植物学用語集

この植物用語集は、植物学および植物全般に関連する用語と概念の定義をまとめたものです。植物形態学の用語は、より詳細な「植物形態学用語集」および「葉形態学用語集」にも含まれています。その他の関連用語については、「植物病理学用語集」、「地衣類用語集」、「系統名でよく使われるラテン語とギリシャ語のリスト」を参照してください。

A

アブ-: 「～から離れた位置」を意味する接頭辞。^{[ 1 ]}
外側: 器官の軸から離れた方向を向いている器官の表面。例えば、葉や花弁などの側方器官の下面。^{[ 2 ]}向軸面とは対照的。
アボート: 構造や器官の発達を放棄すること。^{[ 3 ]}
離層: 成熟した、または老化した器官が自然に脱落すること。例えば、熟した果実や古い葉など。^{[ 4 ]}
離層: 器官が成熟または老化した際に、離層によって脱落することを可能にする特殊な組織層。このような組織は、例えば、葉柄や花柄の基部によく形成される。
無茎性: 明らかな茎がない、または少なくとも地表より上には茎が見えない。^{[ 2 ]}例としては、カタバミ属の一部の種、^{[ 5 ]}ノリナ属、^{[ 6 ]}およびユッカ属^{[ 7 ]} などがある。反意語：茎のある（茎を持つ）。
増大する: 年齢とともに大きくなるもの、例えば花冠が落ちた後も成長し続ける萼片など^[²^] 、例えばPhysalis peruviana。
側弯: 植物の別の部分に接している状態。子葉に適用される場合、子葉の縁が種子内の折り畳まれた幼根に沿っていることを意味する。 ^{[ 8 ]}
-aceae: 属名の語幹に接尾辞を追加して分類学上の科名を形成する。^{[ 9 ]}例えば、Rosaceaeはバラ科であり、その基準属はRosaである。^{[ 10 ]}
痩果: 乾燥した、種子が1つ入った裂開しない果実^{[ 11 ]}で、真の果実はいわゆる「液果」ではなく、果序上のいわゆる「種子」である痩果である。例えば、イチゴ属など。
針状の: 細長い、または針状。^{[ 11 ]}葉の形も参照。
求頂: 例えば、植物における分子シグナルが根から葉へと移動する様子など。
先端葉: 成熟した植物の通常の葉は、基部より上に生じるもので、深葉とは異なります。
アクロスティコイド: （胞子嚢群の一種を説明する）葉の裏面全体を覆っており、通常は密生している。例えば、ElaphoglossumやAcrostichumなど。
アクチノ-: 放射状のパターン、形状、または形態を示す接頭辞。
アクチノドロマス: （葉脈について）ほとんどの種では、3本以上の主脈が葉の基部またはその近くから発生し、葉縁に達する掌状または放射状に配置された葉脈だが、すべての種でそうであるわけではない。
放射状: 規則的または放射対称。^{[ 12 ]}少なくとも 2 つの平面で同様の半分に二等分できる。各輪内の花被片の大きさと形が同じである中心柱や花などに適用。規則的と比較。非対称、不規則、左右相称とは対照的。
有棘: 棘で武装している^[ 13 ^]^例えばバラの茎。
洞察力: 長く先細りになった先端、特に尖った葉の先端。
鋭い: 先端に向かって徐々に細くなり、先端に近づくにつれて側面が凹状になる。^{[ 13 ]}鋭角と尖った形とは対照的。葉の形も参照。
急性: 1.鋭く尖っているが、長くは伸びておらず、先端に向かってまっすぐな側面がある。^[¹³^]尖ったとは対照的。葉の形も参照。; 2. 90°未満の角度で収束する。鈍角とは対照的。
広告-: 「近くまたは向かう」という意味の接頭辞。また「加えられた」という意味もある。^{[ 13 ]}
向軸側: 器官の軸に面した器官の表面、^{[ 13 ]}例えば、葉や花弁などの側方器官の上面。abaxial と対比される。
アデルフィア: 雄蕊花において、雄蕊が束になって一つの単位を形成する構造。例えば、ハイビスカスの雌蕊を取り囲む雄蕊筒など。
アデルフォス: 雄しべなどの花糸などの器官が、束状または管状の1つ以上の雄蕊群に連結していること。これは、アオイ科などの科でよく見られる。この用語の使用法は一貫しておらず、密に束になった花糸も含むとする著者もいれば、花糸が基部で最小限に連結している雄蕊群のみを含む著者もいる。例えば、Sims:「…花糸は非常に密に押し付けられているため、単雄蕊群のように見える…」を参照。^[¹⁴^]雄蕊が1つの束または管状に生える単雄蕊群（例えば、ハイビスカス）や、2つの束状に生える二雄蕊群などの派生用語と比較せよ。
支持者: 別の種類の器官にわずかに結合している^{[ 13 ]} 、通常は別の輪の一部、例えば花弁に繋がった萼片に結合している。adnateとは対照的。
付着: 異なる種類の器官から成長した、または密接に融合した^{[ 13 ]}、特に縁に沿って、例えば雄しべが花弁に融合している。付着葯は、その半分が長さの大部分にわたって花糸に付着している。対比して、合着葯。
押し付けた: 圧迫を参照
偶発的な: 予測不可能または異常な位置に発生するもの^{[ 13 ]} 、例えば、葉のより典型的な腋ではなく茎から発生する不定芽など。不定根は、一部の植物種の匍匐茎の節から、または発芽中の単子葉植物の幼根ではなく胚軸から発生することがある。
外来の: 偶然に導入された^{[ 13 ]} （通常は雑草を指す）。
空中: 空中の；地面や水面より上に生育または運ばれる。^{[ 15 ]}
夏眠: 未展開の花芽における萼片と花弁、またはその裂片の配置。葉の展開とは対照的。
aff. (affinis): 他のものと親和性があり、類似している。暫定的に認識されているが名前のない分類群で、その名前に近いと考えられているもの、おそらく雑種または極端な変種に対してよく用いられる。
集合果実: 単一の花の遊離心皮から形成された果実の房。例：ブラックベリー。複数の果実と比較してください。
反響的: 偶発的な輸送によって拡散する植物。
農業雑草: 雑草を参照。
農業植物: 在来植生に侵入し、人間の介入なしにそこで生存できる植物種。それらは自然の生息地に定着し、人間の影響がなくなった後も自然植生の一部として残り、その存続において人間に依存しない。^{[ 16 ]}
農業: 主脈または副脈の片側から分岐する、櫛状の一連の脈。
農業骨学: イネ科植物の科学的研究。厳密には、イネ科（Poaceae）に属する種のみを指す。より広い意味では、カヤツリグサ科（Cyperaceae ）、イグサ科（Juncaceae）、ガマ科（Typhaceae）のイネ科植物に似た種やイネ科植物も含まれる場合がある。
有翅: 翼を持っている、または翼を持っている。
卵白: 顕花植物の胚乳の古い名称。栄養分の貯蔵組織であるという点を除けば、動物の胚の卵白（アルブミン）とは異なる。
卵白質: （種子について）胚乳を含む。
-ales: 分類学的目の名前を形成するために、属名または記述名の語幹に追加される接尾辞。
エイリアン: 本来の分布域外に持ち込まれた植物。しばしば、外来種、外来植物、非在来種、非自生種と同義または組み合わせて用いられる。
アルカロイド: アルカロイドとは、多くの植物種の組織中に存在する、定義が曖昧な有機化合物の総称である。アルカロイド分子は、炭素構造中に1つ以上のアルカリ反応性窒素原子を持つ。カフェイン、モルヒネ、キニーネ、ストリキニーネなど、多くのアルカロイドは医薬品や毒物として商業的に重要であり、それぞれ特定の植物に天然に存在する。
アレロパシー: 植物が分泌する生化学物質で、周囲の植物の成長や繁殖に影響を与えるもの。
異所性: 地理的に分離し、重複しない分布域を持つ。^{[ 17 ]}同所的分布とは対照的。
代替: 1. (形容詞) (葉や花について)茎に沿って異なる高さに単生し、らせん状の部分も含む。反対語と対比。; 2. (前置詞) 他のものの間に起こる、例:雄しべと花弁が交互に並ぶ。
互生花弁: 花の一部、例えば雄しべが花弁と交互に配置される構成。^{[ 18 ]}
アメント: ヤナギの同義語。
両性: （胚珠について）両端が互いに近くなるように曲がっている。倒生胚珠、劈開胚珠、直立胚珠とは対照的である。
抱擁: 基部が膨らんで茎（通常は葉）を包み込んでいる。
デンプンスター: デンプン（アミラム）で満たされた栄養繁殖体で、特定のシャジクモ類の下部の節の周囲に位置する。
吻合する: 葉脈のように、枝分かれして再び合流する。
吻合: 通常は分岐または分枝している2本以上の静脈が接続または融合し、ネットワークを形成すること。
倒生: （胚珠について）珠孔が胎座に面するように反転している（これは顕花植物で最も一般的な胚珠の向きである）。両向性、湾曲性、直向性とは対照的である。
前頭: 平らで、2つの角がある（丸いのとは対照的）。^{[ 19 ]}
雌雄異株: 両性花と雄花が別々の個体に咲くこと。雄性同株、雌雄異株、雌雄同株、雌雄異株とは対照的である。
雄しべ: 花の雄性生殖器官の総称。花の雄しべをまとめて指す。雌しべ群（gynoecium）とは対照的。略称はA。例えば、A 3+3は2つの輪に6本の雄しべがあることを示す。
両性具有者: 花被の付着部より上にある、雄しべと雌しべの両方を持つ花柄。
両性具有: 同じ花序に雄花と雌花が両方あること。
雄性化器: 特定の花において雄しべを支える茎または柱状の部分。
雄性両性: 同じ個体植物に両性花と雄花が咲くこと。雄花雌雄同株、雌雄同株、雌雄同株、雌雄同株、雌雄同株とは対照的である。
風媒性: 風による受粉に適応している。
風媒: 風による受粉への適応。
被子植物: 顕花植物。子房の中に発達中の種子を持つ植物。
異形性: 他の花輪と比べて、花輪の構成要素の数が異なる（通常は少ない）状態。
異方性: 幹とその枝のように、枝の直径が異なる分岐構造。等径とは対照的。
年間: 発芽、繁殖、枯死といったライフサイクルを1年または1つの生育期間内に完了する植物。
環状部: 1.環状構造。リング状の形をしている。冠毛は、痩果嘴の先端にある環状部または円盤と呼ばれる環状部に付着していることがある。花粉粒によっては、開口部の周りの外膜が厚い場合と薄い場合がある。孔では、この境界を環状部と呼ぶ。フエルニアやアリストロキアなど、花の口に環状のくびれがある花もある。; 2.胞子嚢上の特殊な細胞の環。
前部: 先端に向かって前方に位置する。遠位と比較せよ。
アンテモイド: キク科植物では、各花柱の先端にブラシ状の毛束が生えている花柱。
葯: 雄しべの花粉を運ぶ部分。
造精器: コケ植物では、雄性配偶子を生成する特殊な配偶体器官である。
造精器: ゼニゴケ目（Marchantiales）の植物では、雄性配偶体とは、造精器を持つ特殊な柄のある構造のことである。
雄蕊: 仮雄蕊の不稔性の葯。
開花: 1. （花について）花粉が提示され、かつ／または柱頭が受粉を受け入れる期間。; 2. （顕花植物について）開花期の花が存在する期間。蕾の中で花粉が放出される時期など、一部のケースでは定義されていない。
果皮: 花の一部が果皮に付着したまま残るタイプの果実。例えば、オシロイバナ科の植物に見られる。
アントフォア: 萼と花の他の部分の間にある、茎のような構造で節間と呼ばれる部分。
背斜: 上向き、表面から離れる方向、または表面に対して垂直な方向。ペリクリナルとは対照的。
前傾姿勢: 前方または上方に向いている。例えば、茎の毛など。逆向きとは対照的。
花弁のない: 花びらがない。
頂点: 構造物の先端部分。例えば、葉、芽、茎、木の幹など。
隠蔽性の: （花について）目立つ、派手ではない、または目立たない。華やかな、または目立つ花とは対照的。
無血症: 不完全または不規則な葉の先端は、石炭紀のシダ植物やシダ植物の化石によく見られる。
無葉性の: 葉がない。葉がない。^{[ 20 ]}
頂端: apexの形容詞形。
尖った: 特に葉の先端が短い三角形になっているもの。葉の形も参照。
アピフィリー: ミツバチによって花粉が運ばれる受粉の一形態。
アポ-: 「～から離れて、別々に、～なしで」という意味の接頭辞。
離生心皮: （雌しべ群について）互いに離れている（またはほとんど離れている）1つ以上の心皮から成り、例えばキンポウゲ科やディレニア科の植物に見られる。
無性生殖: 無性生殖の一種で、受精を経ずに生存可能な種子や胞子が無性的に生成され、それらに含まれる遺伝物質は親の遺伝物質のクローンとなる。このようにして生成された植物は無性生殖植物と呼ばれる。
派生形質: 系統分類学において、祖先の形態とは異なる「異なる形態」（すなわち革新）は、系統群への所属を決定する際に有用である。
逆花弁状の: 花弁が分離していて、融合していない（合弁花）。
離生葉: 花被またはその他の花被片が離生しており、合着していない。合葉性、合生葉性、および多葉性と比較せよ。
突起部: 1.円錐スケールの外側部分。; 2.器官の突出部、または茎の肥大部。
付属物: 主構造に付着した二次的な部分。明らかな機能を持つことはほとんどない外部の突起物であり、そのため付属器官と呼ばれる。
付属器: 付属物の性質を持つ、または付属物を備えている。
圧迫された: 茎に密着しているが融合していない状態。例えば、葉が茎に密着している状態。
水生植物: 自然の生息地が水であり、生涯の全部または大部分を水中または水面上で過ごす植物。一般的に淡水または内水域に限定される。
クモ膜: クモの巣のような、細かい白い毛で覆われている状態。
樹木状の: 樹木のような成長様式、または全体的な外観を持つ。
樹木園: 分類学的に整理された樹木のコレクション。
古植物: 本来は外来種ではないが、特定の地域に長期間存在している植物。外来植物（neophyte）とは対照的。
造卵器: 特定の植物の配偶体段階における、多細胞性の半数体構造または器官で、卵子（雌性配偶子）を生成・含有する。対応する雄性器官は造精器と呼ばれる。
造卵器: ゼニゴケ目（Marchantiales）の植物では、雌性配偶体：造卵器と胞子体を持つ特殊な柄のある構造。
アルクトイド: キク科植物では、花柱の枝に近い花柱の軸上に、渦巻き状の毛の輪がある。
網状構造: 網目状の地衣類のように、網目状の構造を持つ、または網目状の構造から成り立っている。
乳輪: 1.網の糸の間の空間。例えば、葉脈網の各要素によって定義される葉の表面の部分。サボテンの場合、葉脈の間の領域。; 2.サボテンの茎の節にある構造で、形態学的には特殊化した枝。棘、刺、花が生えるサボテンの領域。
アリル: 種子を部分的または全体的に覆う、珠柄の膨張によって形成される膜状または肉質の付属物。例えば、ライチの果実の肉質の外層、またはムクロジ科の植物に見られるもの。
アリステ: 硬くて剛毛のような芒または先端を持つ。葉の形も参照。
記事: 節のある茎の一部、または種子の間にくびれがある果実の一部。関節または接合部で器官の残りの部分から容易に分離できる器官の一部。
明確に述べる: 節がある。自由に分離し、きれいな痕跡を残す。例：特定のシダの葉が根茎に接合している部分。
上昇: 1. (茎について) 水平に広がり、その後上向きに伸びる。上向きの茎は、基部付近では多かれ少なかれ地面に伏し、その後直立する。; 2. （胚珠について）基部よりやや上の位置に付着している。
寄生生物: ウツボカズラの葉のように、ピッチャーのような形をしている。例えば、ネペンテス属やサラセニア属の種など。^{[ 21 ]}
無性生殖: 配偶子を伴わない生殖。栄養生殖とほぼ同義で用いられることが多い。
ざらざらした: ざらざらとした、サンドペーパーのような質感を持つ。例：葉の表面など。
非対称: 不規則または不均等。対称面を持たない。例：カンナの花。
減衰: 徐々に細くなっています。葉の形も参照してください。
耳介: 耳の形をした突起、特に葉または葉状器官の小さく丸みを帯びた側方の付属器官。
耳介のある: 基部に耳状の付属器（耳介）が付いている。葉の形状も参照のこと。
自家受粉性: 自家受粉、自家受精 ― 顕花植物において
芒: 1.長くて剛毛のような付属器官。; 2.イネ科植物において、一部のイネ科小穂の穎または護穎の先端または背面にある付属物。; 3.フウロソウ科では、花柱のうち心皮に付着したまま果柄（柱）から分離する部分。; 4.一般的にまっすぐで硬い冠毛要素で、硬い剛毛状のものから硬くて針状のものまで様々である。ストロファンツス属では、芒は種子の嘴、すなわち子房毛の柄である。
腋窩: 植物のある部分と別の部分との間の上側の角度。例えば、茎と葉。
軸: 軸上。胎盤の、卵巣の中心軸上。
腋窩: 葉腋から生じる、または葉腋から発生する。通常は葉腋を指す。
軸: 植物全体または花序の主茎。また、この茎が伸びる線。

