し、これらの総督がニューヨークをひいきしていると非難した。ルイス・モリス判事が別個の総督設置の訴訟を主導し、 1738年にジョージ2世によって総督に任命された。[32]
独立戦争時代


ニュージャージーは、アメリカ独立戦争でイギリスの支配に反抗した13植民地のうちの1つでした。1776年のニュージャージー憲法は、第二次大陸会議がイギリスからのアメリカの独立を宣言するわずか2日前の1776年7月2日に可決されました。これは、州議会となった植民地会議の法令でした。中立国を安心させるため、ニュージャージーがイギリスと和解した場合は議会が解散すると規定されていました。独立宣言に署名した56人の建国の父のうち、リチャード・ストックトン、ジョン・ウィザースプーン、フランシス・ホプキンソン、ジョン・ハート、エイブラハム・クラークの5人がニュージャージー州の代表でした。
アメリカ独立戦争中、イギリス軍とアメリカ軍はニュージャージー州を何度も横断し、いくつかの重要な戦闘がこの州で行われた。このため、ニュージャージー州は現在「アメリカ独立戦争の十字路」と呼ばれることもある。[33]大陸軍の冬営地はジョージ・ワシントン将軍によってニュージャージー州のモリスタウンに2度設置され、「アメリカ独立戦争の軍都」と呼ばれている。[34]
1776年12月25日から26日の夜、ジョージ・ワシントン率いる大陸軍はデラウェア川を渡った。渡河後、彼らはトレントンの戦いでヘッセン軍を奇襲し、打ち破った。トレントンでの勝利から1週間余り後、大陸軍は第二次トレントンの戦いでコーンウォリス将軍の突撃を食い止め、重要な勝利を収めた。コーンウォリス軍をかわすことで、大陸軍はプリンストンへの奇襲を成功させ、1777年1月3日にイギリス軍を破ることに成功した。エマニュエル・ロイツェの「ワシントンのデラウェア川渡河」の絵画は、独立戦争の象徴となった。
ワシントンの指揮する大陸軍は、 1778年6月のモンマスの戦いでヘンリー・クリントン将軍の指揮するイギリス軍と決着のつかない戦いを繰り広げた。ワシントン軍はイギリス軍の縦隊を奇襲しようとした。イギリス軍がアメリカ軍の側面を攻撃しようとしたとき、大陸軍は混乱して撤退した。その後、大陸軍の隊列は再編成され、イギリス軍の突撃に耐えた。[35]
1783 年の夏、大陸会議はプリンストン大学のナッソー ホールで開催され、プリンストンは4 か月間、国の首都となりました。大陸会議はここで、戦争を終わらせる パリ条約の調印について知りました。
1787年12月18日、ニュージャージー州はアメリカ合衆国憲法を批准した3番目の州となった。この憲法は、ニューヨークとペンシルベニアがヨーロッパからの輸入品に関税を課すことを禁じていたため、ニュージャージー州では圧倒的な支持を得ていた。1789年11月20日、ニュージャージー州は新しく形成された連邦で権利章典を批准した最初の州となった。[36]
1776年のニュージャージー州憲法は、一定水準の富を持つすべての住民に選挙権を与えた。これには女性と黒人も含まれたが、既婚女性は夫と別々に財産を所有することが法的に認められていなかったため含まれなかった。両陣営は、いくつかの選挙で、相手側が資格のない女性に投票させたと主張し、投票権の有無にかかわらずペチコート選挙人を利用したとして女性を嘲笑した。その一方で、両党とも投票権法を可決した。1807年、議会は憲法を貧困者を除く白人男性の普通選挙と解釈する法案を可決した。憲法自体は議会の行為であり、現代の憲法として制定されたものではない。[37]
19世紀

1804年2月15日、ニュージャージー州は北部で最後に奴隷制度を廃止し、既存の奴隷制度を徐々に廃止する法律を制定した。これにより奴隷人口は徐々に減少した。南北戦争の終結までに、ニュージャージー州では12人ほどのアフリカ系アメリカ人が依然として奴隷状態に置かれた。[38]ニュージャージー州の有権者は最終的に、奴隷制度を禁止し米国の黒人人口に権利を与える憲法修正条項を批准した。
1831年にモリス運河が完成して以来、現在の北ジャージー地域では工業化が加速した。この運河により、無煙炭をペンシルベニア州東部のリーハイ渓谷からパターソン、ニューアーク、ジャージーシティにある北ジャージーの成長産業に輸送することが可能になった。
1844年、2番目の州憲法が批准され、発効した。これにより、郡は州上院の選挙区となり、境界の再編(マーサー郡の創設を含む)が直ちに続いた。この規定は1947年憲法でも保持されたが、 1962年に米国最高裁判所のベイカー対カーの判決によって覆された。知事職は1776年憲法よりも強力であったが、1844年憲法では知事や住民に対して責任を負わない役職が多数創設され、知事の任期は3年であったが、知事自身は後を継ぐことができなかった。
ニュージャージー州は、国政選挙で2度、エイブラハム・リンカーン以外の候補者を選んだ数少ない北軍州(他の2州はデラウェア州とケンタッキー州)のひとつであり、スティーブン・A・ダグラス(1860年)とジョージ・B・マクレラン(1864年)の選挙運動に味方した。フィラデルフィア生まれのマクレランはニュージャージー州とつながりがあり、当時は正式にニュージャージー州に住んでいた。後にニュージャージー州知事(1878年 - 1881年)となった。(ニュージャージー州では、1860年に民主党の各派閥が効果的な連合を組んだ。)南北戦争中、ニュージャージー州は最初は共和党の知事チャールズ・スミス・オールデンが、その後は民主党のジョエル・パーカーが率いた。戦争中、ニュージャージー州から6万5千人から8万人の兵士が北軍に入隊したが、北部のいくつかの州を含む多くの州とは異なり、ニュージャージー州では戦闘は行われなかった。[39]
産業革命では、パターソンのような都市が成長し、繁栄しました。それ以前は、経済は主に農業に依存していましたが、作物の不作や土壌の悪さに悩まされていました。このため、繊維や絹などの製造品に基づく、より工業化された経済への移行が起こりました。発明家の トーマス・エジソンも産業革命の重要人物となり、1,093件の特許を取得しましたが、その多くはニュージャージー州で働いていたときに開発した発明によるものです。最初はメンロパーク、次にウェストオレンジにあったエジソンの施設は、おそらく米国で最初の研究センターと考えられています。メンロパークのクリスティー通りは、世界で初めて電灯が設置された大通りでした。ニュージャージー州に歩行者と蒸気船が導入される と、交通は大幅に改善されました。
19世紀中期から後半にかけては、鉄鉱業も主要産業だった。ニュージャージー州パイン・バレンズの沼鉄坑は、新国家にとって最初の鉄源の一つだった。[40]マウント・ホープ、マイン・ヒル、ロックアウェイ・バレー鉱山などの鉱山は、繁栄した産業を生み出した。鉱業は新しい町の原動力となり、モリス運河の必要性を後押しした原動力の一つとなった。亜鉛鉱山も主要産業であり、特にスターリング・ヒル鉱山がそうであった。
20世紀
ニュージャージー州は狂騒の20年代を通じて繁栄した。最初のミスアメリカコンテストは1921年にアトランティックシティで開催され、ジャージーシティとマンハッタンを結ぶホランドトンネルは1927年に開通し、最初のドライブインシアターは1933年にカムデンで上映された。 1930年代の大恐慌の間、州は失業中の住民に物乞い許可証を発行し、[41]ツェッペリン飛行船ヒンデンブルク号はレイクハースト上空で炎上し、SSモロキャッスルは海上で炎上した後、 アズベリーパークの近くに座礁した。
二度の世界大戦を通じて、ニュージャージー州は軍需生産、特に海軍建造の中心地であった。カーニーとニューアークの連邦造船所と、カムデンのニューヨーク造船所では、航空母艦、戦艦、巡洋艦、駆逐艦が製造された。[42]ニュージャージー州は、第二次世界大戦中に生産された米国の軍事兵器全体の6.8%を製造し、48州の中で5位であった。[43]さらに、フォートディックス(1917年)(当初は「キャンプディックス」と呼ばれていた)、[44] キャンプメリット(1917年)、[45]キャンプキルマー(1941年)[要出典]はすべて、二度の世界大戦を通じてアメリカ兵の居住と訓練のために建設された。ニュージャージー州は、冷戦でも防衛の主要拠点となった。ニューヨーク市とフィラデルフィア地域の防衛のために、14のナイキミサイル基地が建設された。PT-109は、第二次世界大戦でジョン・F・ケネディ中尉が指揮したモーター魚雷艇で、ベイヨンのエルコ・ボートワークスで建造された。航空母艦USSエンタープライズ(CV-6)は、1950年代にベイヨンの軍用海洋ターミナルに短期間停泊した後、カーニーに送られて解体された。[46] 1962年、世界初の原子力貨物船NSサバンナがカムデンで進水した。
1951年、ニュージャージー・ターンパイクが開通し、北ニュージャージー州とニューヨーク大都市圏、南ニュージャージー州とフィラデルフィア大都市圏の間で自動車やトラックによる効率的な移動が可能になった。[47]その後、1957年にガーデン・ステート・パークウェイが完成し、ターンパイクの対角線上の道路として機能し、北東部のバーゲン郡とニュージャージー州南東端のケープ・メイ郡 半島の間のニュージャージー州沿岸沿いの高速道路の移動が可能になった。これにより、ニューヨーク大都市圏の何百万人もの住民がジャージー・ショアに容易にアクセスできるようになりました。 1959年、防空軍司令部はCIM-10 ボマーク 地対空ミサイルをマクガイア空軍基地に配備した。 1960年6月7日、 CIM-10 ボマークミサイルの燃料タンクが爆発して事故が発生し、プルトニウム汚染が発生した。[48]
1960年代、北ジャージー州の多くの工業都市で人種暴動が勃発した。ニュージャージー州で最初の人種暴動は1964年8月2日にジャージーシティで発生した。1967年にはニューアークとプレインフィールドで暴動が続いた。 1968年4月のマーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアの暗殺後も、国内の他の地域と同様に暴動が続いた。1971年にはカムデンで暴動が発生した。ニュージャージー州最高裁判所が学校に公平に資金を提供するよう命じた結果、ニュージャージー州議会は1976年に所得税法案を可決した。この法案以前は、州には所得税がなかった。[49]
21世紀
2000年代初頭には、ハドソン郡のハドソン・バーゲン・ライトレールと、カムデンとトレントン間のリバーラインという2つのライトレールシステムが開通した。これらのプロジェクトの目的は、それぞれ北ジャージー州と南ジャージー州で公共交通指向型開発を促進することだった。HBLRはハドソン郡とジャージーシティの再活性化に貢献したとされている。[50] [51] [52] [53] 21世紀に入っても北ジャージー州では都市再活性化が続いている。2014年の国勢調査では、ジャージーシティの推定人口は262,146人で[54]、2010年以降ニュージャージー州の自治体の中で最大の人口増加を記録した。 [55]これは、 2010年の米国国勢調査で市の人口が247,597人だったことから5.9%の増加となった。 [56] [57] 2000年から2010年にかけてニューアークでは1950年代以来初めての人口増加が見られ、2020年までに311,549人に回復した。
| 州のシンボル一覧 | |
|---|---|
| 生きた記章 | |
| 鳥 | オウゴンヒワ[59] |
| 魚 | カワマス[60] |
| 花 | スミレ・ソロリア[61] |
| 昆虫 | 西洋ミツバチ[62] |
| 哺乳類 | 馬[58] |
| 木 | Quercus rubra(ノーザンレッドオーク) [63] ハナミズキ(記念樹) [63] |
| 無生物の記章 | |
| 色 | バフとブルー |
| フォークダンス | スクエアダンス[64] |
| 食べ物 | ノーザンハイブッシュブルーベリー(州の果物)[65] |
| 化石 | ハドロサウルス・ファウルキ[66] |
| 土壌 | ダウナー[67] |
| 州道標識 | |
| 州25セント硬貨 | |
1999年にリリース | |
| アメリカ合衆国の州のシンボルのリスト | |
地理