B

バッカテ: ベリーのように見えるが、真のベリーであるかどうかは不明な果実。^{[ 22 ]}
棒状の: 棒状。幅よりも長さが長い。円筒形と比較してください。
バーブ: 釣り針のように、後ろ向きに突き出た部分。
棘のある: 棘が一方向を向いている。
バーベラ: 棘状の毛（ひげ）を持つ。
吠える: 木本植物や低木の茎や根を覆う保護的な外側の組織層。形成層の外側にあるすべての生体組織と非生体組織を含む。
基底: （植物や系統樹図の）基部またはその近くに位置するか、付着している。
基底固定: 基部で付着しているもの。例えば、花糸に付着している葯など。背着生と比較してください。
基部求心性: 先端から基部に向かって順次発達する（つまり、最も若いものが基部に向かう）。例えば、花序の花がこれに該当する。また、葉から根へと移動する。例えば、植物における分子シグナルがこれに該当する。
深海植物: 植物の基部に生じる特殊な葉で、通常は植物が未熟な時期に生じ、植物を基質に固定する役割を果たす。特にシダ植物のテラトフィルム属に顕著に見られる。頂葉とは対照的である。
嘴: 特に心皮や果実の、目立つ尖った先端の突起。
ベリー: 種子が果肉の中に埋まっている非裂開性の果実の一種。例えばトマト。
ビ-: 「2」を意味する接頭辞。例えば、 bisulcate（ 2つの溝または溝を持つ）など。
隔年: 2年以内、または2つの生育期以内にライフサイクル（発芽、繁殖、枯死）を完了する植物。通常、2年目には根元に葉のロゼットを形成し、2年目に開花・結実する。
二分: 二股に分かれている。長さの約半分まで二つに切れている。三叉状と比較せよ。
二葉: （複葉について）通常は対称的なペアで、正確に2枚の小葉を持つ。例：コロフォスペルムム・モパネの葉。バウヒニア属のほとんどの種など、二葉葉と比較せよ。
二紡錘形: 中央がくびれた紡錘形。
唇形: 2つの唇状構造を持つこと。例えば、多くの不規則な花に見られる花びらのS字型など。
両側: 1.背腹葉のように、2つの区別できる面を持つこと。; 2. Arranged on opposite sides, e.g. leaves on a stem; Compare distichous and opposite.; 3. Bilaterally symmetrical, as in a leaf with a symmetrical outline.
biloculate: Having two loculi, e.g. in anthers or ovaries.
binomial: Making use of names consisting of two words to form the scientific name (or combination) in a Latin form. For example, where the first is the name of the genus to which the species belongs, and the second is the specific epithet given to that species to distinguish it from others in the same genus.
binomial nomenclature: The system of nomenclature in which the scientific name of a species (and not of a taxon at any other rank) is a combination of two names, the first name being the generic name. The second name is referred to botanically as the specific epithet. Note that the two names together (not just the second name) constitute the species name.
bipinnate: Doubly pinnate; e.g. a compound leaf with individual leaflets pinnately divided.
bipinnatisect: A pinnatisect leaf with deeply dissected segments.
bisexual: Bearing both male and female reproductive organs; usually, flowers with both stamens and carpels; synonymous with hermaphrodite, synoecious, and monoclinous. Bisexual flowers occur only on monoecious plants. See also androgynous, monoicous, and plant reproductive morphology.
bitegmic: (of an ovule) Covered by two integuments. Contrast unitegmic.
biternate: Ternate, with each division divided into three.
bivalve: Having two valves or hinged parts. Contrast trivalve.
blade: The lamina or flattened part of a leaf, excluding the stalk or petiole.
bloom: A fine white or bluish waxy powder occurring on plant parts, usually stems, leaves, and fruits. It is easily removed by rubbing.
bole: The trunk of a tree, usually the portion below the lowest branch. Compare canopy.
bostrychoid: 円錐形の表面（カタツムリの殻のような）に配置されている。花序では、つぼみが長く先細りの円錐形の軸の外側にほぼ螺旋状に配置されている。
苞葉: 花や花序に付随する変形した葉で、他の葉とは形、大きさ、色が異なり（腋芽がない）。
苞葉: 苞葉を持つ。
苞葉: 花柄または萼に単生または対生する小さな苞葉。小苞葉と同義。
苞葉: 小苞（苞葉）を持つ。
ブラクテオース: 多数のまたは目立つ苞葉を持つ。^{[ 23 ]}
ブレスレット: 小苞を参照。
枝: 小さな枝。
短落葉性: 一時的にすべての葉を落とし、その後すぐに新しい葉が生えてくる植物。そのため、葉のない期間はごく短く、例えば約2週間程度である。
剛毛: まっすぐで硬い毛（滑らか、または微細な歯状）；芒の上部（芒が曲がっていて、下部に太く、通常はねじれた部分があり、これを柱と呼ぶ）。
ブロキドドロマス: 羽状葉脈とは、二次葉脈が葉縁で終わらず、一連の目立つ弧でつながっている葉脈のことである。
ブロカス: 花粉粒網状構造の1つの内腔の幅と、周囲の壁（壁）の幅の半分を合わせた幅。そのため、内腔の大きさが異なる場合は異形、内腔の大きさが似ている場合は同形と呼ばれる。
コケ植物: 非公式には、コケ類、ツノゴケ類、またはゼニゴケ類に属する植物全般を指します。正式には、これらの植物はツノゴケ類（Anthocerophyta）、ゼニゴケ類（Marchantiophyta）、コケ類（Bryophyta）の3つの独立した門に分類されます。
バルブ: 通常は地下にある、茎と葉の基部（内側の部分は肉厚）からなる、厚い貯蔵器官。
ブルベル: 別の球根から生じた球根。小球根を参照。
球根: 葉腋または小葉の付け根に形成される、小さくて落葉性の球根または塊茎。栄養繁殖の手段。
小球根: 別の球根から生じる球根。球根。
膨れ: 1.丸みを帯びた、または水ぶくれのような外観を持つ。アーチ状またはドーム状。; 2. （葉について）各側脈の間に弓状の葉組織があり、つまり葉の表面で葉脈が凹んでいるように見える。
瘤: 木の枝や幹にできる変形や節で、木工では好まれることもある。^{[ 24 ]}
バー: 1.とげのある果実。; 2.種子または果実とそれに付随する花の部分または苞葉からなる、ざらざらしたまたはとげのある繁殖体。
支柱根: 地上茎や幹から生えて支えとなる根。例えば、イチジク属のFicus macrophyllaによく見られる。