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ニュージャージー州は、アメリカで最も人口の多い都市圏である北東部メガロポリスの中心に位置しています。北と北東はニューヨーク州(一部はハドソン川、アッパーニューヨーク湾、キルヴァンカル川、ニューアーク湾、アーサーキル川を挟んで)に接し、東は大西洋に面し、南西はデラウェア湾を挟んでデラウェア州に、西はデラウェア川を挟んでペンシルベニア州に接しています。
ニュージャージー州は、北部、中部、南部の地理的地域に大まかに分けられますが、住民の中には中部ジャージーを独立した地域とは考えていない人もいます。これらの地域には、自然地理と人口集中によって分けられた5つの異なるエリアがあります。ニュージャージー州北東部は、ゲートウェイ地域と呼ばれることが多く、ニューヨーク市のマンハッタンに最も近く、100万人もの住民が毎日、多くが公共交通機関を利用して通勤しています。 [68]中部および南部ジャージー州の大西洋岸に沿ったジャージーショアは、海に面しているため、独自の自然、住宅、文化の特徴を持っています。サウスジャージーは、米国北東部の最南端の地理的地域です。デラウェア渓谷には、フィラデルフィアを取り囲むデラウェア渓谷内にある州の南西部の郡が含まれます。
ニュージャージー州は都市化が著しく、工業化の歴史も長いにもかかわらず、森林は州面積の約45%、約210万エーカー(8,500 km 2)を覆っており、米国の50州と6つの準州の中で31番目に多い。[69]スカイランズ地域と呼ばれることが多いニュージャージー北西部は、より樹木が茂り、田園地帯で、山岳地帯である。北部の森林の主な木はオークである。ニュージャージー松原はニュージャージー州南部の内陸部に位置し、広範囲に渡ってマツとオークの混合林に覆われており、その人口密度は州のほとんどの地域よりも低い。
サセックス郡モンタギュー郡区のハイポイントは、海抜1,803フィート(550メートル)で、州で最も標高が高い場所です。州で最も高い山は、モリス郡のキティアンマウンテンで、標高892フィート(272メートル)です。パリセードは、バーゲン郡とハドソン郡にまたがるハドソン川の西側にある険しい崖の列です。ニュージャージー州の主な川には、ハドソン川、デラウェア川、ラリタン川、パセーイク川、ハッケンサック川、ラーウェイ川、マスコーネトコング川、マリカ川、ランコカス川、マナスクアン川、モーリス川、トムズ川があります。ニュージャージー州は半島状の地形のため、日の出と日の入りは、ジャージーショアのさまざまな地点から水上から見ることができます。
顕著な地理的特徴
- メドウランズ
- ニュージャージー州パインバレンズ
- デラウェア ウォーター ギャップ
- グレートベイ
- グレートスワンプ国立野生生物保護区
- 高地
- ハドソンパリセーズ
- ジャージーショア
- ニュージャージー州の海岸沿いには、世界で最も多くの海辺の遊歩道が集中しています。
- ラマポ山
- サウスマウンテン
気候
この州は2つの気候帯に分かれており、州の最南端は湿潤亜熱帯気候、残りの地域は湿潤大陸性気候となっている。[70]ニュージャージー州では年間2,400~2,800時間の日照時間がある。[71]
夏は一般的に暑く湿気が多く、州全体の平均最高気温は82–87 °F (28–31 °C)、最低気温は60–69 °F (16–21 °C) であるが、夏季には平均25日間は90 °F (32 °C) を超え、年によっては100 °F (38 °C) を超える。冬は通常寒く、州の大部分の平均最高気温は34–43 °F (1–6 °C)、最低気温は16 ~ 28 °F (-9 ~ -2 °C) であるが、短期間では10 °F (-12 °C) を下回り、時には50 °F (10 °C) を超えることもある。州の北西部は冬が著しく寒く、ほぼ毎年のように0 °F (-18 °C) を下回る。春と秋は気温の変化が大きく、夏よりも湿度が低い。米国農務省の植物耐寒性ゾーン 分類は、州北西部の6からケープメイ付近の7Bまでである。 [72]ニュージャージー州で記録された史上最高気温は、1936年7月10日にミドルセックス郡ラニヨンで記録された110°F(43°C)と、1904年1月5日にバーゲン郡リバーベールで記録された−34°F(−37°C)である。[73]
年間平均降水量は 43 ~ 51 インチ (1,100 ~ 1,300 mm) で、年間を通じて均一に降ります。冬季平均降雪量は、南部および海岸近くで 10 ~ 15 インチ (25 ~ 38 cm)、州の北東部および中央部で 15 ~ 30 インチ (38 ~ 76 cm)、北西部高地で約 40 ~ 50 インチ (1.0 ~ 1.3 m) ですが、年によって大きく異なります。年間平均 120 日降水があり、25 ~ 30 回の雷雨が発生し、そのほとんどは夏に発生します。
冬から早春にかけて、ニュージャージー州では北東風が吹き、米国北東部全域で吹雪や洪水を引き起こすことがあります。ハリケーンや熱帯暴風雨、竜巻、地震はまれですが、1903年にはハリケーン、 1999年には熱帯暴風雨フロイド、[74]、2012年には最大風速90mph(145km/h)でニュージャージー州に上陸したハリケーン サンディの被害を受けました。
気候変動
気候変動は、米国の他の多くの地域よりも急速にニュージャージー州に影響を及ぼしている。米国海洋大気庁の気候学者は、ニュージャージー州は20世紀初頭から100年間の平均気温の上昇が最も速い州であると結論付けている。[28]
行政区分
米国国勢調査局はニュージャージー州の 21 郡を 7 つの大都市統計地域に分割しており、そのうち 20 郡はニューヨーク市またはフィラデルフィア統合統計地域に含まれています。ウォーレン郡はペンシルベニア州に拠点を置くリーハイバレー大都市圏 の一部です。
郡
ニュージャージー州の21の郡は、人口順に並べると(2020年の国勢調査時点)以下の通りである。[75]
- バーゲン郡: 955,732
- エセックス郡: 863,728
- ミドルセックス郡: 863,162
- ハドソン郡: 724,854
- モンマス郡: 643,615
- オーシャン郡: 637,229
- ユニオン郡: 575,345
- パセーイク郡: 524,118
- カムデン郡: 523,485
- モリス郡: 509,285
- バーリントン郡: 461,860
- マーサー郡: 387,340
- サマセット郡: 345,361
- グロスター郡: 302,294
- アトランティック郡: 274,534
- カンバーランド郡: 154,152
- サセックス郡: 144,221
- ハンタードン郡: 128,947
- ウォーレン郡: 109,632
- ケープメイ郡: 95,263
- セーラム郡: 64,837
自治体
ニュージャージー州は、総人口と国内トップクラスの人口密度の割に、典型的な大都市が比較的少ない。この矛盾は、州で最も人口の多いバーゲン郡で最も顕著で、2020年の国勢調査では955,732人の住民が70の自治体に居住しており、そのうち最も人口が多いのはハッケンサックで46,030人の住民がいる。ニュージャージー州の自治体は地理的に小さい傾向があるため、多くの都市部は単一の大都市の境界をはるかに超えて広がっている。ニュージャージー州の人口上位4都市のうち3都市の面積は20平方マイル(52 km 2)未満であり、上位10都市のうち8都市(上位5都市すべてを含む)の面積は30平方マイル(78 km 2 )未満である。 2010年の米国国勢調査の時点で[update]、10万人を超える住民が住む自治体は4つだけだった(ただし、エジソンとウッドブリッジ・タウンシップはそれに非常に近かった)。この数は2020年の国勢調査で7に増加しました。
人口統計
人口