C

落葉性の: 早く脱落すること。例えば、ケシの萼片は花弁が開き始めるとすぐに脱落する。persistent （持続性）とfugacious（一過性）と比較せよ。
叢生: 房状または芝生状、例えば一部のイネ科植物やカヤツリグサ科植物の生育形態。
石灰質: 拍車を持っている。
石灰質: 炭酸カルシウムを豊富に含む、または炭酸カルシウムを主成分とする土壌の種類、あるいは地衣類の基質となる岩石の種類。
石灰質: スリッパのような形をしている。^{[ 25 ]}
石灰質: 石灰質の土壌でよく育つ植物。石灰質を好む植物、石灰質植物とも呼ばれる。反意語：石灰質を嫌う植物。^{[ 25 ]}
カロ: 硬くなった；厚くなった；角質化した。
たこ: 1. 突出した組織の塊; 2.傷に対する反応として形成される未分化組織の成長。試験管内で培養することができる。; 3.ラン科植物では、唇弁から伸びる肉質の突起で、乳頭状から板状まで様々な形をとる。; 4.イネ科植物では、小花基部（小軸関節および／または外穎基部から形成される）から伸びる硬化した突起で、伸びる場合と伸びない場合があり、しばしば毛や剛毛で覆われている。
萼片のある: 花弁と雄しべが萼に付着している。
萼葉: 萼片または萼片から形成される葉状構造で、開花前または開花後に、特に他の萼片または萼片の大部分が元の大きさを保っている場合に、通常何倍にも拡大する。肥大萼よりも極端な例として、アカネ科植物に萼葉が見られる。胸葉および翼葉と比較せよ。
萼状の: 副萼片を持つこと。
萼片: 1.外側の萼に似た苞葉から形成されたカップ状の構造。; 2.キク科の一部では、総苞の下に苞葉の輪がある。
カリプトラ: フードまたは蓋。蓋蓋を参照。
萼片: 一つの花の萼片の総称。花の外側の輪で、通常は緑色。花冠と比較せよ。
萼管: 萼片（萼）が融合して形成された管状の構造で、少なくとも基部で融合している。
形成層: 植物の成長に必要な、部分的に未分化な細胞を提供する組織層。
鐘形: 鐘型。
回遊性の: 羽状脈とは、二次脈が葉縁に向かって湾曲し、場合によっては葉縁とほぼ平行になり、他の脈と再接続してループを形成しない葉脈のことである。
カンピロトロパス: 胚珠が横向き（つまり、軸が茎に対して直角）で、胚嚢が湾曲している場合。両向胚珠、倒生胚珠、直生胚珠と比較してください。
細管状: 溝がある；縦方向の溝を持つ。
黄疸: 白い綿毛や羊毛で覆われた葉のように、ほぼ白色に近い色をしている。
天蓋: 木の枝と葉。樹冠。また、森林の保護的な上層部を指す場合もある。幹と比較せよ。
毛細血管: 1.内部断面が狭い管、孔、または通路。; 2.細い、毛のような。
頭状: 1. (花序について)こぶ状の頭部を持ち、花は柄がなく、密集した房状に集まっている。; 2. （聖痕について）針の頭のような。
頭状: 無柄またはほぼ無柄の花や小花が密集した塊。例えば、キク科（Asteraceae）の花頭。偽花序（pseudanthium）を参照。
カプセル: 2つ以上の心皮が融合して形成され、熟すと裂開する（通常は断片に割れるか、頂部の歯状突起や孔によって開く）。
心臓: キク科植物において、花柱の枝の下の花柱軸上に、渦巻き状の毛の輪がある花柱を持つ。
カリーナ: キールを参照。
気管分岐管: トクサ属および絶滅したトクサ類の茎にある縦方向の空洞は、茎表面の隆起と一致する。
肉質: 肉色、特に一部の花に用いられる。
肉質の、肉質の: 肉厚または果肉状の質感、特に一部の組織や臓器に適用される。coriaceousおよびcorneous とは対照的。
頭蓋骨: セリ科に属する顕花植物の属。原産地：トルコからイラン。カルポポディウム属とは混同しないように。
手根骨: 被子植物の基本的な雌性生殖器官で、単一の胞子葉、または複合子房の単一の室からなり、花柱と柱頭を持つ。雌蕊群は、単一の花のすべての心皮の総称である。
心皮: 心皮、または心皮に関連する構造や突起物（例えば、スイレン科植物の心皮に付着する仮雄蕊）を指す場合、それらはしばしば心皮付着物と呼ばれていました。しかし、「心皮付着物」、「傍心皮」、「仮雄蕊」といった用語の現在および過去の用法は混乱しており、著者によっても異なります。
カルポポディウム: 痩果（痩果類）では、雌しべの基部が伸びて目立つ部分があり、離層は痩果が花托から分離される部分です。; 2.アブラナ科のCarpopodium属。Caropodium属と混同しないように。
軟骨性の: 硬くて丈夫な、軟骨質の。corneous と coriaceous と比較してください。
肉垂: 種皮のへそ付近に生える、肉のような小さな組織片で、通常は塊状またはいぼ状である。仮種皮とは対照的。
穎果: 種皮が果皮に密着した、乾燥した非裂開性の単種子果実。例えば、ほとんどのイネ科植物に見られる。
カスパリー帯: 維管束植物の茎や根の内皮の放射状の一次細胞壁に存在する、連続したスベリンの帯状構造。これは、外部からの水や溶質が維管束組織へ受動的に拡散するのを防ぐ透過性バリアを形成する。
カシデウス: フード、ヘルメット、またはボンネットの形をした。一般的には花の構造を指し、例えばトリカブト属、サテュリウム属などの花に見られる。
栗色の: 栗色、赤褐色。^{[ 26 ]}
カジュアルなエイリアン: 明らかな人為的介入なしに出現するが、持続的な個体群を形成しない、または繰り返し新たな導入によってのみ存続する外来植物。外来種と比較せよ。
カタフィル: 形態的には葉の形をしているが、光合成機能はせいぜい付随的または一時的な植物構造。それらは主な機能が完了すると脱落するか、あるいは他の構造物に組み込まれ、枯死後も保護や支持の役割を果たす。
連鎖する: 鎖状の形をしている。鎖でつながった部分や細胞から構成されている。例えば、珪藻類、藻類、アナベナなどのシアノバクテリアなど。concatenate も参照。
雌花穂: 通常は垂れ下がる穂状花序で、主に小さな花が単性で、目立つ花被がない。例えば、ヤナギ、ポプラ、オーク、モクマオウなどに見られる。個々の花はしばしば鱗片状の苞を持ち、一般的に風媒花である。尾状花序は通常、一体となって散る。
尾状核: 細長い尾状の付属物または先端部を持つこと。例：ドリップチップ。尖った、尖った、微尖ったとは対照的。
塊茎: 植物の茎、特に木質の茎。また、根茎、あるいは特に新しい成長が生じる基底部の茎構造または貯蔵器官を意味することもある。リグノチューバーと比較せよ。
塊茎状: 茎状または塊茎状。時には「太い茎」を意味する「 pachycaul 」として用いられる。
耳介: caudexの縮小形。意味は文脈によって異なり、通常はランの花粉塊などの微小なものを支える茎状の構造を指す。しばしばstipeと互換的に用いられる。
子宮筋層: 地上部に発達した茎を持ち、茎が発達している。対義語：無茎（明らかな茎がない）。
幹生: 木の幹から直接花や果実が生えていること。^{[ 27 ]}
茎: 葉、花、果実など、地上茎または茎に付いている（後者の2つの器官に適用される場合、通常は古い茎を指す）。
茎状: 葉や苞葉と同様に、茎または茎節の先端に生じる。
細胞: 1.植物構造の基本的かつ微細な単位であり、一般的に細胞壁に囲まれた粘性流体中の区画から構成される。; 2.葯または子房の空洞。
中生の: （花被について）雄しべと雌しべの両方を欠いている、つまり雄しべも雌しべもない花。
中心固定: 中央でつながった2つの枝に分かれた器官、例えば毛や葯など。
蝋質: ワックスのような外観、色、または質感を持つ。例えば、多くのセロペギア属の花や、ミリカ属の一部の種のワックス状の果実など。
セルヌス: うなずく、頭から真っ逆さまに倒れる、うつ伏せになる、傾く、かがむ、または前かがみになる。うなずいたりかがんだりする習性を持つ多くの種、例えば多くのスイセン属やディエラマ属の種に適用される。多くの植物種は「cernua 」という種小名を持つ。
セスピトース: caespitoseの別表記で、房状または芝生状を意味し、例えば一部の草の生育形態などを指します。
チャンバー: 卵巣の腔。
チャネリング: 水面下に沈み込み、丸みを帯びた水路を形成している。
紙質の: 紙のような質感を持っている。
交配可能な: 花被が開いているときに受粉する花のこと。閉鎖花と比較せよ。
洞窟植物: 崖面などの割れ目や窪みで生育するように適応した植物。クレムノファイトと比較してください。^{[ 28 ]}^{[ 29 ]}
キメラ: 遺伝的に異なる2つ以上の組織から構成される個体。最も一般的には移植の結果として生じるが、時には種子発達中の細胞分裂や細胞移植中に発生する突然変異によって生じることもある。
コウモリを愛する: コウモリによって受粉される。
クロロフィル: 葉緑体に含まれる、光合成に不可欠な様々な化学色素の総称。
葉緑体: 植物細胞に存在する、クロロフィルを含む細胞小器官。
クロロシス: 通常は緑色の臓器において、異常なほど色が薄くなったり、色が薄くなったりする状態。
繊毛: まつげのように、器官の縁にほぼ限定された非常に小さな毛または毛のような突起。運動細胞では、運動を助ける微細な毛のような突起。
灰白色: 灰色がかった灰色で、通常は短い毛で覆われているため。白髪よりもやや暗い。
旋回する: 先端が最も内側になるように螺旋状に巻いている。例えば、ほとんどのシダ植物の発達中の葉の環状葉形成など。
肝硬変: （葉について）先端が巻きひげで終わっている。
巻雲: つるを参照してください。
茎節: 光合成を行う枝または茎で、しばしば葉状であり、通常は葉がないか、または著しく退化している。葉状体と比較せよ。
クラドプトーシス: 葉一枚一枚ではなく、枝や新芽全体が落ちること。
クラス: 分類群のランク付けにおける主要なカテゴリーは、門と目の間にある。
クラスレート: 網状または格子状の形をしており、檻のように穴が開いている。
棍棒: 棍棒のような形。
鎖骨: キョウチクトウ科では、側面と下面が受粉部位となる、拡大したドラム状の柱頭。葯と一体化している場合とそうでない場合がある。
爪: 1.花弁、萼片、または苞葉の基部の細長い茎状の部分。; 2.メラレウカ属植物において、雄しべ束の合着部分。
閉鎖花: 自家受粉して完全に開かない花、または開花前に自家受粉する花を持つこと。開花受粉性と比較してください。
更年期: 収穫後に熟成段階を経る可能性のある果物の概略的な分類であり、その熟成はエチレン呼吸の増加に先行または伴う。
クライマー: 支えとなる他の構造物に寄りかかったり、巻き付いたり、あるいは巻きひげでしがみついたりして、ほぼ直立して成長する植物。
クライミング: 登山家を参照。
クライン: 同一種内、あるいは場合によっては2種間における、形態の連続的な変異。
クローン: 親植物の無性生殖によって生じた植物で、両方の植物は同一の遺伝子構成を持つ。
合体する: 植物の各部分が融合したり、一緒に成長して一つの単位を形成したりすること。
蝸牛状: 凹型でスプーンのような形をしている。
蝸牛: カタツムリの殻のように丸まっている。
共生: 単一の生物のように振る舞う、整然と配列された藻類の群体。
共生細胞: 核分裂後に細胞質分裂が起こらなかった場合に形成される、複数の核を持つ単一の細胞。
鞘葉: 単子葉植物の種子の構造における鞘の一種。鞘葉は、一般的に多かれ少なかれ尖った保護鞘または被膜（傘）で、土壌から芽が出てくる際に単子葉植物の幼芽を覆います。鞘葉は通常緑色になり、実生の主成長によってその機能が取って代わられるまで光合成に貢献します。これに対し、根が地上に出てくるまで地下にとどまる根鞘は対照的です。
コロオリザ: 単子葉植物の種子の構造における鞘の一種。鞘根は鞘葉と幼根をつなぎ、発芽中に単子葉植物の幼根を保護します。鞘葉とは異なり、鞘根は根と関連しており、発芽中に土壌から出ません。鞘葉とは対照的です。
厚角組織: 不均一に肥厚したセルロースとペクチンからなる細胞壁を持つ生きた細胞で構成される特殊な組織で、葉や若い茎など、植物の一次組織で構成される器官において支持機能を果たす。
コレクター: 多細胞性の腺毛で、通常は粘液質の物質を生成し、萼片、托葉、葉柄、または茎の近傍部分に位置する。リンドウ目植物によく見られる。
柱軸: 顕花植物では、球果または果実の中心軸の先端、例えばCallitris属の場合。
カラム: 1.子房の上に伸びて花柱と雄しべを含む構造で、雌蕊柱とも呼ばれる。例えば、ランやトウワタなど。; 2.イネ科植物において、芒の下部の太く、通常はねじれた部分で、細い上部または剛毛とは区別される。
円柱状の: 円柱のような形をしている。
コマ: 1.ストロファンツス、アスクレピアス、アルストニアなどの種子の片端または両端にある種皮または珠柄からの毛束。; 2.無菌の苞、例えばウコン、アナナス、またはユーコミス。; 3.ムスカリやレオポルディアなどの花序の先端にある不稔花。; 4.一部の花の基部に毛の束がある。例えば、Pfaffia gnaphalioidesに見られる。; 5.小穂の先端または基部にある毛束。; 6.一部のイネ科、例えばEragrostis comata の花序にある腋窩の毛の房。
商標名: 植物学的な根拠がなく、国際植物命名規則（ICNCP）の適用対象外となることが多い名称。この用語は一般的に、商標名、植物育種者権で保護された名称、特許、および植物の販売促進によく用いられる宣伝用名称などを指す。
交連: 2つの手根骨が接合する縫い目または面。裂溝および縫合も参照。
コミュニティ: 特徴的に一緒に生育する植物の生態学的集合体。
化合物: 複数の部分から構成されている。例えば、複数の小葉からなる葉、複数の心皮からなる雌しべ、または複数の小さな花序からなる花序など。
複合掌状: 中心点（通常は葉柄の先端）から小葉が放射状に伸びていること。手のひらから指が広がっているように。掌状と比較してください。
圧縮: 縦方向に扁平化しており、横方向（左右方向）または背側（前後方向）に扁平化している。
連結する: 鎖状に連結されている。concatenateおよびcatenateも参照。
同色の: 全体的に同じ色であること。均一な色であること。
重複: 平らな面の2つの面が中央線に沿って折り畳まれ、互いに向き合うように配置されている状態。ptyxis 、aestivation、vernationも参照。
円錐: 裸子植物、特に針葉樹に見られる、しばしば木質で円錐形または卵形から球形の生殖器官。鱗片、苞、または小苞が中心軸の周りに配置されたものを含む。また、植物学的には不正確だが、ハンノキ属やモクマオウ属などの被子植物の木質の果実を指す口語としても使われることがある。
混交花: 花序全体の構造が、花序を構成する個々の枝の構造と大きく異なる花序。例えば、Callistemon属、Grevillea属、Hollandaea属の植物など。
円錐形: 樹冠のような形をしており、基部から頂部まで均等に細くなり、断面は円形の、細長い円錐形をしている。モミやトウヒなどの多くの針葉樹に見られ、冬の雪による損傷を避けるための適応である。一般的な文献ではしばしば誤って「ピラミッド型」と呼ばれているが、ピラミッド型は幅が広く、断面が四角形である点で異なる。^[³⁰^]
先天性: 同種の他の器官（または複数の器官）と融合している。例えば、合弁花冠筒内の花弁など。adnate と比較せよ。
連結: 葯の中で葯細胞をつなぐ部分。
共謀する: 接触または収束する。
同種: 同じ種に属する。
隣接する: 隣接し、接触しているが、一体化していない。
ねじる: （萼片または花弁について）各節の一方の側が隣接する節の1つと重なり、もう一方の側がもう一方の隣接する節と重なるタイプの重なり合。convoluteを参照。
ねじれた: 通常の形状から歪んでいる。
畳み込む: 1.蕾の中の花器官や葉器官の配置を指し、各器官または節の一方の縁が隣接する器官または節と重なり合っている状態。重なり合った配置の一種。contort を参照。; 2. （葉について）葉が別の葉の中に巻き込まれるタイプの葉の展開。; 3.節に2枚の葉がつく春の形態で、それぞれの葉の半分が露出し、残りの半分がもう一方の葉の中に包み込まれている。
コルクル: 植物の胚、幼芽、または幼芽と幼根が合わさったもの。
心臓形: ハート型で、切れ込みが一番下にある。葉の基部がハートの切れ込みの部分に似ている。倒心形とは対照的。
革のような: 革のような；硬くて丈夫だが、柔軟性がある。corneous と比較せよ。
球茎: 肉厚で膨らんだ茎の基部で、通常は地下にあり、食料貯蔵の役割を果たしており、芽は裸であるか、非常に薄い鱗片で覆われている。一種の台木。
コルメル: 成長中の大きな球茎の基部に形成される小さな球茎（または小球茎）。 ^{[ 31 ]}
角質: 角質の質感。硬くて硬いが、やや丈夫。革質と比較せよ。
花冠: 花弁の総称。萼片と比較せよ。
花冠チューブ: 花弁が融合してできた筒状の構造。例えば、Volkameria inermis（ボルカメリア・イネルミス）など。
コロナ: 1.顕花植物において、花冠の内側に挿入され、花冠または雄しべから生じる、管状に結合していることもある構造の環状構造。スイセンのトランペットは花冠である。; 2.イネ科植物では、一部の種において、外穎の上に硬い組織の環状構造が存在する。
皮質: 表面細胞と血管円柱の間にある組織領域。^{[ 32 ]}
樹皮生: 樹皮の上、または樹皮を剥がした木材の上に生える。木生植物と比較せよ。
コリブ: 枝が異なる位置から生えているが、ほぼ同じ高さに達する花序で、花房は平らな頂部を持つように見える。
コスタ: 中肋とは、葉柄が葉身に伸びて中肋のような構造を形成する部分です。この特徴は、扇形の掌状葉と羽状の羽状葉の中間的な形態である掌状葉の特徴です。肋も参照してください。
肋骨掌側: 典型的な掌状葉や扇状葉とは異なり、明確な中肋（中肋）を持つが、小葉は掌状葉のように放射状に配置されている。
子葉: 植物胚の一次葉、または複数の一次葉で、発芽すると種子葉、あるいは最初の葉群へと発達する。
クラーペドドロマス: 羽状脈とは、二次脈が葉縁で終わり、しばしば歯状になる葉脈のことである。
クレーター状の: 皿状または浅いカップ状の形。半球形またはそれより浅い形。
クレムノファイト: 崖面や割れ目に生育するように適応した植物。特に、崖面や割れ目からぶら下がるように生育する植物。割れ目植物と比較せよ。^{[ 28 ]}^{[ 29 ]}
鋸歯状: 歯が鈍い、または丸い。波状。
鋸歯状の: 細かく波打った形状。
カリカリに揚げた: 葉や花びらの縁のように、細かくカールしている。
クリスタルク細胞: 細胞壁内に晶洞を含み、リグニンが偏心的に沈着してカップ状、または断面では∪形を形成する厚壁細胞。
クラウン: キャノピーを参照してください。
クロス: 何かを交配させること。交雑させる行為。
十字形: 十字形。
甲殻類: 硬くて薄くて脆い。
皮質: 密着した表面層または皮膜を形成する。
隠花植物: 胞子を生成し、雄しべ、雌しべ、種子を持たない「下等植物」の総称。文字通り、生殖器官が目立たない植物。このグループには通常、シダ類、蘚苔類、藻類が含まれ、菌類（地衣類を含む）が含まれる場合もある。顕花植物と比較せよ。
クキュレート: フードのような、またはフード状の、一般的には葉や花びらの形状を指す言葉で、例：ペラルゴニウム・ククラタム。同様の派生語には、ククリフォームやククラリスなどがある。
畝: イネ科植物、スゲ科植物、イグサ科植物、およびその他の単子葉植物において、花序を付ける地上茎で、植物の基部から最も低い総苞片（または花序の基部）まで厳密に伸びている。
栽培: その起源または選抜が、主に人間の意図的な活動によるものである植物。
栽培品種: 「栽培品種」に由来する用語で、1つ以上の特徴（形態学的、生理学的、細胞学的、化学的、またはその他の特徴）によって明確に区別される栽培植物の集合体を指します。繁殖（有性生殖または無性生殖）後も、その集合体は特徴を保持します。栽培品種は、栽培によって発生する場合もあれば、野生から導入される場合もあります。園芸的に興味深い、または価値のある変種です。栽培品種名は、例えば「Blue Carpet」や「Alba」のように、一重引用符で囲んで表記します。1959年1月1日以降に新たに制定される名称はすべて一般言語（つまりラテン語ではない）でなければなりませんが、それ以前にラテン語で制定された名称はラテン語のまま保持されます。
栽培品種名: 栽培品種を示す名称の決定的な部分。栽培品種は、学名または属する分類群の一般名に付加される装飾形容詞（参照）によって指定されます。装飾形容詞はイタリック体ではなく、単一引用符で囲まれます。例：Rubus nitidoides 'Merton Early'。'Merton Early' は栽培品種の形容詞です。
楔形: 楔形をしており、直線状の辺が底辺に向かって収束している。
カップル: 融合した苞葉からなるカップ状の構造物。例えば、ドングリの殻の杯状部分。萼片を参照。
カップ状の: カップ状の形をしている。
杯状: カップを保持する。
カップ状の: ほぼ半球形で、ドームや円蓋のような形をしている。
クッション: 世界中の高山、亜高山、北極、または亜北極環境に生息する、コンパクトで背丈の低い植物を指す。
尖端: 硬くて尖った先端で、ムクロよりも硬くて頑丈なので、尖った形をしている。
尖った: 葉の先端に、一部の葉のように尖った突起がある。
キューティクル: 地上部の植物表面の表皮を覆う防水層で、クチン、および／またはクタンとワックスなどのポリマーから構成される。
切断: 植物から切り取られた、茎、根、または葉の先端部分で、無性的な栄養繁殖に用いられる。
シアチウム: 総苞片に囲まれた単性花の集合体、特にトウダイグサ属の花。
シアトフィル: トウダイグサ属では、総苞が乗っている苞葉のような構造で、通常は2つずつあるが、必ずしも2つとは限らない。鮮やかな色をしていて、花弁と混同されることもある。
円筒形: 棒状で、幅の2～3倍の長さがある。バキュリフォームと比較せよ。
シナロイド: 心臓状体を参照。
サイメ: 主軸とすべての側枝の先端に花が咲くタイプの花序（各側枝はさらに枝分かれすることがある）。
集散花序: 集散花序または複数の集散花序を持つこと。
キク科植物: 下位子房から形成される、乾燥した、種子が1つ入った、裂開しない果実の一種。