ニュージャージー州の住民は、最も一般的にはニュージャージー人、またはそれほど一般的ではないがニュージャージー人と呼ばれています。2020年の米国国勢調査によると、州の人口は9,288,994人で、 8,791,894人だった2010年の国勢調査から5.7%増加しています。[6]州は総人口では国内11位、人口密度は1平方マイルあたり1,185人(1km 2あたり458人)で1位です。歴史的に、ニュージャージー州は国内で最も高い成長率を経験しており、1980年までほぼ10年ごとに人口が2桁増加していました。その後成長は鈍化しましたが、最近まで比較的堅調に推移していました。2022年の国勢調査局は、COVID -19パンデミックに関連して、2020年よりも6,262人少ない住民がいると推定しました。[79]
ニュージャージー州は、国勢調査局の定義によりすべての郡が都市部とみなされる唯一の州である。[80]住民のほとんどは、国内最大の都市であるニューヨーク市、国内で6番目に大きい都市であるフィラデルフィアを取り囲む郡、または東ジャージー海岸沿いの郡に住んでいる。最南端と北西部の郡は全体的に比較的人口密度が低い。2000年の国勢調査以来、米国国勢調査局はニュージャージー州の人口の中心はイーストブランズウィックにあると計算した。[81] [82] [83]この州は、5000万人以上の住民がいる 北東部メガロポリスの中心に位置している。
2019年現在、ニュージャージー州はメリーランド州とマサチューセッツ州に次いで、世帯収入の中央値で測定された米国の州で3番目に高い州であった。[84]同州の世帯収入の中央値は8万5000ドルを超え、全国平均の約6万5000ドルを上回っている。 [85]逆に、ニュージャージー州の貧困率は9.4%で、全国平均の11.4%をわずかに下回り、[85] 50州、ワシントンDC、プエルトリコの中で6番目に低い。これは、同州がニューヨーク市とフィラデルフィアという主要な経済の中心地に近いこと、人口一人当たりおよび平方マイル当たりの億万長者の数で米国で最も多いこと、平方マイル当たりの科学者とエンジニアの数が世界で最も多いことなど、いくつかの要因に起因している。[86] [87] [88]
HUDの2022年ホームレス評価報告書によると、ニュージャージー州には推定8,752人のホームレスがいる。[89] [90] 2018年にニュージャージー州に移住した移民の出身国上位は、インド、ドミニカ共和国、メキシコ、エクアドル、フィリピンであった。[91]
人種と民族

ニュージャージー州は、国内で最も民族的に多様な州の一つです。2022年現在、住民の5分の1以上(21.5%)がヒスパニックまたはラテン系、15.3%が黒人、10分の1がアジア系です。ニュージャージー州民の4人に1人は海外で生まれており、100万人以上(12.1%)が英語を完全に流暢に話せません。米国全体と比較すると、ニュージャージー州は人種的、民族的に多様であり、移民の割合も高くなっています。[92]



ニュージャージー州にはおよそ50万人の不法移民が住んでおり[99] [100]、人口の約6.2%を占めており、2018年には米国の州の中で5番目に高い割合でした。[101]カムデン、ジャージーシティ、ニューアークの各自治体は不法移民の聖域都市と見なされています。[102]
ニュージャージー州内で目立つさまざまな民族グループや地域の詳細については、次の記事を参照してください。
- ニュージャージーのユダヤ人の歴史
- ニュージャージー州のヒスパニックとラテン系の人々
- ニューヨーク市都市圏のインド人
- ニューヨーク都市圏の中国人
- 韓国系アメリカ人の人口が多い米国の都市一覧
- ニューヨーク都市圏のフィリピン人
- ニュージャージー州のフィリピン人
- ニューヨーク都市圏のロシア人
- バーゲン郡
- ジャージーシティ
- ジャージーシティのインド広場は、西半球で最もアジア系インド人が集中している場所である。
- ニューアークにあるポルトガル人とブラジル人の居住地、アイアンバウンド
- ジャージーシティのフィリピン人居住区、ファイブコーナーズ
- ハバナ・オン・ザ・ハドソン、ハドソン郡のキューバ人居住地
- コリアタウン、フォートリー、バーゲン郡南東部の韓国人居住地
- コリアタウン、パリセーズパーク、バーゲン郡南東部の韓国人居住地でもある
- パターソンにあるバングラデシュ人の居住地、リトル・バングラデシュ
- リトル・インディア(エジソン/アイズリン)は、アメリカ最大かつ最も多様な南アジアの中心地です。
- リトル・イスタンブール、別名リトル・ラマラ、パターソンにある中東の飛び地
- パターソンのペルー人居住地、リトル・リマ
ニュージャージー州は、米国で最も民族的、宗教的に多様な州の一つである。ニュージャージー州民のほぼ4分の1(22.7%)は外国生まれであり、全国平均は13.5%である。[85] 2011年の時点で、ニュージャージー州の1歳未満の子供の56.4%は、人種的または民族的マイノリティグループに属しており、少なくとも片方の親が非ヒスパニック系白人ではないことを意味している。[103] 2019年のビンテージイヤー国勢調査では、州の民族構成は次のように推定されている。白人のみ71.9%、黒人またはアフリカ系アメリカ人のみ15.1%、アジア人のみ10.0%、アメリカインディアンおよびアラスカ先住民のみ0.6%、ハワイ先住民およびその他の太平洋諸島民のみ0.1%、2つ以上の人種が2.3%。ヒスパニック系またはラテン系は人口の20.9%を占め、白人のみ(非ヒスパニック系またはラテン系)は人口の54.6%を占めた。[104]ニュージャージー州最大の郡であるバーゲン郡の多くの自治体には、ヒスパニック系とアジア系の少数民族が多数居住している。[105]
ニュージャージー州は、割合または絶対数で国内最大級の宗教的および民族的マイノリティのコミュニティを抱えている。2000年の国勢調査によると、ニュージャージー州は、ユダヤ人人口の割合がニューヨークに次いで2番目に多い; [ 106 ]イスラム教徒人口の割合が最大; [107]米国最大のペルー人人口; フロリダ以外で最大のキューバ人人口; 割合で3番目に高いアジア人人口;イタリア人人口が2番目に多い; [108]。アフリカ系アメリカ人、ヒスパニック(プエルトリコ人とドミニカ人)、西インド諸島人、アラブ人、ブラジル系アメリカ人、ポルトガル系アメリカ人の数も多い。全体として、ニュージャージー州は3番目に多い韓国人人口を抱えており、バーゲン郡は米国の郡の中で人口1人当たりの韓国人濃度 が最も高い(2011年の6.9%)。
ニュージャージー州は、絶対数では全米第3位のインド人人口を擁し、割合では最も高い[110] [111] [112] [113]。ハドソン郡ジャージーシティのインディア・スクエア[98]には、西半球で最もアジア系インド人が集中している。[114]ピュー研究所の調査によると、2013年、ニュージャージー州はインドで生まれた移民が外国生まれの国籍として最も多く、州内の外国生まれの住民全体の約10%を占める唯一の米国州だった。[115]ニュージャージー州中部、特にエジソンと周囲のミドルセックス郡には、インド人が最も集中しており、2020年にはほぼ20%に達した。リトル・インディアは、米国最大かつ最も多様な南アジア文化の中心地である。[ 116] [117] [118] [119]このエリアには、ニュージャージー州道27号線に沿って広がるチャイナタウンとコリアタウンがある。[120]ミドルセックス郡のモンロー郡区は、インド系アメリカ人の人口が特に急速な増加率を示しており、2017年の時点で推定5,943人(13.6%)であり、[121]これは2000年の国勢調査で数えられた256人(0.9%)の23倍である。郡区では、ディワリをヒンズー教の祝日として祝う。ミドルセックス郡では、選挙の投票用紙は英語、スペイン語、グジャラート語、ヒンディー語、パンジャブ語で印刷されている。[122]隣接するマーサー郡のロビンズビルには、アジア以外では世界最大のヒンズー教寺院がある。[123]カータレットのパンジャブ系シク教徒コミュニティは、3,000人以上と様々な推定があり、州内で最もシク教徒が集中している。[124]バーゲン郡には、アメリカ最大のマラヤリ人コミュニティがある。[125]ニューヨーク市(뉴욕)は成長中心地であり、韓国人人口の割合で国内トップ10の自治体すべてが集まっている。[126]パリセーズパーク(벼랑 공원)がトップ(上記)である。[127] パリセーズパークは、西半球で最も韓国系住民の密度が高い自治体である。いたるところにハングル(한글)の標識があり、韓国村としても知られている[128]。パリセーズパークは、人口の過半数(2010年には52%)が韓国人であるという点で独特であり、[129] [130]、米国の自治体の中で最も韓国系アメリカ人の密度と割合が高い。州公認の部族も3つあり、2020年には51,186人がネイティブアメリカンのみを自認し、96,691人が1つ以上の他の人種と組み合わせて自認した。[131]
出生データ
言語
2010年時点で、ニュージャージー州の 5歳以上の住民のうち71.31% (5,830,812人) が英語を家庭で第一言語として話しており、14.59% (1,193,261) がスペイン語、1.23% (100,217) が中国語 (広東語と北京語を含む)、1.06% (86,849) がイタリア語、1.06% (86,486) がポルトガル語、0.96% (78,627) がタガログ語を話し、 5歳以上の人口の0.89% (73,057) が韓国語を第一言語として話していた。合計すると、ニュージャージー州の5歳以上の人口の28.69% (2,345,644人) が英語以外の言語を母国語 としていた。 [141]
ニュージャージー州は国際都市となり、英語を話さない民族コミュニティの集落が存在するようになったため、州民の間では多様な言語が発達した。[142] [143] [144] [145]
- アルバニア語–パターソン、ガーフィールド
- アラビア語–ベイヨン、パターソン、ジャージーシティ
- アルメニア語–ベルゲン郡
- ベンガル語– パターソン
- グジャラート語とヒンディー語– ジャージーシティ、ミドルセックス郡全域、チェリーヒル、パーシッパニー、プリンストン
- インドネシア語–グロスターシティ、ミドルセックス、サマセット、ユニオンの各郡
- 日本語 –バーゲン郡のエッジウォーター区とフォートリー 区
- 韓国語–バーゲン郡(多数の自治体)、エジソン、チェリーヒル
- マケドニア語– バーゲン郡
- マラヤーラム語– バーゲン郡
- ポーランド語– バーゲン郡 (ガーフィールド、ウォリントン)、マーサー郡 (トップロード、ローレンス タウンシップ、ホープウェル)、リンデン
- ポルトガル–ニューアークの鉄壁区間、エリザベス
- ロシア語 –バーゲン郡フェアローン自治区、プリンストン地域、マーサー郡
- タミル語とテルグ語–エジソン、モンロー郡区(エジソン・サウス)、ミドルセックス郡の全域、フェアローン、パーシッパニー
- トルコ人–パターソンのリトル・イスタンブール地区、マウント・エフライム(大規模で活気があり成長しているトルコ人コミュニティがある)、デルラン、チェリー・ヒル
- ウルドゥー語- エフライム山にはパキスタン出身の住民が多数住んでいます。
- ベトナム語–アトランティックシティ、[146] カムデン/チェリーヒル、エジソンタウンシップ、ジャージーシティ、ウッドリン[147]
- イディッシュ語–レイクウッド タウンシップ、オーシャン郡、ジャクソン
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フォートリー地区の高層住宅団地
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パターソンはシルクシティとも呼ばれ、[148]少なくとも52の異なる民族グループを抱える国際的に多様な移民の主要な移住先となっています[149] [150] 。 [151]
-

性的指向と性自認
ニュージャージー州はLGBTQ+に友好的な州であり、現在では米国の他のどの州よりも1平方マイルあたりのゲイビレッジの数が多い。ニュージャージー州での同性婚は、当時のニュージャージー州の異性婚制限を無効にする判決が発効した2013年10月21日から法的に認められている。2013年9月、上級裁判所マーサー地区のメアリー・C・ジェイコブソン裁判官は、2013年6月の米国最高裁判所の米国対ウィンザーの判決の結果として、ニュージャージー州憲法は州が同性婚を認めることを義務付けているとの判決を下した。[154]
ニュージャージー州には数多くのゲイの町が生まれており、最も顕著なのはジャージーシティ、[155]、 アズベリーパーク、メイプルウッド、[156] モントクレア、ランバートビルである。[157] ニュージャージー州の州都トレントンは、2018年に同市初の公然と同性愛者であるリード・グシオラを市長に選出し、[ 158 ] 2022年にはニュージャージー州初の公然とトランスジェンダーである市議会議員であるジェニファー・ウィリアムズを市に選出した。 [159] 2018年6月、エセックス郡メイプルウッドはLGBTQプライドを祝うために恒久的な虹色の横断歩道を公開した。これは世界でも数少ない町で、[160]ユニオン郡ラーウェイも2019年6月に独自の虹色の横断歩道を公開した。[161] 2019年1月、ニュージャージー州知事フィル・マーフィーは、学校でLGBTQ+を包括する教育カリキュラムを義務付ける法律に署名した。 [162] 2019年2月、ニュージャージー州は出生証明書で中立的または非二元的な性別の選択を許可し始めた。[163]
宗教
2010年の宗教データアーカイブ協会によると、ニュージャージー州で信者数が多い宗教は、ローマカトリック教会が3,235,290人、イスラム教が160,666人、合同メソジスト教会が138,052人であった。 [165]アジア以外では世界最大のヒンズー教寺院は、マーサー郡ロビンズビルにある。[123] 2021年9月、ニュージャージー州は世界ヒンドゥー評議会と連携し、10月をヒンドゥー文化遺産月間と宣言した。2018年1月、グルビール・グレワルは、アメリカ合衆国で州司法長官に就任した初のシク教徒アメリカ人となった。 [166] 2019年1月、モンゴメリーのサダフ・ジャファーは、米国初の女性イスラム教徒市長、初の女性南アジア人市長、初の女性パキスタン系アメリカ人市長となった。 [167]現在、ニューヨークの生活費が高いため、多くの正統派ユダヤ教徒がニュージャージー州に移住している。[168]
-
オーシャン郡レイクウッドにあるベス・メドラシュ・ゴヴォハ(ヘブライ語:בית מדרש גבוה)は、イスラエル国外で世界最大のユダヤ教神学校である。ニュージャージー州は、ニューヨークに次いで人口一人当たりのユダヤ系アメリカ人人口が2番目に多い州であり、正統派ユダヤ教徒の人口が最も急速に増加している州である。[169] [170]
Education


As of the 2020–2021 school year, there were 686 operating districts in the state. Of these, 599 were traditional public school districts and 87 were charter school districts.[172][173] The NJDOE reported a total district enrollment of 1,362,400 students, the lowest total enrollment since the early 2000s, though these figures do not consider homeschooled students or those attending out-of-state schools.[174] New Jersey public schools emphasize STEM subjects, and New Jersey is home to more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere else in the world.[86][175]
Educational standards
New Jersey is known for the high quality of its education. In 2024, New Jersey spent more per each public school student than any other U.S. state except New York, amounting to $26,600 spent per pupil;[176] Over 50% of the expenditure is allocated to student instruction.[177]
New Jersey is home to private universities including Princeton University in Princeton, Mercer County, one of the world's most prominent research universities, featured at the top of U.S. News & World Report's national university rankings for the ninth consecutive year in 2024 as well as topping comparable lists by Forbes and The Wall Street Journal,[178][179][180] and public universities such as Rutgers University, headquartered in New Brunswick, Middlesex County, the state's flagship institution of higher education.[181]
In 2014, New Jersey's school systems were ranked at the top of all fifty U.S. states by financial website WalletHub.[182] In 2018, New Jersey's overall educational system was ranked second among all states to Massachusetts by U.S. News & World Report.[25] In 2019, 2020, and 2021, Education Week also ranked New Jersey public schools the best of all U.S. states.[183][22]
Nine New Jersey high schools were ranked among the top 25 in the U.S. on the Newsweek "America's Top High Schools 2016" list, more than from any other state.[184]
In November 2023, Governor Phil Murphy signed into law legislation eliminating testing for prospective teachers in reading, writing, and math, replacing it with an alternative certification process.[185]
Economy
The U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Jersey's gross state product in the third quarter of 2022 was $753 billion.[186]
Affluence