D

deciduous

Dehiscing and falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals. Contrast persistent.

declinate

Curving downward, and then upward at the tip. Often qualified, e.g. declinate-ascendant.

decompound

Divided to more than one level, e.g. in bipinnate leaves, in which the leaflets of what would otherwise be a pinnate leaf are themselves pinnately divided.

decorticate

1. (intr. v.) To shed the outer bark of a tree, usually seasonally as part of the natural growth cycle.

2. (tr. v.) To strip the peel, crust, bark, or other surface tissues from a plant or from harvested material, such as in extracting fiber from harvested Agave leaves.

decumbent

Having branches growing horizontally along the ground but which are turned up at the ends.

decurrent

Extending downward beyond the point of insertion, e.g. when the base of a leaf or a fungal gill is prolonged downward along the stem in a raised line or narrow wing.

decussant

A synonym of decussate; the usage decussant is questionable and occurs rarely, probably as an error. The formally correct usage is decussate.

decussate

Opposite with successive pairs borne at right angles to the last; generally applied to the arrangement of leaves.

definite

Of a constant number, e.g. twice as many stamens as petals or sepals (or less), or an inflorescence ending in a flower or an aborted floral bud, typically a cymose inflorescence. Contrast indefinite.

deflexed

Bent downward. Contrast inflexed.

dehiscent

Breaking open at maturity to release contents; refers e.g. to the opening of fruits to release seeds, of anthers to release pollen, and of sporangia to release spores. Contrast indehiscent.

deltoid

Shaped like the uppercase Greek letter Δ, i.e. like a more or less equilateral triangle.

dendroid

Tree-like; branching like a tree.

dentate

Toothed, especially in reference to leaf margins.

denticulate

Finely toothed; a diminutive form of dentate.

deserticolous

Inhabiting a desert.

determinate

Limited, usually in growth. Contrast indeterminate.

diadelphous

Referring to a class of adelphous structure in which the stamens or similar organs are connected in two adelphiae instead of just one.

diaspore

Any reproductive part of a plant adapted for dispersal and for establishing new plants; may be a disseminule such as a seed, or other parts such as specialized buds, branches, inflorescences, or fruits.

dichasium

A cymose inflorescence with all branches below the terminal flower in regular opposite pairs. Compare monochasium and pleiochasium.

dichlamydeous

Having a perianth which is divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Compare homochlamydeous.

dichotomous

Forking into two equal branches. This may result from an equal division of the growing tip, or may be sympodial, in which the growing tip is aborted and replaced. Typically refers to mode of branch growth, as in Aloidendron dichotomum, but also to other organs, such as the venation patterns on leaves, the thorns of various species of Carissa (which morphologically are branches), and the thalli or hyphae of various algae and fungi.

dicotyledon

A flowering plant whose embryo has two or more cotyledons (seed leaves). Contrast monocotyledon.

digitate

With segments spreading from a common center, like the fingers of a hand. See also palmate and palmatisect. See also Leaf shape.

digitiform

Shaped like a finger.

dimidiate

Halved. Referring to phyllodes with one more or less straight edge and the other edge convex.^[33]

dimorphic

Occurring in two different forms (with respect to shape and/or size), e.g. of stamens, fronds, or leaves. See also monomorphic (having a single form) and polymorphic (having many forms).

dioecious

(of vascular plants) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoecious.

dioicous

(of a bryophyte gametophyte) Having male and female reproductive structures which develop only on different individuals and never on the same individual. Contrast monoicous.

diploid

Having two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a sporophyte cell, i.e. one set from each of the parental gametes. This is often expressed symbolically as 2n, where n = the number of chromosomes in the haploid gamete.

diplostemonous

Having stamens arranged in two whorls, with the outer whorl alternating with the petals while the inner whorl is opposite the petals. Compare obdiplostemonous and haplostemonous.

disc

A plate or ring of structures derived from the receptacle, and occurring between whorls of floral parts. In some groups, especially Sapindales, the nectary is in the form of a prominent disk. In daisies, the central part of the capitulum is a disk, hence flowers borne there are called disk flowers or florets.

discoid

Resembling a disc or plate, having both thickness and parallel faces and with a rounded margin. Also used to describe the flower head of Asteraceae where there are no ray florets but only disc florets.

discolorous

(of leaves) Having upper and lower surfaces of different colors.

disjunct

Occurring in widely separated geographic areas, distinctly separate; applies to a discontinuous range in which one or more populations are separated from other potentially interbreeding populations with sufficient distance so as to preclude gene flow between them.

disk floret

A floret occurring most typically in the disk of the capitulum of flowers in the family Asteraceae, and to some extent in other plants that bear a flowering head with a disk, such as Scabiosa.

dissected

Deeply divided; cut into many segments.

dissepiment

A partition or septum in a plant part, usually referring to septa between the loculi of capsules or of other fruits with multiple partitions.

distal

Remote from the point of origin or attachment; the free end. Contrast proximal.

distichous

Arranged in two opposite rows (and hence in the same plane).

distinct

Separate or free; not united.

distyly

The condition in which the flowers of a species occur in two forms that differ only by the length of the style and stamens, and flowers of only one of these forms appear on any one plant. Compare heterostyly.

diurnal

Of the day; occurring or opening in the daytime.

divaricate

Wide-spreading.

divergent

Spreading in different directions, generally upward.

division

A taxonomic rank below kingdom in the standard taxonomic hierarchy. "Division" is generally used only for plants, and is the approximate botanical equivalent of the term phylum, which is used for animals and other kingdoms.

domatia

Any hollow structure formed by a plant that is inhabited by animals such as ants or mites.

dorsal

From Latin dorsum, a ridge or the back of an animal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "dorsal" refers to "the rear or back or upper surface", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

facing away from the axis (abaxial) in a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing away from the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the upper surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (adaxial) or the upper part of the crown of the plant
facing away from the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant or floating leaves such as those of Nymphaea.

Derived or related terms include dorsad, "toward the dorsal", and dorsum, "the dorsal part of the organ or organism as a unit". Related anatomical terms of location include ventral, lateral.

dorsifixed

Attached at or by the back, e.g. anthers on a filament.

dorsiventral

Having structurally and visibly different upper and lower surfaces, e.g. some leaves. Compare bilateral and isobilateral.

drip-tip

A long, narrow, acuminate, caudate, or cuspidate extension at the tip of a leaf or leaflet. Commonly an adaptation to rainy conditions, as it promotes shedding of water by its dripping from the narrow tip. The term drip tip is not anatomically descriptive in the way that acuminate or cuspidate are, for example; rather, it is a description of the functional shape that aids dripping, regardless of the specific geometry of the shape itself.

drupe

A type of succulent fruit formed from one carpel; the single seed is enclosed by a stony layer of the fruit wall, e.g. in peaches and olives. Also called a kernel.

drupelet

A small drupe formed from one of the carpels in an apocarpous flower. Drupelets usually form a compound fruit, as in Rubus, but they may become widely separated, as in Ochna.

druse

A globular mass of calcium oxalate crystals, usually with the crystals radiating from an organic core.