New Jersey's per capita gross state product routinely ranks as one of the highest in the United States. In 2020, New Jersey had the highest number of millionaires both per capita and per square mile in the United States, approximately 9.76% of households.[21]
The state is ranked second in the nation by the number of places with per capita incomes above national average with 76.4%. Three of New Jersey's counties are among the 20 highest-income U.S. counties.[187]
Fiscal policy
New Jersey has seven tax brackets that determine state income tax rates, which range from 1.4% (for income below $20,000) to 8.97% (for income above $500,000).[188]
The standard sales tax rate as of January 1, 2018, is 6.625%, applicable to all retail sales unless specifically exempt by law. This rate, which is comparably lower than that of New York City, often attracts numerous shoppers from New York City, often to suburban Paramus, New Jersey, which has five malls, one of which (the Garden State Plaza) has over 2 million square feet (200,000 m2) of retail space. Tax exemptions include most food items for at-home preparation, medications, most clothing, footwear and disposable paper products for use in the home.[189] There are 27 Urban Enterprise Zone statewide, including sections of Paterson, Elizabeth, and Jersey City. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half the rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.[190][191][192]
New Jersey has the highest cumulative tax rate of all 50 states with residents paying a total of $68 billion in state and local taxes annually with a per capita burden of $7,816 at a rate of 12.9% of income.[193] All real property located in the state is subject to property tax unless specifically exempted by statute. New Jersey does not assess an intangible personal property tax or an estate tax, but it does impose an inheritance tax (which is levied only on heirs who are not direct descendants).[194] In 2023, Governor Phil Murphy signed into law a new tax-relief program known as StayNJ that will provide for an annual property-tax cut of 50% for those aged 65 and over with incomes below $500,000; the cut will go into effect in January 2026 and be capped at $6,500, but with this cap rising as indexed to the increase in New Jersey's overall property taxes.[195][196]
Federal taxation disparity
New Jersey consistently ranks as having one of the highest proportional levels of disparity of any state in the United States, based upon what it receives from the federal government relative to what it gives. In 2015, WalletHub ranked New Jersey the state least dependent upon federal government aid overall and having the fourth lowest return on taxpayer investment from the federal government, at 48 cents per dollar.[197]
New Jersey has one of the highest tax burdens in the nation.[198] Factors for this include the large federal tax liability which is not adjusted for New Jersey's higher cost of living and Medicaid funding formulas.
Industries

New Jersey's economy is multifaceted, featuring high levels of both productivity and retail consumption; the Garden State's economy comprises the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, information technology, the financial industry, tourism, filmmaking, telecommunications, gambling, food processing, electrical equipment manufacturing, printing, and publishing. New Jersey's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, horses, vegetables, fruits and nuts, seafood, and dairy products.[199] New Jersey ranks second among states in blueberry production, third in cranberries and spinach, and fourth in bell peppers, peaches, and head lettuce.[200] The state harvests the fourth-largest number of acres planted with asparagus.[201] South Jersey has become an East Coast epicenter for logistics and warehouse construction.[202]
Scientific economy
New Jersey has a strong scientific economy and is home to major pharmaceutical and telecommunications firms, drawing on the state's large and well-educated labor pool, including one of the highest concentrations of engineers and other scientists in the world. There is also a robust service economy in retail sales, education, and real estate, serving residents who work in New York City or Philadelphia. Thomas Edison invented the first electric light bulb at his home in Menlo Park, Edison in 1879. New Jersey is also a key participant in the renewable wind industry. New Jersey has more scientists and engineers per square mile than anywhere in the world,[203] and is a global leader in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, life sciences, and technology.[204][205]
Corporate and retail
New Jersey hosts numerous business headquarters, including twenty-four Fortune 500 companies.[206] Paramus in Bergen County has become the top retail ZIP code (07652) in the United States, with the municipality generating over US$6 billion in annual retail sales.[207] Several New Jersey counties, including Somerset (7), Morris (10), Hunterdon (13), Bergen (21), and Monmouth (42), have been ranked among the highest-income counties in the United States.
Shipping, manufacturing, and logistics
Shipping is a key industry in New Jersey because of the state's strategic geographic location, the Port of New York and New Jersey being the busiest port on the East Coast. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the world's first container port and today is one of the world's largest. New Jersey's location at the center of the Eastern North American population belt has made the state a prime hub for the logistics, warehousing, and supply chain management industries. The manufacturing economy in New Jersey had declined for several decades in the post-Industrial Revolution era but has since resumed growth.
Tourism

New Jersey's location at the center of the Northeast megalopolis and its extensive transportation system have put over one-third of all United States residents and many Canadian residents within overnight distance by land. This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.[208]
Gambling
In 1976, a referendum by Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City, where the first legalized casino opened in 1978.[209] At that time, Las Vegas was the only other casino resort in the country.[210] Today, several casinos lie along the Atlantic City Boardwalk, the oldest and longest boardwalk in the world, at 5+1⁄2 miles (8.9 km) in length.[211] Atlantic City experienced a dramatic contraction in its stature as a gambling destination after 2010, including the closure of multiple casinos since 2014, spurred by competition from the advent of legalized gambling in other northeastern U.S. states.[212][213]
On February 26, 2013, Governor Chris Christie signed online gambling into law.[214] Sports betting has become a growing source of gambling revenue in New Jersey, with sportsbooks bringing in almost $12 billion in bets, making over $1 billion in revenue in 2023.[215] Since being legalized across the nation by the U.S. Supreme Court on May 14, 2018, New Jersey led all states in sports betting handle until New York passed them.[216][217] In September 2022, the lifetime revenue from online casinos operating in New Jersey for the nine years since the industry's launch had surpassed $5 billion.[218]
Media

Television and film production
New Jersey is a growing center for filmmaking and television production,[219] with media companies, enticed by its proximity to Manhattan, in conjunction with tax incentives, collectively spending billions of dollars to develop large new studio facilities and sound stage complexes.[220] Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison, with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory. Edison's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio. America's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909.[221] DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home.
A number of television shows and films have been filmed in New Jersey. Since 1978, the state has maintained a Motion Picture and Television Commission to encourage filming in-state.[222] New Jersey has long offered tax credits to television producers. Governor Chris Christie suspended the credits in 2010, but the New Jersey State Legislature in 2011 approved the restoration and expansion of the tax credit program. Under bills passed by both the state Senate and Assembly, the program offers 20 percent tax credits (22% in urban enterprise zones) to television and film productions that shoot in the state and meet set standards for hiring and local spending.[223] When Governor Phil Murphy took office, he instated the New Jersey Film & Digital Media Tax Credit Program in 2018 and expanded it in 2020. The benefits include a 30% tax credit on film projects and a 40% subsidy for studio developments.[224]
Newspapers
- Asbury Park Press
- Burlington County Times
- Courier News
- Courier-Post
- Daily Record (Morristown)[225]
- The Express-Times
- Gloucester County Times
- Herald News
- Home News Tribune
- Hunterdon County Democrat
- Jersey Journal
- New Jersey Herald[226]
- The News of Cumberland County
- The Press of Atlantic City
- The Record[227]
- South Jersey Times
- The Star-Ledger
- The Times (Trenton)
- Today's Sunbeam
- Trentonian (Mercer)
Radio stations
Television stations
New Jersey has several PBS affiliates: WNET (13) in Newark, WNJN (50) in Montclair, WNJB (58) in New Brunswick, WNJS (23) in Camden and WNJT (52) in Trenton.
There are no standard commercial network affiliates in the state. WMGM-TV (Wildwood) lost its affiliation with NBC in 2014. Viewers in northern New Jersey receive New York City market stations over cable or over the air; southern New Jersey viewers receive Philadelphia market stations over cable or over the air.
WMGM now affiliates with the True Crime Network. WJLP (Middletown) affiliates with the retro network MeTV. There are Telemundo affiliates in Fort Lee, Linden and Mount Laurel, and Univision affiliates in Paterson and Vineland.
Finance as Wall Street West
.jpg/500px-Jersey_City_Skyline_sunset_(cropped).jpg)
Jersey City's Hudson River waterfront, from Exchange Place to Newport, is known as Wall Street West[228] and has over 13 million square feet of Class A office space. One third of the private sector jobs in the city are in the financial services sector: more than 60% are in the securities industry, 20% are in banking and 8% in insurance.[229] Jersey City is home to the headquarters of Verisk Analytics and Lord Abbett,[230] a privately held money management firm.[231] Companies such as Computershare, ADP, IPC Systems, and Fidelity Investments also conduct operations in the city.[232] In 2014, Forbes magazine moved its headquarters to the district, having been awarded a $27 million tax grant in exchange for bringing 350 jobs to the city over a ten-year period.[233] By the early 2020s, the construction of residential skyscrapers Downtown made median rental rates in Jersey City amongst the highest of any city in the United States.[234]
Natural resources and energy
Limited mining activity of zinc, iron, and manganese still takes place in the area in and around the Franklin Furnace in Sussex County.
Although New Jersey is home to many energy-intensive industries, its energy consumption is only 2.7% of the U.S. total, and its carbon dioxide emissions are 0.8% of the U.S. total. New Jersey's electricity comes primarily from natural gas and nuclear power.[235] New Jersey is seventh in the nation in solar power installations,[236] enabled by one of the country's most favorable net metering policies and renewable portfolio standard. The state has more than 140,000 solar installations.[237]
Environment
Due to past industrial activity, New Jersey has more Superfund toxic waste sites than any other state in the union despite its small geographic size. By 2024, only 35 of New Jersey's Superfund sites (out of about 150 that have been on the EPA's list since the Superfund law was passed in 1980) have actually been cleaned up.[238]
In late 2023, a concern became public about PFAs (so-called "forever chemicals") existing in the state's water supplies.[239]
Transportation
New Jersey's population density and location at the geographic center of the Northeast Megalopolis have rendered it a vital transportation for hub for both passengers and industry.
Roadways


The New Jersey Turnpike is one of the most prominent and heavily trafficked roadways in the United States. This toll road, which overlaps with Interstate 95 for much of its length, carries traffic between Delaware and New York, and up and down the East Coast in general. Commonly referred to as simply "the Turnpike", it is known for its numerous rest areas named after prominent New Jerseyans.
The Garden State Parkway, or simply "the Parkway", carries relatively more in-state traffic than interstate traffic and runs from New Jersey's northern border to its southernmost tip at Cape May. It is the main route that connects the New York metropolitan area to the Jersey Shore. With a total of fifteen travel and six shoulder lanes, the Driscoll Bridge on the Parkway, spanning the Raritan River in Middlesex County, is the widest motor vehicle bridge in the world by number of lanes as well as one of the busiest.[242]
New Jersey is connected to New York City via various key bridges and tunnels. The double-decked George Washington Bridge carries the heaviest load of motor vehicle traffic of any bridge in the world, at 102 million vehicles per year, across fourteen lanes.[240][241] It connects Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan, and carries Interstate 95 and U.S. Route 1/9 across the Hudson River. The Lincoln Tunnel connects to Midtown Manhattan carrying New Jersey Route 495, and the Holland Tunnel connects to Lower Manhattan carrying Interstate 78. New Jersey is also connected to Staten Island by three bridges—from north to south, the Bayonne Bridge, the Goethals Bridge, and the Outerbridge Crossing.
New Jersey has interstate compacts with all three of its neighboring states. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the Delaware River Port Authority (with Pennsylvania), the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (with Pennsylvania), and the Delaware River and Bay Authority (with Delaware) operate most of the major transportation routes in and out of the state. Bridge tolls are collected only from traffic exiting the state, with the exception of the private Dingman's Ferry Bridge over the Delaware River, which charges a toll in both directions.
It is unlawful for a customer to serve themselves gasoline in New Jersey. It became the last remaining U.S. state where all gas stations are required to sell full-service gasoline to customers at all times in 2016, after Oregon's introduction of restricted self-service gasoline availability took effect.[243]
Airports

Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is one of the busiest airports in the United States. Operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, it is one of the three main airports serving the New York metropolitan area, along with John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, which are both in Queens, New York. United Airlines is the airport's largest tenant, operating an entire terminal (Terminal C) there, which it uses as one of its primary hubs. FedEx Express operates a large cargo terminal at EWR as well. The adjacent Newark Airport railroad station provides access to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains along the Northeast Corridor Line.
Two smaller commercial airports, Atlantic City International Airport and rapidly growing Trenton-Mercer Airport, also operate in other parts of the state. Teterboro Airport in Bergen County and Millville Municipal Airport in Cumberland County are general aviation airports popular with private and corporate aircraft due to their proximity to New York City and the Jersey Shore, respectively.
Rail and bus


NJ Transit operates extensive rail and bus service throughout the state. A state-run corporation, it began with the consolidation of several private bus companies in North Jersey in 1979. In the early 1980s, it acquired Conrail's commuter train operations that connected suburban towns to New York City. NJ Transit has 12 rail lines that run through different parts of the state and 165 stations statewide.[244] Most of the lines end at either Penn Station in New York City or Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, although some lines serve service to both terminal stations. One line provides service between Atlantic City and Philadelphia.
NJ Transit also operates three light rail systems in the state. The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail connects Bayonne to North Bergen, through Hoboken and Jersey City. The Newark Light Rail is partially underground, and connects downtown Newark with other parts of the city and its suburbs, Belleville and Bloomfield. The River Line connects Trenton, and Camden.
The PATH is a rapid transit system consisting of four lines operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It links Hoboken, Jersey City, Harrison, and Newark with New York City. The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system that links Camden County to Philadelphia. Both the PATCO and the PATH are two of only five rapid transit systems in the United States to operate 24 hours a day.
Amtrak operates numerous long-distance passenger trains in New Jersey, both to and from neighboring states and around the country. In addition to the Newark Airport connection, other major Amtrak railway stations include Trenton Transit Center, Metropark, and the historic Newark Penn Station.
The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, or SEPTA, has two commuter rail lines that operate into New Jersey. The Trenton Line terminates at the Trenton Transit Center, and the West Trenton Line terminates at the West Trenton Rail Station in Ewing.
AirTrain Newark is a monorail connecting the Amtrak/NJ Transit station on the Northeast Corridor to the airport's terminals and parking lots.
Some private bus carriers still remain in New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses and state owned buses are provided to these carriers, of which Coach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts of Atlantic City.
Ferries
New York Waterway has ferry terminals at Belford, Jersey City, Hoboken, Weehawken, and Edgewater, with service to different parts of Manhattan. Liberty Water Taxi in Jersey City has ferries from Paulus Hook and Liberty State Park to Battery Park City in Manhattan. Statue Cruises offers service from Liberty State Park to the Statue of Liberty National Monument, including Ellis Island. SeaStreak offers services from the Raritan Bayshore to Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket.
The Delaware River and Bay Authority operates the Cape May–Lewes Ferry on Delaware Bay, carrying both passengers and vehicles between New Jersey and Delaware as part of US 9. The agency also operates the Forts Ferry Crossing for passengers across the Delaware River. The Delaware River Port Authority operates the RiverLink Ferry between the Camden waterfront and Penn's Landing in Philadelphia.
Culture


General
New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus. Like every state, New Jersey has its own cuisine, religious communities, museums, and halls of fame.
New Jersey is the birthplace of many modern inventions, including FM radio, the motion picture camera, the lithium battery, the light bulb, transistors, and the electric train. Other New Jersey creations include: the drive-in movie, the cultivated blueberry, cranberry sauce, the boardwalk, the zipper, the phonograph, saltwater taffy, the dirigible, the seedless watermelon,[245] the first use of a submarine in warfare, and the ice cream cone.[246]
Diners are iconic to New Jersey. The state is home to many diner manufacturers and has over 600 diners, more than any other place in the world.[247]
New Jersey is the only state to have never had a state song;[248] as of 2021, it is one of only two states (the other being Maryland[249]) that are currently without a state song. "I'm From New Jersey" is incorrectly listed on many websites as being the New Jersey state song, but it was not even a contender when the New Jersey Arts Council submitted state song suggestions to the New Jersey Legislature in 1996.[250]
New Jersey is frequently the target of jokes in American culture,[251] especially from New York City-based television shows, such as Saturday Night Live.[252] Academic Michael Aaron Rockland attributes this to New Yorkers' view that New Jersey is the beginning of Middle America. The New Jersey Turnpike, which runs between two major East Coast cities, New York City and Philadelphia, is also cited as a reason, as people who traverse through the state may only see its industrial zones.[253] Reality television shows like Jersey Shore and The Real Housewives of New Jersey have reinforced stereotypical views of New Jersey culture,[254] but Rockland cited The Sopranos and the music of Bruce Springsteen as exporting a more positive image.[253]
The "New" in "New Jersey" is often omitted in casual conversation.[255]
Cuisine
New Jersey is known for several foods developed within the region, including Taylor Ham (also known as pork roll), sloppy joe sandwiches, tomato pies, salt water taffy, and Texas wieners. Just as New York City's cuisine has an influence on North Jersey, Philadelphia's cuisine influences South Jersey.
New Jersey's third-largest industry is food and agriculture just behind pharmaceuticals and tourism. New Jersey is one of the top 10 producers of blueberries, cranberries, peaches, tomatoes, bell peppers, eggplant, cucumbers, apples, spinach, squash, and asparagus in the United States. Many restaurants in the state offer locally grown ingredients because of this.[256]
Campbell's Soup Company has been headquartered in Camden since 1869.[257] Goya Foods, the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States, operates a corporate headquarters in Jersey City.[258] Mars Wrigley Confectionery's US headquarters has been based in Hackettstown and Newark since 2007.[259]
Several states with substantial Italian American populations take credit for the development of submarine sandwiches, including New Jersey.[260]
Music
New Jersey has long been an important origin for both rock and rap music. Prominent musicians from or with significant connections to New Jersey include:
- Singer Frank Sinatra was born in Hoboken. He sang with a neighborhood vocal group, the Hoboken Four, and appeared in neighborhood theater amateur shows before he became an Academy Award-winning actor.
- Bruce Springsteen, who has sung of New Jersey life on most of his albums, is from Freehold. Some of his songs that represent New Jersey life are "Born to Run", "Spirit in the Night", "Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)", "Thunder Road", "Atlantic City", and "Jungleland".
- Irvington's Queen Latifah was one of the first female rappers to succeed in music, film, and television.[261]
- Southside Johnny, eponymous leader of Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes was raised in Ocean Grove. He is considered the "Grandfather of the New Jersey Sound"[262] and is cited by Jersey-born Jon Bon Jovi as his reason for singing.[263]
- Jon Bon Jovi, from Sayreville, reached fame in the 1980s with hard rock outfit Bon Jovi. The band has also written many songs about life in New Jersey, including "Livin' On A Prayer",[264] and named one of their albums after the state.
- Grammy-winning jazz vocalist Sarah Vaughn was born and raised in Newark. After singing in her church's choir as a child, she was sneaking into Newark nightclubs to sing and play piano by the time she was a teenager.[265]
- In 1964, the Isley Brothers founded the record label T-Neck Records, named after Teaneck, their home at the time.[266]
- The Broadway musical Jersey Boys is based on the lives of the members of the Four Seasons, three of whose members were born in New Jersey (Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli, and Nick Massi) while a fourth, Bob Gaudio, was born in the Bronx but raised in Bergenfield.[267]
Sports