Dissepiment developing in tissue of carpels where they meet to form locules in the capsule of the ovary of Lilium
Boophone disticha has conspicuously distichous leaves.
Domatia at the bases of the thorns of Vachellia drepanolobium, the whistling thorn, with visible access holes
Dorsiventral (bilateral) leaves of Syzygium gerrardii and Triadica sebifera
Leaves of Epipremnum aureum (golden pothos) have a cuspidatedrip tip.

E

-eae: A suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a tribe, e.g. Aster → Astereae.
ebracteate: Lacking bracts; synonymous with ebracteolate.
ecological amplitude: The range of environmental conditions in which an organism can survive.
edaphic: Of or influenced by the soil.
eglandular: Not having glands.
elaiosome: An external structure attached to the seed of many species of plants. Elaiosomes generally look fleshy and in some species they are rich in oils or other nutritious materials. Their functions vary and are not always obvious; commonly they attract ants or other animals that aid in dispersal, but they may also repel other animals from eating the seed.^[34]
elephophily: A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by the feet of elephants, as in Rafflesia arnoldii.
ellipsoid: A three-dimensional shape that is elliptical in all sections through the long axis.
elliptical: Planar, shaped like a flattened circle, symmetrical about both the long and the short axis, tapering equally both to the tip and the base; oval.
emarginate: Typically in reference to leaf margins: notched or recessed at some part of the edge, such as the apex; the recess usually is broad and shallow. The location of a leaf's emargination(s) might be one or more of apical, lateral or basal
embryo: The young plant contained by a seed prior to germination.
emergent: A plant taller than the surrounding vegetation or, among aquatic plant species, one that bears flowers and commonly leaves above the surface of the water. Aquatic examples include water lilies, reeds, and papyrus. Some pondweeds such as Stuckenia are not emergent until they flower, at which time only their flowers appear above the water surface.
enation: Leaf-like outgrowth from a surface.^[35]
enantiostyly: The condition in which the gynoecium protrudes laterally, to the right (dextrostyly) or to the left (sinistrostyly) of the androecium, e.g. Senna.
endemic: Having a natural distribution restricted to a particular geographic region. Compare native.
endocarp: The innermost layer of the wall of a fruit; in a drupe, the stony layer surrounding the seed.
endodermis: The innermost layer of the cortex of vascular plant roots, also present in the stems of pteridophytes. The radial walls are impregnated with suberin to form a permeability barrier known as the Casparian strip.
endosperm: 1. (angiosperms) A nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo of the seed, usually triploid, originating from the fusion of both polar nuclei with one gamete after the fertilization of the egg.; 2. (gymnosperms) The prothallus within the embryo sac.
endospory: The production of spores that germinate into a reduced multicellular gametophyte contained within the spore wall. Contrast exospory.
ensiform: Shaped like the blade of a sword.
entire: 1. Not divided.; 2. (of a margin) Smooth and not lobed or toothed (though possibly wavy or scalloped). See also entire in Glossary of leaf morphology
entomophily: A form of pollination whereby pollen or spores are distributed by insects.
epecophyte: Species of recent appearance, usually numerous and constant in the country, but confined to artificial habitats, such as meadows and ruderal vegetation and are dependent on humans for existence.^[36]
ephemeral: Short-lived. See also caducous.
epicalyx: An involucre resembling an outer calyx, e.g. as in Hibiscus. Made of small bract-like leaflets called episepals.
epicarp: The outer layer of the wall of a fruit, i.e. the "skin".
epicormic: Used to refer to buds, shoots, or flowers developing from the old wood of trees, especially after injury or fire.
epicotyl: The part of the plant axis or stem between the cotyledonary node and the first foliage leaves.
epicuticular wax: A layer of crystalline or amorphous wax deposited on the surface of the cuticle.
epidermis: An organ's outermost layer of cells, usually only one cell thick.
epigynous: Borne on the ovary; describes floral parts when attached above the level of the ovary and arising from tissue fused to the ovary wall. Compare hypogynous and perigynous.
epilithic: Growing on stone. Compare lithophytic, a plant growing on stone.
epipetalous: Of stamens that are attached to the petals.
epipetric: Growing on rock or stone, lithophytic, epilithic.
epiphloeodal: Growing on the surface of bark. Contrast endophloeodal (growing inside, not on, the bark) and epilithic (growing on rock, not bark).
epiphyte: A plant, alga or fungus that grows on another plant without deriving nourishment from it but using it for support.
epiphytic: Of an epiphyte; living on the surface of a plant. Compare epilithic, lithophytic.
episepal: Small bract-like leaflets that make up an extra calyx (epicalyx) located below the true calyx
episepalous: Of stamens that are attached to the sepals.
epitepalous: Of stamens that are attached to the tepals.
epithet: The adjectival component in a binomial scientific name, usually more specifically called a specific epithet; the final word or combination of words in a name of more than one word (other than a term denoting rank) that denominates an individual taxon. The simplest and commonest example is the second word in a two-word name of a species, such as "mirabilis" in Welwitschia mirabilis.
epizoochory: A type of seed dispersal that occurs when seeds or fruits physically adhere to the outside of vertebrate animal bodies.
epruinose: Not pruinose.
equitant: (of a leaf) Folded lengthwise and clasping another leaf.
erect: Upright, more or less perpendicular to the ground or point of attachment. Compare patent (spreading) and erecto-patent, between erect and patent.
ericoid: Having leaves like those of the European heaths (Erica); small and sharply pointed.
erose: (of a margin) Irregular as though nibbled or worn away.
ethelochoric: Deliberate introduction by seedlings, seeds or plants in a new habitat by humans.
etiolation: Weak growth due to lack of light, resulting in elongated stems and yellowish color.^[37]
even-pinnate: Having an even number of leaflets in a compound leaf; synonymous with paripinnate.
evergreen: Not deciduous; having leaves all year.
ex: In nomenclature, indicating that the preceding author proposed the name but did not legitimately publish it, and that the succeeding author referred to the first author when legitimately publishing the name. See Author citation (botany).
exalbuminous: In seeds of a given species, having no endosperm, i.e. no albumen, e.g. in Fabaceae and Combretaceae.
exocarp: The outer layer of the pericarp, often the skin of fleshy fruits.
exospory: The production of spores that germinate into free-living multicellular gametophytes. Contrast endospory.
exotesta: The outer layer of the testa (seed coat). It is derived from the outer integument of the ovule.
exotic: Not native; introduced from another region or country.
exserted: Projected beyond, e.g. stamens beyond the corolla tube.
exstipulate: Lacking stipules.
extrastaminal: Outside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
extrorse: (of anther locules) Opening toward the outside of the flower. Contrast introrse and latrorse.

F

F1 hybrid: A single cross; a plant breeding term for the result of a repeatable cross between two pure bred lines.
F2 hybrid: A plant breeding term for the result of a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids; may also refer to self-pollination in a population of F1 hybrids.
fabiform: Shaped like a kidney bean.
facultative: Able to perform a particular life function, or to live generally, in more than one way.^[38] Compare obligate.
falcate: Curved like the blade of a scythe.
family: A taxonomic group of one or more genera with features, ancestry, or both in common. It is the term for the principal rank between order and genus.
farina: Powdery, pale yellow, crystalline secretion consisting of flavonoids in Primula and other species.
farinaceous: Powderiness that is mealy.
fascicle: A cluster of flowers, leaves, needles, vascular tissue, etc., e.g. a tuft of leaves all arising from the same node.
fasciculate: Branching in clusters, e.g. a bundle of sticks or needles; having fascicles.
fastigiate: 1. In Plant morphology, the habit of a plant that consists in part, of a bundle of erect, more or less parallel branches or stems, particularly if they form or taper to a peak or point. (Latin fastigiatus, meaning "having a peak".; 2. In palynology, the form of a pollen grain that has a fastigium, a pointed apex over a hollow between the layers of the pollen outer wall.
faucal: Pertaining to the fauces; located in the throat of a calyx or corolla.
fauces: The throat of a calyx or corolla; the conspicuously widened portion between the mouth and the apex of the tube. In Boraginaceae, the site of distinctive appendages.
faveolate: Honeycombed; having regular, angled pits. Compare foveolate.
felted: Having interlocked hairs to the extent of being matted.^[28]
female flower: See pistillate flower.
fenestrate: Having translucent or transparent areas that let light through; this variously affects the behavior of animal visitors or permits photosynthesis in many arid-region plants that grow only to the soil surface. Also refers loosely to perforations, for which perforate is the more precise term.
ferruginous: Ruddy or rust-colored.
fertile: Capable of producing fruit; of flowers when they produce seed, or of anthers containing pollen.
fertilization: The union of male and female gametes during sexual reproduction.
fiber: 1. A fiber cell.; 2. Any flexible, strong, stringy, and very elongate structure.
fiber cell: A type of cell that is found in sclerenchyma; it is much elongated, and dies soon after an extensive modification of its cell wall. The cell wall is usually thickly lignified but is sometimes gelatinous.
filament: 1. The stalk of a stamen.; 2. Any very narrow, thread-like structure that is one or a few cells thick.
filamentous: Consisting of filaments or fibers; hairlike.
filiform: Thread-like, e.g. stamen filaments or leaf shapes.
fimbria: Slender, hair-like projection; fringe.
fimbriate: Fringed, e.g. where the ends of a petal are split into two or more divisions.^[39] Having fimbriae.
fissure: A split or crack, often referring to fissured bark; a line or opening of dehiscence.
fistule: A tube-shaped cavity.
fistulose: Hollow; usually applied to a tube-shaped cavity, as in a reed.
flabellate: Fan-shaped, e.g. a flabellate (fan-shaped) leaf.
flaccid: Limp; tending to wilt. Compare turgid.
flexistyly: Depending on the degree of maturation of the stamens, the style moves up or down (cataflexistyle or (ana-)hyperflexisyle).
flexuous
flexuose: Bent alternately in different directions; zigzag.
floccose: Having a soft and wooly covering of hairs.
flora: 1. All the plants growing in a certain region or country.; 2. An enumeration of them, generally with a guide to their identification (e.g. the Flora of North America, Flora of China, Flora of Victoria, Flora of New South Wales, and so on). In this case, flora is written with a capital F.
floral envelope: See perianth.
floral leaves: The upper leaves at the base of the flowering branches.
floral diagram: A graphical means to describe flower structure, usually a schematic cross-section through a young flower.
floral formula: A description of flower structure using numbers, letters, and various symbols.
floral tube: An imprecise term sometimes used as a synonym of hypanthium, corolla tube, or calyx tube.
floret: A small flower, usually referring to the individual true flowers clustered within an inflorescence, particularly those of the Poaceae grasses and the pseudanthia of family Asteraceae.
flower: The sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically with a gynoecium, androecium, perianth, and an axis.
foliate: 1. When describing a whole plant: leafy or having leaves (as opposed to nonfoliate).; 2. When preceded by a number: specifying a number of leaflets, e.g. 3-foliate means "having three leaflets".
foliicolous: A growth habit of certain lichens, algae, and fungi that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants.
follicle: A dry fruit formed from one carpel splitting along a single suture to which the seeds are attached, e.g. from the pod of a legume.^[40]
foliole: A leaflet of a compound leaf.
foliose: Leaf-like; flattened like a leaf.
forb: In American English, a term used for any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush. Roughly equivalent to herb in British and other forms of English
forest: Vegetation dominated by trees with single trunks, including closely arranged trees with or without an understory of shrubs and herbs.
forma (in common usage, form): A taxonomic category subordinate to species and within the taxonomic hierarchy, below variety (varietas), and usually differentiated by a minor character. Its abbreviation is "f."
foveolate: Having regular tiny pits. Compare faveolate.
free: Not united with other organs of the same type; not attached at one end.
free central: (of placentation) Ovules attached to a free-standing column in the center of a unilocular ovary.
frond: A leaf of a fern, cycad, or palm.
frutescent: Shrub-like (fruticose) or becoming shrub-like.
fruticose: Shrubby; having the branching character of a shrub.
fruit: A seed-bearing structure, present in all angiosperms, formed from the mature ovary and sometimes associated floral parts upon fertilization.
fugacious: Disappearing, falling off, or withering. Compare persistent and caducous.
funicle (funiculus): The stalk of an ovule.
funnelform: Having a form gradually widening from the base to the apex; funnel-shaped.
furcate: Forked, usually applied to a terminal division; with two long lobes.
fused: Joined together.
fusiform: Rod-shaped and narrowing gradually from the middle toward each end; spindle-shaped.

G

galbulus

From Latin, galbulus, the cone (megastrobilus) of the Mediterranean cypress. By modern extension, a specialist term for the cone of any species in the cypress family Cupressaceae. It includes the fleshy cones borne by junipers, which are often mistakenly called berries.

galea

An overhanging, helmet-shaped, structure that protects the reproductive parts from precipitation, wind or unwanted visitors.

gall

Abnormal outgrowth on external plant tissues, caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites.

gamete

A cell or nucleus that fuses with another of the opposite sex during sexual reproduction.

gametophore

Specialized structures on the gametophytes of some bryophyte species, for example many species in the order Marchantiales; in such species the gametes are produced on the gametophores.

gametophyte

The haploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that bears gametes. In bryophytes the gametophyte is the dominant vegetative phase; in ferns and their allies it is a small free-living plant known as the prothallus; in gymnosperms and angiosperms the gametophytes are reduced to microscopic structures dependent on the sporophyte, male gametophytes contained in pollen grains and females contained within the ovules.

gamopetalous

with joined or fused petals

gamophyllous

a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare symphyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous.

gemma

an asexual reproductive structure found in liverworts and mosses.

gene pool

The complete range of genetic variation found within a population.

genus

A group of one or more species with features or ancestry (or both) in common. Genus is the principal category of taxa intermediate in rank between family and species in the standard nomenclatural hierarchy.

generic name

The name of a taxonomic genus, such as Acacia and Eucalyptus.

genotype

The genetic make-up of an individual.

geophilous

Growing or rooting in the ground.

germination

1. of seeds, describing the complex sequence of physiological and structural changes that occur from resting to growth stage.

2. of a pollen grain; production of a pollen tube when contacting a stigma receptive to it.

3. of a spore of fungi/bacterium; change of state – from resting to vegetative.

gibbous (gibbose)

(of part of an organ) Swollen, usually with a pouch-like enlargement at the base.

glabrescent

Becoming glabrous, almost glabrous; glabrate.

glabrous

Lacking surface ornamentation such as hairs, scales or bristles; smooth.

gland

A secretory structure within or on the surface of a plant.

glandular hair

A hair tipped with a gland.

glaucous

Describing the external surface of a plant part that has a whitish covering, in some cases with a blueish cast. Often applied to plants with a wooly or arachnoid surface, but properly referring to pruinose surfaces, meaning those with a waxy bloom. The surfaces of the young leaves of many eucalypts provide good examples, and so do some xerophytes.

globose

Roughly spherical. See also subglobose.

globulose

Approximately spherical.

glochid

A tiny barbed hair or bristle, e.g. the fine defensive hairs in cactus species such as Opuntia.

glomerule

An inflorescence consisting of a compact cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers.

glumes

bracts subtending the floret(s) of a sedge, or similar plant; in grasses forming the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent).

glutinous

Sticky.

graft

1. The artificial union of plant parts.

2. A plant shoot suitable for grafting; loosely, a scion, sucker, or branch.

graft chimaera (sometimes graft hybrid)

A taxon whose members consist of tissue from two or more different plants in intimate association originated by grafting. The addition sign "+" is used to indicate a graft-chimaera either as a part of a formula (e.g. Crataegus monogyna + Mespilus germanica) or in front of an abbreviated name (e.g. + Crataegomespilus 'Dardari'). The nomenclature of graft hybrids is governed by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.

graminaceous

Of or relating to grass.

graminoid

An herbaceous plant with a grass-like morphology.

granular

(of a surface) Covered with small rounded protuberances.

grass

A plant of the family Poaceae.

grassland

Low vegetation dominated by grasses.

groundcover

1. Dense vegetation that covers the ground.

2. A term applied to describe a plant that covers the soil surface so densely that it smothers all beneath it.

group

A formal category equivalent to or below the rank of genus which distinguishes

an assemblage of two or more cultivars within a species or hybrid;
plants derived from a hybrid in which one or more of the parent species is not known or is of uncertain origin; or,
a range of cultivated plants of a species or hybrid which may exhibit variation but share one or more characters, which makes it worth distinguishing them as a unit.

guard cell

Each of two cells surrounding the stoma which control gas exchange between the apoplast of the plant and the external environment.

guttate

Having droplet-shaped spots. Compare punctate and maculate.

guttation

The secretion of liquid water from uninjured plant parts. See hydathode.

guttulate

Having or appearing to be spotted with oil droplets; of spores, having oil droplets inside.

gymnosperm

A seed-bearing plant with unenclosed ovules borne on the surface of a sporophyll. Gymnosperms are among the oldest clades of vascular plants, and today are represented by approximately 1,000 extant species worldwide, including, among others, conifers, Ginkgo, Gnetum and cycads. Compare angiosperm.

gynaecium

Alternative term for gynoecium, but with partly different etymology.

gynobasic

Of a style, arising near the base of the gynoecium, e.g. between the lobes of the ovary.

gynodioecious

Of a species, with some plants bearing only bisexual flowers and others bearing only female flowers.

gynomonoecious

Of a species, with bisexual flowers and female flowers on the same plant.

gynoecium

The collective term for the female reproductive parts of a flower or for the carpels of a flower, whether united or free. Contrast androecium. Abbreviation: G. For instance, G indicates a superior ovary; G(5) indicates having five fused carpels.

gynophore

A stalk supporting the gynoecium and situated above the level of insertion of the other floral parts.

gynostegium

A compound organ in milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) and orchids formed by fusion of the filaments of the stamens with the style. Also known as the column.

Scanning electron micrograph of a stoma on the leaf of Haemanthus. The two lip-shaped cells on either side of the pore are the guard cells.
Drops of guttation fluid on the dentate points fringing the immature leaf of a grapevine
Examples of gymnosperms
LEFT1-Welwitschia mirabilis2-Cycas revoluta3-Taxus baccata4-Ginkgo bilobaRIGHT1-Cupressus sempervirens2-Sequoiadendron giganteum3-Agathis dammara4-Araucaria heterophylla

H

habit: The general external appearance of a plant, including size, shape, texture, and orientation.
habitat: The place where a plant lives; the environmental conditions of its home.
hair: A single elongated cell or row of cells borne on the surface of an organ.
half-inferior ovary: An ovary partly below and partly above the level of attachment of the other floral parts. Compare inferior ovary and superior ovary.
halonate: Having a transparent coating, or being of a spore's outer layer.
halophyte: A plant adapted to living in highly saline habitats; a plant that accumulates high concentrations of salt in its tissues.
hand-pollination: The controlled act of pollination that excludes the possibility of open-pollination.
haploid: Having one set of chromosomes, e.g. the complement of chromosomes in each of the cells of the gametophyte, the nucleus of a gamete, and the spores. This is expressed symbolically as n, where n = the gametic number of chromosomes. Compare diploid, triploid, and tetraploid.
haplostemonous: Having a single series of stamens equal in number to the proper number of petals, and alternating with them. Compare diplostemonous and obdiplostemonous.
harmomegathy: process by which pollen grains in arid environments close off their apertures to avoid losing water
hastate: Triangular in outline, the basal lobes pointing outward, so that the base appears truncate; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare sagittate, which refers to basal lobes pointing backward.
haustorium: In parasitic plants, a structure developed for penetrating the host's tissues.
head: See capitulum, a pseudanthium.
heathland: Vegetation dominated by small shrubs which usually have ericoid leaves.
helicoid: Coiled; of a cymose inflorescence, when the branching is repeatedly on the same side (the apex is often recurved). Compare scorpioid.
heliophilous: Requiring or tolerating strong, direct sunlight.
hemerochory: A plant that has been transported voluntarily or involuntarily by humans in a territory which it could not have colonized by its own natural mechanisms of dissemination, or at least much more slowly.^[36]
hemi-legume: A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds, as in Acacia tenuifolia and Peltogyne paniculata.
herb: Any vascular plant that does not develop a woody stem at any point during its life cycle, e.g. a daffodil.
herbaceous: Not woody; usually green and soft in texture.
herbarium: A collection of preserved, usually pressed and dried, plant material used for identification and comparison; also a building in which such collections are stored.
herkogamy: A flower with parts arranged so that pollen from the anthers is unlikely to be transferred to the stigma without assistance of a pollinator.^[41]
hermaphrodite: A synonym of bisexual.
hesperidium: A form of berry that occurs most familiarly in the genus Citrus. The fruit tends to be large for a berry, ranging from not much more than a centimeter in small fruited genera such as Murraya, to 15 cm or more in some varieties of Citrus. The outer rind typically is thick and tough with many oil glands, while the carpels within are packed with juicy fibers.
heteroblastic: Having parts, especially leaves, that are distinctly different between the juvenile and adult stages.
heterophyllous: Having more than one leaf type on the same plant. For example, leaves adapted to the open air and leaves adapted to being under water in Ranunculus aquatilis.^[42]
heterophylly: A condition in which a plant has two or more types of leaves that differ in form and/or function.^[43]
heteromorphic: Having two or more distinct morphologies (e.g. of different size and shape). Compare isomorphic.
heterospory: The production of spores of two different sizes (small and large) by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare homospory.
heterostyly: The condition of a species having flowers with different style and stamen lengths, but with all the flowers of any one plant being identical. See distyly.
hilum: The scar on a seed coat where it separates from its stalk (funicle).
hip: The fruit of a rose plant.
hippocrepiform: Horseshoe-shaped.
hirsute: Bearing coarse, rough, longish hairs. See indumentum.
hispid: Bearing long, erect, rigid hairs or bristles, harsh to touch.
hoary: Covered with a greyish to whitish layer of very short, closely interwoven hairs, giving a frosted appearance.
holotype: A type chosen by the author of a name. Compare lectotype.
homochlamydeous: Having a perianth which is not divided into a separate calyx and corolla. Contrast dichlamydeous.
homospory: The production of spores of only one size by the sporophytes of land plants. Compare heterospory.
hort.: Of gardens, an author citation used in two ways:1. as a name misapplied by gardeners; 2. as an invalid name derived from horticultural writings of confused authorship.
husk: Protective outer covering of certain seeds, for example, the leafy outer covering of an ear of maize (corn), the leathery covering of the walnut, or the spiky covering of the chestnut.
hyaline: Translucent; usually delicately membranous and colorless.
hybrid: Plant produced by the crossing of parents belonging to two different named groups, e.g. genera, species, varieties, subspecies, forma and so on; i.e. the progeny resulting within and between two different plants. An F1 hybrid is the primary product of such a cross. An F2 hybrid is a plant arising from a cross between two F1 hybrids (or from the self-pollination of an F1 hybrid).
hybrid formula: The names of the parents of a hybrid joined by a multiplication sign, e.g. Cytisus ardonoi × C. purgans.
hydrophily: Form of pollination whereby pollen is distributed by the flow of waters.
hypanthium: Tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens, and may or may not be connected (adnate) to the ovary.
hyper-resupinate: In botany, describing leaves or flowers that are in the usual position but are borne on a petiole or pedicel that is twisted 360 degrees. The term is used to describe organs, such as orchid flowers, that are usually resupinate. Compare resupinate.
hypocarpium: Enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit from the receptacle or hypanthium.
hypocotyl: Of an embryo or seedling, the part of the plant axis below the cotyledon and node, but above the root. It marks the transition from root to stem development.
hypocrateriform: Salver-shaped. Synonym of salverform. From Greek kratḗrion: a vessel.
hypogynous: Borne below the ovary; used to describe floral parts inserted below the ovary's level of insertion. Compare epigynous and perigynous.
hysteranthous: Type of growth in which new leaves appear after flowering. Also spelled histeranthous. Compare proteranthous and synanthous.