New Jersey currently has six teams from major professional sports leagues playing in the state, although one Major League Soccer team and two National Football League teams identify themselves as being from the New York metropolitan area.
Professional sports
The National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, based in Newark at the Prudential Center, is the only major league sports franchise to bear the state's name. Founded in 1974 in Kansas City, Missouri, as the Kansas City Scouts, the team played in Denver, Colorado, as the Colorado Rockies from 1976 until the spring of 1982 when naval architect, businessman, and Jersey City native John J. McMullen purchased, renamed, and moved the franchise to Brendan Byrne Arena in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex. While the team was poor to mediocre in Kansas City, Denver, and its first years in New Jersey, qualifying for the playoffs once in the 13 seasons from 1974 to 1987, the Devils ultimately established themselves in late 1980s and early 1990s during the tenure of Hall of Fame president and general manager Lou Lamoriello. As of 2023, the Devils have appeared in 23 postseasons in 40 seasons in New Jersey, reaching five Stanley Cup Finals (most recently in 2012) and winning it in 1995, 2000, and 2003. The organization is the youngest of the nine "Big Four" major league teams based in New York metropolitan area, ultimately establishing its core following throughout the northern and central portions of the state and carving a place in a media market once dominated by the New York Rangers and Islanders which has the distinction of being the only metropolitan area in the country with three major league professional sports teams participating in the same sport.
In 2018, the Philadelphia Flyers renovated and expanded their training facility, the Virtua Center Flyers Skate Zone, in Voorhees Township in the southern portion of the state.[268]
The New York metropolitan area's two National Football League teams, the New York Giants and the New York Jets, play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford's Meadowlands Sports Complex.[269] Built for about $1.6 billion,[270] the venue is one of the most expensive stadiums ever built.[271] On February 2, 2014, MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII.
The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer play in Red Bull Arena, a soccer-specific stadium in Harrison across the Passaic River from downtown Newark. On July 27, 2011, Red Bull Arena hosted the 2011 MLS All-Star Game.[272] New Jersey hosted matches during the 1994 FIFA World Cup at Giants Stadium and will be one of 16 cities to host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup, at MetLife Stadium, which will also host the tournament final.[273]
From 1977 to 2012, New Jersey had a National Basketball Association team, the New Jersey Nets.[274] WNBA's New York Liberty played in New Jersey from 2011 to 2013 while their primary home arena, Madison Square Garden was undergoing renovations.[275] In 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA opened their new headquarters and training facility, the Philadelphia 76ers Training Complex, in Camden.[276]
The Meadowlands Sports Complex is home to the Meadowlands Racetrack, one of three major harness racing tracks in the state. The Meadowlands Racetrack and Freehold Raceway in Freehold are two of the major harness racing tracks in North America. Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport is a popular spot for thoroughbred racing in New Jersey and the northeast. It hosted the Breeders' Cup in 2007, and its turf course was renovated in preparation.
Major league sports
Minor league sports
College sports
Major schools
New Jerseyans' collegiate allegiances are predominantly split among the three major NCAA Division I programs in the state: the Rutgers University (New Jersey's flagship state university) Scarlet Knights, members of the Big Ten Conference; the Seton Hall University (the state's largest Catholic university) Pirates, members of the Big East Conference; and the Princeton University (the state's Ivy League university) Tigers.
The intense rivalry between Rutgers and Princeton athletics began with the first intercollegiate football game in 1869. The schools have not met on the football field since 1980, but they continue to play each other annually in all other sports offered by the two universities.
Rutgers, which fields 24 teams in various sports, is nationally known for its football program, with a 6–4 all-time bowl record; and its women's basketball programs, which appeared in a National Final in 2007. In 2008 and 2009, Rutgers expanded their football home, Rutgers Stadium, now called SHI Stadium, on the Busch Campus. The basketball teams play at the Rutgers Athletic Center on Livingston Campus. Both venues and campuses are in Piscataway, across the Raritan River from New Brunswick. The university also fields men's basketball and baseball programs. Rutgers' fans live mostly in the western parts of the state and Middlesex County; its alumni base is the largest in the state.
Rutgers' satellite campuses in Camden and Newark each field their own athletic programs—the Rutgers–Camden Scarlet Raptors and the Rutgers–Newark Scarlet Raiders—which both compete in NCAA Division III.
Seton Hall fields no football team, but its men's basketball team is one of the Big East's storied programs. No New Jersey team has won more games in the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, and it is the state's only men's basketball program to reach a modern National Final. The Pirates play their home games at Prudential Center in downtown Newark, about 4 miles (6 km) from the university's South Orange campus. Their fans hail largely from the predominantly Roman Catholic areas of the northern part of the state and the Jersey Shore. The annual inter-conference rivalry game between Seton Hall and Rutgers, whose venue alternates between Newark and Piscataway, the Garden State Hardwood Classic, is planned through 2026.[277]
Other schools
The state's other Division I schools include the Monmouth University Hawks (West Long Branch), the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Highlanders (Newark), the Rider University Broncs (Lawrenceville), and the Saint Peter's University Peacocks and Peahens (Jersey City).
Fairleigh Dickinson University competes in both Division I and Division III. It has two campuses, each with its own sports teams. The teams at the Metropolitan Campus are known as the FDU Knights, and compete in the Northeast Conference and NCAA Division I. The college at Florham (FDU-Florham) teams are known as the FDU-Florham Devils and compete in the Middle Atlantic Conferences' Freedom Conference and NCAA Division III.
Among the various Division III schools in the state, the Stevens Institute of Technology Ducks have fielded the longest continuously running collegiate men's lacrosse program in the country. 2009 marked the 125th season.
High school
New Jersey high schools are divided into divisions under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA).[278]'[279]
Stadiums and arenas
Other notable sports venues
- Old Bridge Township Raceway Park
- Trenton Speedway
- Atlantic City Race Course
- Freehold Raceway
- Garden State Park Racetrack
- Monmouth Park Racetrack
- Meadowlands Sports Complex
Government and politics
Executive
The position of Governor of New Jersey is one of the most powerful in the nation. The governor is elected on a ticket with their lieutenant governor as the only statewide elected executive officials in the state; the governor appoints the entire executive cabinet and judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts. Phil Murphy (D) is the governor. The governor's mansion is Drumthwacket, located in Princeton.
Before 2010, New Jersey was one of the few states without a lieutenant governor. Republican Kim Guadagno was elected the first lieutenant governor of New Jersey on the Republican ticket with Governor Chris Christie and took office on January 19, 2010. The position was created as the result of a Constitutional amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution passed by the voters in 2005. Previously a gubernatorial vacancy would be filled by the president of the New Jersey State Senate as acting governor, thus directing half of the legislative and all of the executive process.
Legislative