I

idioblast: A cell, especially of a leaf, differing markedly from surrounding cells. They often synthesise specialized products such as crystals.
illegitimate name (nomen illeg.): A name not abiding by the rules of the botanical Codes, e.g. later homonyms, cultivars that have been Latinised after 1 Jan 1959; cultivar names with more than 10 syllables or 30 letters; cultivar names that use confusing names of other plants, e.g. Camellia 'Rose'.
imbricate: From the Latin for "tiled". Overlapping each other; of perianth parts, edges overlapping in the bud (the convoluted arrangement is a special form of imbrication). Dormant buds of many deciduous species are imbricately covered with protective cataphylls called bud scales. Compare with subimbricates meaning lightly overlapping
imparipinnate: A pinnate leaf with an odd number of pinnae (terminated by a single leaflet). Compare paripinnate.
in: In nomenclature, where the preceding author published the name in an article or book, authored or edited by the succeeding author.
-inae: The suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subtribe: for instance, Corydalinae from Corydalis + -inae.
inbreeding: The production of offspring between closely related parents leading to a high degree of similarity; self-fertilization is the most intense form of inbreeding.
incertae sedis: Of unknown taxonomic affinity; relationships obscure.
incised: Cut deeply and (usually) unevenly (a condition intermediate between toothed and lobed).
included: Enclosed, not protruding, e.g. stamens within the corolla.
incomplete flower: A flower which lacks one or more of its usual parts, such as carpels, sepals, petals, pistils, or stamens.
incurved: Bent or curved inward; of leaf margins, when curved toward the adaxial side.
ined.: An abbreviation of Latin inedita, an unpublished work. Used to indicate that a botanical name appeared only in a manuscript that was not published, so the name is invalid.
indefinite: variable in number, and as a rule numerous, e.g. more than twice as many stamens as petals or sepals, but no particular standard number of stamens. In another usage it is a synonym for the preferable term indeterminate, meaning the condition in which an inflorescence is not terminated by a flower, but continues growing until limited by physiological factors. Compare numerous. Contrast definite.
indehiscent: Not opening in any definite manner at maturity; usually referring to fruit. Contrast dehiscent.
indeterminate: usually referring to a stem or inflorescence in which there is no particular terminal bud or meristem that stops growth and ends the extension of the stem, which continues until physiological factors stop the growth. Racemes of some Xanthorrhoeaceae, such as many Aloes, and of many Iridaceae, such as Watsonias, are indeterminate. Contrast determinate.
indigenous: Native to the area, not introduced, and not necessarily confined to the region discussed or present throughout it (hardly distinct from ‘native' but usually applied to a smaller area). For example, the Cootamundra Wattle is native to Australia but indigenous to the Cootamundra region of southern New South Wales. Compare endemic.
indumentum: Collective term for a surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.
induplicate: Folded upward, or folded with the two adaxial surfaces together.
indusium: 1. Membrane covering the sori of some ferns.^[44]; 2. Cup enclosing the stigma in Goodeniaceae.^[44]
inferior ovary: An ovary at least partly below the level of attachment of other floral parts. Compare superior ovary and half-inferior ovary.
inflated: Swollen, like a bladder.
inflexed: Bent sharply upward or forward. Compare deflexed.
inflorescence: several flowers closely grouped together to form an efficient structured unit; the grouping or arrangement of flowers on a plant.
infraspecific: denotes taxonomic ranks below species level, for example subspecies.
infrageneric: denoting taxonomic ranks below the genus level, for example, subgenera, sections, and series.
infructescence: the grouping or arrangement of fruits on a plant.
infundibular (infundibuliform): funnel-shaped, for example in the corolla of a flower.
inrolled: rolled inward.
insectivorous: catching, and drawing nutriment from, insects.
insertion, point of: The point at which one organ or structure (such as a leaf) is joined to the structure which bears it (such as a stem).
inserted: growing out from
integument: in general, any covering, but especially the covering of an ovule.
intercalary: (e.g. of growth) occurring between the apex and the base of an organ
intercalary meristem: a meristem located between the apex and the base of an organ
interjugary glands: in pinnate leaves, glands occurring along the leaf rachis between the pinnae (occurring below the single, and often slightly larger, gland at or just below the insertion of the pinnae). Compare jugary.
internode: The portion of a stem between two nodes.
interpetiolar: (of stipules) Between the petioles of opposite leaves, e.g in Rubiaceae.
intramarginal: inside but close to the margin. For example, an intramarginal vein is one that parallels, and is very close to, the leaf margin.
intrastaminal: inside the stamens or androecium, usually referring to the location of a nectary disk.
introrse: of anther locules, with opening toward the center of flower (at least in bud). Compare extrorse and latrorse.
invalid: Use of names not validly published according to the Code, i.e. they are not strictly 'names' in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
involucre: A structure surrounding or supporting, usually a head of flowers. In Asteraceae, it is the group of phyllaries (bracts) surrounding the inflorescence before opening, then supporting the cup-like receptacle on which the head of flowers sits. In Euphorbiaceae it is the cuplike structure that holds the nectar glands, nectar, and head of flowers, and sits above the bract-like cyathophyll structure. Involucres occur in Marchantiophyta, Cycads, fungi, and many other groups.
involute: Rolled inward, for example when the margins of a leaf are rolled toward the adaxial (usually upper) surface. Compare revolute.
iridescent: Having a reflective colored sheen produced by structural coloration, as in the speculum of the mirror orchid Ophrys speculum.
irregular: Not able to be divided into two equal halves through any vertical plane. See also asymmetrical. Compare zygomorphic, actinomorphic, and regular.
isobifacial: (of flat structures, especially leaves) Having both surfaces similar, usually referring to cell types or to the number and distribution of stomata.
isomerous: Having an equal number of parts in the whorls.
isomorphic: with all features morphologically similar, i.e. of similar size and shape. Compare heteromorphic.
isotomic: Having branches of equal diameter. Compare anisotomic.
iteroparity: Referring to an organism, such as a plant, that potentially reproduces repeatedly instead of dying after reproducing for the first time; the opposite of semelparity

J

joint: A node or junction of two parts; articulation.
jugary: associated with a jugum or something yoke-like; see for example jugary gland.
jugary gland: A gland occurring on the rachis of a pinnate or bipinnate leaf on a jugum, the junction or attachment of pairs of pinnae or pinnules, as in some Acacia species. Compare interjugary.
jugate: yoke-like; describing a structure of paired items joined together as in a jugum or something yoke-like, such as some leaves and fruit.
jugum: applied to various yoke-like organs, usually in the sense of their being paired, such as a pair of pinnae on a rachis.
juvenile leaves: Leaves formed on a young plant, typically differing from the adult leaves in form.

K

keel: A prominent longitudinal ridge like the keel of a boat, e.g. the structure of the corolla formed by the fusion of the lower edge of the two abaxial anterior petals of flowers in the Fabaceae.
kernel: See drupe.
kettle trap: another term for the kettle-like pitchers of any of the carnivorous pitcher plants, in which they trap their prey.
key innovation: A novel phenotypic trait that allows subsequent evolutionary radiation and success of a taxonomic group.
kidney shape: A term describing a kidney-shaped object such as a bean or a leaf; more formally, oblately cordate, or crescent-shaped with the ends rounded.
kingdom: the highest generally employed category of the taxonomic hierarchy, above that of division (phylum). The Plant Kingdom includes vascular plants, bryophytes and green algae and is also known as the clade Viridiplantae.
Klausenfrucht: Klausen or Klausenfrucht (German) is a special type of fruit in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from a superior ovary with axil or basal placentation, with an adherent calyx, from more than one carpel and usually breaking apart into one-seeded units by separating each carpel by false septa. One unit is a half carpel. Mostly there are four units, seeds. English terms are eremocarp, schizocarp, mericarp or nutlet.
knee: abrupt bend in a root or stem, commonly at a node; a cypress knee, or pneumatophore, is a type of bend or knob in the root of some plants, especially some species in the genus Taxodium, that shows as a projection of the root above ground level or mud level.

Kidney-shaped leaf of Cucurbita maxima
Typical knee at a node in a grass stem
Unusually dense stand of Taxodium distichumknees around the parent tree

L

labellum: lip; one of three or five petals which is (usually) different from the others, e.g. in Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cannaceae and Stylidiaceae.
labiate: lipped; where a corolla is divided into two parts, called an upper and lower lip, the two resembling an open mouth with lips.
lacerate: jagged, as if torn.
laciniate: Of lobes – with ends irregularly divided into deeply divided, narrow, pointed segments; Of margins – deeply divided into pointed segments in an irregular manner.
lacuna: An empty space, hole, cavity, pit, depression, or discontinuity.
lamella: Thin, plate-like layer. Composed of an assemblage of many layers.
lamina: the blade of a leaf or the expanded upper part of a petal, sepal or bract.
lanate: covered in or composed of wooly hairs.
lanceolate: longer than broad, narrowly ovate, broadest in the lower half and tapering to the tip, like a lance or spear head; (sometimes, and incorrectly, used to mean narrowly elliptic).
lanuginose: covered in long hairs that cross and/or interweave with each other. More commonly the term lanate is used.^[45]
lateral: attached to the side of an organ, e.g. leaves or branches on a stem. For more detail see dorsal.
latex: a milky fluid that exudes from such plants such as spurges, figs and dandelions.
laticiferous: latex-bearing, producing a milky juice.
latrorse: a type of anther dehiscence in which the anthers open laterally toward adjacent anthers. Compare introrse and extrorse.
lauroid: resembling Laurus, the laurel genus, particularly its leaves.
lax: loose, not compact.
leaf: an outgrowth of a stem, usually flat and green; its main function is food manufacture by photosynthesis. Abbreviation: lvs.
leaf gap: a parenchymatous area in the stele above (distal to) a leaf trace.
leaf scar: A healing layer forming on a stem where a leaf has fallen off.
leaf sheath: The basal portion of the petiole that wraps around the plant stem.
leaf trace: A vascular bundle connecting the stele to a leaf.
leaflets: The ultimate segments of a compound leaf.
legume: 1. a fruit characteristic of the family Fabaceae, formed from one carpel and either dehiscent along both sides, or indehiscent.; 2. a crop species in the family Fabaceae.; 3. a plant of the family Fabaceae.
lemma: the lower of 2 bracts enclosing a grass flower.
lenticel: Typically lenticular (lens-shaped) porous tissue in bark with large intercellular spaces that allows direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark.
lenticellate: Having lenticels
lenticular: 1. lens-shaped.; 2. covered in lenticels.
lepidote: covered with small scales.
leprose: powdery
liana: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground (liane is also used).
liane: a woody climbing plant, rooted in the ground. See also liana.
ligneous: having hard lignified tissues or woody parts, woody
lignum: Dead wood, typically in the context of a substrate for lichens.
lignicolous: Growing on wood tissue after bark as fallen or been stripped off (compare to corticolous).
lignotuber: a woody swelling of the stem below or just above the ground; contains adventitious buds from which new shoots can develop, e.g. after fire.
ligulate: 1. bearing a ligule.; 2. strap-shaped.
ligule: 1. A small membranous appendage on the top of the sheath of grass leaves.; 2. A minute adaxial appendage near the base of a leaf, e.g. in Selaginella.; 3. An extended, strap-like corolla in some daisy florets.
linea, line, British line, Paris line: Various pre-metric units somewhat larger than 2 mm, used in botany into the 20th century. See Line (unit) and Paris line.
linear: Very narrow in relation to its length, with the sides mostly parallel. See Leaf shape.
lingulate: tongue-shaped.
lip: A labellum.
lithophytic: A plant growing on rocks; an epilithic plant.
lobe: Part of a leaf (or other organ), often rounded and formed by incisions to about halfway to the midrib.
lobulate: Having, consisting of or relating to a lobe or lobes.
loculicidal: (of a fruit) Dehiscing through the centers of loculi. Compare septicidal.
locule: A chamber or cavity containing seeds within an ovary, pollen within an anther or spores in a sporangium.
lodicule: One of two or three minute organs at the base of the ovary of a grass flower, representing parts of a strongly reduced perianth.
lomentum or loment: A pod-like indehiscent fruit that develops constrictions between the segments and at maturity breaks into one-seeded segments instead of splitting open.
longicidal: (of anthers) Opening lengthwise by longitudinal slits. Compare poricidal.
lunate: Crescent-shaped.
lumen: The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.
lyrate: Lyre-shaped; deeply lobed, with a large terminal lobe and smaller lateral ones.

M

maculate: Spotted; marked with spots.
male flower: See staminate flower.
mallee: A growth habit in which several woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; a plant with such a growth habit, e.g. many Eucalyptus species; vegetation characterized by such plants.
mangrove: Any shrub or small tree growing in salt or brackish water, usually characterized by pneumatophores; any tropical coastal vegetation characterized by such species.
margin: The edge of a structure, as in the edge of a leaf blade.
marginal: Occurring at or very close to a margin.
marsh: A waterlogged area or swamp.
mast: Edible fruit and nuts produced by woody species of plants (e.g. acorns and beechmast) which is consumed on the ground by wildlife species and some domestic animals.
mealy: Covered with coarse, floury powder.
medulla: pith. See also medullary rays in wood.
megasporangium: the larger of two kinds of sporangium produced by heterosporous plants, producing large spores that contain the female gametophytes. Compare microsporangium.
megaspore: the larger of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant, giving rise to the female gametophyte. Compare microspore.
megasporophyll: in hetersoporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more megasporangia. Compare microsporophyll.
megastrobilus: the larger of two kinds of cones or strobili produced by gymnosperms, being female and producing the seeds. Compare microstrobilus.
membranous: thin, translucent and flexible, seldom green.
mericarp: one segment of a fruit (a schizocarp) that splits at maturity into units derived from the individual carpels, or a carpel, usually 1-seeded, released by the break-up at maturity of a fruit formed from 2 or more joined carpels.
meristem: Any actively dividing plant tissue.
mesic: Moist, avoiding both extremes of drought and wet; pertaining to conditions of moderate moisture or water supply; applied to organisms (vegetation) occupying moist habitats.
mesocarp: The fleshy portion of the wall of a succulent fruit inside the skin and outside the stony layer (if any), surrounding the seed(s); sarcocarp.
mesocaul: With moderately thick twigs. Compare pachycaul.
mesomorphic: Soft and with little fibrous tissue, but not succulent.
mesophyll: 1. The parenchyma tissues between the upper and lower epidermis. They vary in function, but usually include the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf.; 2. In ecology, the blade of a leaf or leaflet that has a surface area 4500–18225 mm²; a plant, or vegetation, that has mesophyll (sized) leaves.
mesophyllous: (of vegetation) Of moist habitats and having mostly large and soft leaves.
mesophyte: A plant thriving under intermediate environmental conditions of moderate moisture and temperature, without major seasonal fluctuations.
micropyle: Opening at apex of ovule.
microsporangium: The smaller of two kinds of sporangium produced by a heterosporous plant, producing microspores that contain the male gametophyte. Compare megasporangium.
microspore: The smaller of two kinds of spores produced by a heterosporous plant. Compare megaspore.
microsporophyll: In heterosporous plants, a modified leaf bearing one or more microsporangia. Compare megasporophyll.
microstrobilus: The smaller of two kinds of cones or strobilus produced by gymnosperms, being male and producing the pollen. Compare megastrobilus.
midrib: The central and usually most prominent vein of a leaf or leaf-like organ.
midvein: See midrib.
monad: A single individual that is free from other individuals, not united with them into a group. The term is usually used for pollen to distinguish single grains from tetrads or polyads.
monadelphous: A term describing stamen filaments that are fused for the greater part of their length, forming a tube around the style.
moniliform: Resembling a string of beads.
monocarpic: Flowering and setting seed only once before dying. See also semelparous.
monochasium: A cymose inflorescence with the branches arising singly. Compare dichasium and pleiochasium.
monocot: An abbreviation of monocotyledon.
monocotyledon: A flowering plant whose embryo contains one cotyledon (seed-leaf). Compare dicotyledon.
monoecious: (of vascular plants) Hermaphroditic, with all flowers bisexual, or with male and female reproductive structures in separate flowers but on the same plant, or of an inflorescence that has unisexual flowers of both sexes. Contrast dioecious.
monoicous: (of bryophyte gametophytes) Hermaphroditic or bisexual, where both male and female reproductive structures develop on the same individual. Contrast dioicous.
monograph: Of a group of plants, a comprehensive treatise presenting an analysis and synthesis of taxonomic knowledge of that taxon; the fullest account possible (at the time) of a family, tribe or genus. It is generally worldwide in scope and evaluates all taxonomic treatments of that taxon including studies of its evolutionary relationships with other related taxa, and cytological, genetic, morphological, palaeobotanical and ecological studies. The term is often incorrectly applied to any systematic work devoted to a single taxon. Compare revision.
monomorphic: Of one type, rather than several. See also dimorphic (two types) and polymorphic (many types).
monophyllous: Having a single leaf.
monopodial: A mode of stem growth and branching in which the main axis is formed by a single dominant meristem. Contrast sympodial.
monostromatic: Being a single cell thick, as in the algaMonostroma.
monothecous: having a sole compartment or cell. Compare Dithecous.
monotypic: Containing only one taxon of the next lower rank, e.g. a family with only one genus, or a genus that includes only a single species.
morphology: The shape or form of an organism or part thereof.
mucro: A sharp, short point, generally at the tip of a leaf or the tip of the midrib of a compound leaf.^[28]
mucronate: Terminating in a mucro.
multiple fruit: A cluster of fruits produced from more than one flower and appearing as a single fruit, often on a swollen axis, as with many species of the family Moraceae. Compare aggregate fruit.
muricate: Covered with short, hard protuberances.
mutation: In times before the nature of genetic encoding was understood, mutation was regarded as an abrupt, and sometimes heritable, variation from the norm of a population; for example a plant might unexpectedly produce "double" flowers, a novel color, or a habit of growth uncharacteristic of the species or variety. Advances in genetics and molecular biology in the mid-twentieth century, showed that biological mutations comprise and reflect changes in the nucleic acid molecules that encode the genome of an organism or virus. The nucleic acid affected could be DNA in the chromosomes, or it could be extrachromosomal DNA (typically DNA in the mitochondria or chloroplasts). In RNA viruses a mutation would be a change to the genetic information that the RNA encodes.
mycelium: The "vegetative" (nonreproductive) part of a fungus, mostly composed of aggregations of hyphae. It functions in substrate decomposition and absorption of nutrients.
mycorrhiza: One of several types of symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a plant.
mycotroph: A plant that obtains most or all of its carbon, water, and nutrients by associating with a fungus.