The current version of the New Jersey State Constitution was adopted in 1947. It provides for a bicameral New Jersey Legislature, consisting of an upper house Senate of 40 members and a lower house General Assembly of 80 members. Each of the 40 legislative districts elects one state senator and two Assembly members. Assembly members are elected for a two-year term in all odd-numbered years; state senators are elected in years ending in 1, 3, and 7 and thus serve either four- or two-year terms.
New Jersey is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years (the others are Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Virginia). New Jersey holds elections for these offices every four years, in the year following each federal Presidential election year.
Judicial
The New Jersey Supreme Court[280] consists of a chief justice and six associate justices. All are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Justices serve an initial seven-year term, after which they can be reappointed to serve until age 70.
Most of the day-to-day work in the New Jersey courts is carried out in the Municipal Court, where simple traffic tickets, minor criminal offenses, and small civil matters are heard.
More serious criminal and civil cases are handled by the Superior Court for each county. All Superior Court judges are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of a majority of the membership of the state senate. Each judge serves an initial seven-year term and can be reappointed to serve until age 70. New Jersey's judiciary is unusual in that it still has separate courts of law and equity, like its neighbor Delaware but unlike most other U.S. states. The New Jersey Superior Court is divided into Law and Chancery Divisions at the trial level; the Law Division hears both criminal cases and civil lawsuits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is damages, while the Chancery Division hears family cases, civil suits where the plaintiff's primary remedy is equitable relief, and probate trials.
The Superior Court also has an Appellate Division, which functions as the state's intermediate appellate court. Superior Court judges are assigned to the Appellate Division by the Chief Justice.
There is also a Tax Court, which is a court of limited jurisdiction. Tax Court judges hear appeals of tax decisions made by County Boards of Taxation. They also hear appeals on decisions made by the director of the Division of Taxation on such matters as state income, sales and business taxes, and homestead rebates. Appeals from Tax Court decisions are heard in the Appellate Division of Superior Court. Tax Court judges are appointed by the governor for initial terms of seven years, and upon reappointment are granted tenure until they reach the mandatory retirement age of 70. There are 12 Tax Court judgeships.
Counties
New Jersey is divided into 21 counties; 13 date from the colonial era. New Jersey was completely divided into counties by 1692; the present counties were created by dividing the existing ones; most recently Union County in 1857.[281] New Jersey was formerly the only state in the nation where elected county officials were called "freeholders". Elected county officials are now called county commissioners as of bill S855 signed by Governor Murphy on August 8, 2020. The county commissioners govern each county as part of its own Board of Chosen County Commissioners[282] The number of county commissioners in each county is determined by referendum, and must consist of three, five, seven or nine members.
Depending on the county, the executive and legislative functions may be performed by the Board of County Commissioners or split into separate branches of government. In 16 counties, the County Commissioners perform both legislative and executive functions on a commission basis, with each commissioner assigned responsibility for a department or group of departments. In the other five counties (Atlantic, Bergen, Essex, Hudson and Mercer), there is a directly elected County Executive who performs the executive functions while the commissioners retain a legislative and oversight role. In counties without an Executive, a County Administrator (or County Manager) may be hired to perform day-to-day administration of county functions.[283]
Municipalities
New Jersey currently has 564 municipalities; the most recent dissolution of a municipality was when Pine Valley merged into Pine Hill on January 1, 2022. Unlike other states, all New Jersey land is part of a municipality. In 2008, Governor Jon Corzine proposed cutting state aid to all towns under 10,000 people, to encourage mergers to reduce administrative costs.[284] In May 2009, the Local Unit Alignment Reorganization and Consolidation Commission began a study of about 40 small communities in South Jersey to decide which ones might be good candidates for consolidation.[285]
Forms of municipal government
Starting in the 20th century, largely driven by reform-minded goals, a series of six modern forms of government was implemented. This began with the Walsh Act, enacted in 1911 by the New Jersey Legislature, which provided for a three- or five-member commission elected on a non-partisan basis. This was followed by the 1923 Municipal Manager Law, which offered a non-partisan council, provided for a weak mayor elected by and from the members of the council, and introduced a Council-manager government structure with an appointed manager responsible for the day-to-day administration of municipal affairs.
The Faulkner Act, originally enacted in 1950 and substantially amended in 1981, offers four basic plans: Mayor-Council, Council-Manager, Small Municipality, and Mayor-Council-Administrator. The act provides many choices for communities with a preference for a strong executive and professional management of municipal affairs and offers great flexibility in allowing municipalities to select the characteristics of its government: the number of seats on the council; seats selected at-large, by wards, or through a combination of both; staggered or concurrent terms of office; and a mayor chosen by the council or elected directly by voters. Most large municipalities and a majority of New Jersey's residents are governed by municipalities with Faulkner Act charters. Municipalities can also formulate their own unique form of government and operate under a Special Charter with the approval of the New Jersey Legislature.[286]
While municipalities retain their names derived from types of government, they may have changed to one of the modern forms of government, or further in the past to one of the other traditional forms, leading to municipalities with formal names quite baffling to the general public. For example, though there are four municipalities that are officially of the village type, none use the village form of government. Loch Arbour and Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) all migrated to other non-village forms.[287][288]
Politics
Social attitudes and issues
Socially, New Jersey is considered one of the more liberal states in the nation. Polls indicate that 60% of the population are self-described as pro-choice, although a majority are opposed to late trimester and intact dilation and extraction and public funding of abortion.[289][290] As of 2022, all aspects of reproductive choice (including abortion) are protected by law.[291]
In a 2009 Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll, a plurality supported same-sex marriage 49% to 43% opposed.[292] On October 18, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court rendered a provisional, unanimous (7–0) order authorizing same-sex marriage in the state, pending a legal appeal by Governor Chris Christie,[293] who then withdrew this appeal hours after the inaugural same-sex marriages took place on October 21, 2013.[294]
New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on "assault firearms", hollow-nose bullets and slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.[295]
In 2020, the state's voting population passed a public question[296] that amended the state constitution to legalize marijuana and erase past legal convictions for possession. The measure passed by a two-thirds vote. At the time the measure was enacted, about a dozen other U.S. states had also legalized the sale and possession of marijuana. As of 2024, local governments and municipalities are still in the process of regulating marijuana-related businesses within their jurisdictions.
Elections
New Jersey is a Democratic stronghold. New Jersey Democrats have majority control of both houses of the New Jersey Legislature (Senate, 24–16, and Assembly, 46–34), 9–3 split of the state's twelve seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and both U.S. Senate seats. There have been recent Republican governors, however: Christine Todd Whitman won election in 1993 and 1997 and Chris Christie in 2009 and 2013.
In federal elections, the state leans heavily towards the Democratic Party, having last voted for a Republican for president in 1988. New Jersey was a crucial swing state in the elections of 1960, 1968, and 1992. The last elected Republican to hold a Senate seat from New Jersey was Clifford P. Case in 1979. Newark Mayor Cory Booker was elected in October 2013 to join Robert Menendez to make New Jersey the first state with concurrently serving black and Latino U.S. senators.[297]
The state's Democratic strongholds include Camden County, Essex County (the state's most Democratic county—it includes Newark, the state's largest city), Hudson County (the second-strongest Democratic county, including Jersey City, the state's second-largest city); Mercer County (especially around Trenton and Princeton), Middlesex County, and Union County (including Elizabeth, the state's fourth-largest city).[298] Other suburban counties, especially Bergen County and Burlington County, had the majority of votes go to the Democratic Party.
The northwestern and southeastern counties of the state are reliably Republican: Republicans have support along the coast in Ocean County and Cape May County as well as in the mountainous northwestern part of the state, especially in Hunterdon County, Sussex County, and Warren County.
To be eligible to vote in a U.S. election, all New Jerseyans are required to start their residency in the state 30 days prior to an election and register 21 days prior to election day.[299]
Capital punishment
On December 17, 2007, Governor Jon Corzine signed into law a bill that would eliminate the death penalty in New Jersey. New Jersey was the first state to pass such legislation since Iowa and West Virginia eliminated executions in 1965.[300] Corzine also signed a bill that would downgrade the Death Row prisoners' sentences from "Death" to "Life in Prison with No Parole".[301]
Points of interest
Boardwalks

New Jersey is home to the world's highest concentration of boardwalks.[citation needed] Many communities along the Jersey Shore having a boardwalk with various attractions, entertainment, shopping, dining, arcades, water parks, and amusement parks. The Atlantic City boardwalk, opened in 1870, as the world's first boardwalk.[302] At 5+1⁄2 miles (8.9 km) long, it is also the world's longest and busiest boardwalk.[211][303]
Museums
National Park Service areas
- Appalachian National Scenic Trail
- Crossroads of the American Revolution
- Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area
- Gateway National Recreation Area
- Great Egg Harbor National Scenic and Recreational River
- Morristown National Historical Park
- New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve
- Patterson Great Falls National Historical Park
- Statue of Liberty National Monument (with Ellis Island)
- Thomas Edison National Historical Park
- Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route[304]
Entertainment and concert venues
Visitors and residents take advantage of and contribute to performances at the numerous music, theater, and dance companies and venues located throughout the state, including:
Theme parks
See also
- Index of New Jersey–related articles
- List of people from New Jersey
- Outline of New Jersey
- COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey
Notes
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
References
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External links
State government
- Official New Jersey state web site Archived February 18, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- New Jersey travel and tourism Archived December 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine information from the New Jersey Department of State, Division of Travel and Tourism
- New Jersey State Databases—annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Jersey state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association
- Descriptions of NJ forms of government (township, borough, etc.) from State League of Municipalities
U.S. government
- Energy Data & Statistics for New Jersey
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of New Jersey
- US Census Bureau
- USDA New Jersey State Facts Archived August 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
Other
- New Jersey at Curlie
- The New Jersey Digital Highway, the statewide cultural heritage portal to digital collections from the state's archives, libraries and museums Archived February 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Geographic data related to New Jersey at OpenStreetMap- New Jersey: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
40°00′N 74°30′W / 40.0°N 74.5°W / 40.0; -74.5 (State of New Jersey)