N

native: Naturally occurring in an area, but not necessarily confined to it. Compare endemic.
natural hybrid: A hybrid taxon produced by chance in the wild.
naturalised: Describing a plant, introduced from another region, that grows and reproduces readily in competition with the natural flora.
nectar: A usually sweet, nutrient-rich fluid produced by the flowers of many plants and collected by bees and other pollinators.
nectary: A specialized gland that secretes nectar.
neophyte: A plant that has recently been introduced to a geographic area. Contrast archaeophyte.
nerve: Another name for a vein.
node: The part of a stem from which leaves or branches arise.
nomen conservandum: (Latin) A conserved name, usually a name that became so much better known than the correct name, that a substitution was made.
nomen illegitimum: A name that is either superfluous at its time of publication because the taxon to which it was applied already has a name, or the name has already been applied to another plant (a homonym).
nomen invalidum: A name that is not validly published, and technically is therefore not a botanical name. Abbreviation: nom. inval. See Validly published name.
nomen nudum: A name not published in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, usually without a diagnosis or description of the entity to which it applies, and without reference to either; such a name should not be used.
nomenclature: The naming of things; often restricted to the correct use of scientific names in taxonomy; a system that sets out provisions for the formation and use of names.
noxious: Of plants, containing harmful or unwholesome qualities. Applied in conjunction with 'weed' to specifically describe a plant which legislation deems harmful to the environment. Each state and territory in Australia has specific legislation governing noxious weeds.
nucellus: The tissue of the ovule of a seed plant that surrounds the female gametophyte. It is enclosed by integuments and is not of epidermal origin.
numerous: Stamens are described as numerous when there are more than twice as many as sepals or petals, especially when there is no set number of them. Compare indefinite.
nut: A hard, dry, indehiscent fruit containing only one seed.
nutlet: 1. A small nut.; 2. One of the lobes or sections of the mature ovary of some members of the Boraginaceae, Verbenaceae, and Lamiaceae.

O

ob-: A prefix meaning "inversely"; usually the same shape as that described by the word stem, but attached by the narrower end. See obcordate, oblanceolate and obovate.
obconic: (of a fruit, hypanthium, pistil, or calyx) Shaped like an inverted cone, attached at the apex.
obcordate: (of a leaf blade) Broad and notched at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the pointed end.
obdiplostemonous: Having stamens arranged in two whorls, and having twice as many stamens as petals, with the outer whorl being opposite the petals. Compare diplostemonous and haplostemonous.
oblanceolate: Having a lanceolate shape but broadest in the upper third.
oblate: Having a spherical shape but flattened at the poles.
obligate: (of parasites) Unable to survive without a host. Contrast facultative.
oblique: Slanting; of a leaf or stem, larger on one side of the midrib than the other, in other words asymmetrical.
obloid: Having a three-dimensional oblong shape, e.g. a fruit.
oblong: Having a length a few times greater than the width, with sides almost parallel and ends rounded.
obovate: (of a leaf) Having a length about 1.5 times the width, and widest above the center.
obovoid: Egg-shaped, with narrower portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis. Compare ovoid
obsolete: Not evident, or at most rudimentary or vestigial.
obtrapeziform: trapeziform, but attached by the narrower trapezoidal base (e.g. of a leaf)
obtuse: Blunt or rounded; having converging edges that form an angle of more than 90°. Compare acute.
ocrea: A sheath formed from two stipules encircling the node in members of the Polygonaceae.
odd-pinnate: Having an odd number of leaflets in a compound pinnate leaf, such that there is only one terminal leaflet.
oft.: An abbreviation of "often". Compare usu. and s.t..
-oideae: A suffix added to the stem of a generic name to form the name of a subfamily, e.g. Fumaria → Fumarioideae.
olim: Formerly, e.g. "olim B", formerly in the Berlin herbarium (Herbarium Berolinense).
ontogeny: The sequence of developmental stages through which an organism passes as it grows.
operculum (calyptra): A lid or cover that becomes detached at maturity, e.g. in Eucalyptus, a cap covering the bud and formed by the fusion or cohesion of perianth parts.
opposite: 1. Describing leaves or flowers borne at the same level but on directly opposite sides of their common axis.; 2. Describing the occurrence of something on the same radius as something else, e.g. anthers opposite sepals. Compare alternate.
opus utique oppressum: Listed after the botanical name of a plant, or the name of a publication, this indicates that a publication is listed in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as a suppressed work. Botanical names of the specified rank in the publication are considered not validly published (article 34).
orbicular: Flat and more or less circular.
order: A group of one or more families sharing common features, ancestry, or both.
ortet: The original single parent plant from which a clone ultimately derives.
orthotropous: Describes an ovule that is erect, with the micropyle directed away from the placenta; atropous. Compare amphitropous, anatropous, and campylotropous.
oval: See elliptical.
ovary: The basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, enclosing the ovules.
ovate: Shaped like a section through the "long axis" of an egg and attached by the wider end.
ovoid: Egg-shaped, with wider portion at base; 3-dimensional object, ovate in all sections through long-axis. Compare obovoid
ovule: Loosely, the seed before fertilization; a structure in a seed plant within which one or more megaspores are formed (after fertilization it develops into a seed).

P

pachycaul: with a disproportionately thick trunk
pachycladous: with disproportionately thick stems
palate: An expanded lower lip of a flower that nearly or entirely blocks the opening of a flower tube, as in a snapdragon flower.^[46]
palea: 1. The upper of two bracts enclosing a grass flower, major contributors to chaff in harvested grain.; 2. Chaffy scales on the receptacles of many Asteraceae.; 3. Chaffy scales on the stipe of many ferns.
paleate: Bearing paleae or chaffy scales, as in description of the receptacle of a capitulum of a plant in the Asteraceae.
paleaceous: Chaff-like in texture.
palmate: 1. leaf with veins radiating out from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole), resembling spread out fingers pointing away from the palm.; 2. A compound palmate leaf has leaflets that radiate from a central point (usually at the top of a petiole).
palmatifid: Deeply divided into several lobes arising from more or less the same level.
palmatisect: Intermediate between palmate and palmatifid, i.e. the segments are not fully separated at the base; often more or less digitate.
pandurate: shaped like the body of a fiddle (mainly, of plant leaves)
panicle: A compound raceme; an indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on branches of the main axis or on further branches of these.
papilionate: Butterfly-like; having a corolla like that of a pea.
papilla: A small, elongated protuberance on the surface of an organ, usually an extension of one epidermal cell.
pappus: In daisy florets, a tuft or ring of hairs or scales borne above the ovary and outside the corolla (representing the reduced calyx); a tuft of hairs on a fruit.
paracarpel: Ill-defined term, variously interpreted and applied to: organs attached to carpels; staminodes close to the gynoecium; and to a pistillode in a staminate flower
paraperigonium: An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature. See also perigonium, perianth, and corona.^[47]
parasite: An organism living on or in a different organism, from which it derives nourishment. Some plant species are parasitic. Compare saprophyte and epiphyte.
parenchyma: A versatile ground tissue composed of living primary cells which performs a wide variety of structural and biochemical functions in plants.
parietal: Attached to the marginal walls of a structure, e.g. ovules attached to placentas on the wall of the ovary. See placentation.
paripinnate: Having an even number of leaflets (or pinnae), i.e. terminated by a pair of pinnae as opposed to a single pinna. Compare imparipinnate.
parthenocarpy: The development or production of fruit without fertilization. Compare stenospermocarpy.
patent: Spreading; standing at 45–50° to the axis. See also erecto-patent.
patulous: See patent.
pauciflor: Having few flowers per inflorescence. Compare pluriflor and uniflor.
pectinate: Pinnately divided with narrow segments closely set like the teeth of a comb.
pedate: Having a terminal lobe or leaflet, and on either side of it an axis curving outward and backward, bearing lobes or leaflets on the outer side of the curve.
pedicel: The stalk of a flower; may also be applied to the stalk of a capitulum in the Asteraceae.
peduncle: The stalk of an inflorescence.
peltate: Shield-like, with the stalk attached to the lower surface and not to the margin.
pellucid: Transmitting light; for example, said of tiny gland dots in the leaves of e.g. Myrtaceae and Rutaceae that are visible when held in front of a light.
pendulous: Hanging, for example an ovule attached to a placenta on the top of the ovary. Compare suspended.
penicillate: Tufted like an artist's brush; with long hairs toward one end.
penninervation: With pinnately arranged veins.
pentamerous: In five parts, particularly with respect to flowers, five parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and tetramerous.
pepo: A type of berry formed from an inferior ovary and containing many seeds, usually large with a tough outer skin (e.g. a cucumber, pumpkin or watermelon).
perennating: Of an organ that survives vegetatively from season to season. A period of reduced activity between seasons is usual.
perennial: A plant whose life span extends over several years.
perfect: (of a flower) Bisexual; containing both male and female reproductive parts in the same inflorescence. Contrast imperfect.
perfoliate: With its base wrapped around the stem (so that the stem appears to pass through it), e.g. of leaves and bracts.
perforate: With many holes. Used to describe the texture of pollen exine, and also to indicate that tracheary elements have a perforation plate. See also fenestrate.
perforation plate: in a tracheary element, part of the cell wall that is perforated; present in vessel members but not in tracheids. Should not be confused with a pit.
perianth: The collective term for the calyx and corolla of a flower (generally used when the two are too similar to be easily distinguishable). Abbreviation: P; for instance, P 3+3 indicates the calyx and corolla each have 3 elements, i.e. 3 sepals + 3 petals.
pericarp: The wall of a fruit, developed from the ovary wall.
periclinal: Curved along parallel to a surface. Compare anticlinal.
pericycle: A cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants.
perigonium: In flowering plants, synonym of perianth.; 2. In mosses, the leaves surrounding the antheridia, also called a splash-cup, e.g. in Polytrichum juniperinum.
perigynium: A sac from a modified tubular bract, or when fully closed an utricle, around the pistillate flower of sedges
perigynous: Borne around the ovary, i.e. of perianth segments and stamens arising from a cup-like or tubular extension of receptacle (free from the ovary but extending above its base). Compare epigynous and hypogynous.
persistent: Remaining attached to the plant beyond the usual time of falling, for instance sepals not falling after flowering, flower parts remaining through maturity of fruit. Compare deciduous and caducous.
perule: 1. The scales covering a leaf or flower bud, or a reduced scale-like leaf surrounding the bud. Buds lacking perulae are referred to as "naked".; 2. In Camellias the final bracts and sepals become indistinguishable and are called perules.; 3. A kind of sac formed by the adherent bases of the two lateral sepals in certain orchids.
petal: In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the inner whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs, usually soft and conspicuously colored. Compare sepal, tepal.
petalody: The transformation of reproductive organs of flower into petals.
petaloid: Like a petal; soft in texture and colored conspicuously.
petiolary (or petiolar): Associated with a petiole, as in petiolary glands.
petiolate: (of a leaf) Having a petiole. Contrast sessile.
petiole: The stalk of a leaf.
petiolule: The stalk of a leaflet.
petricolous: Rock-dwelling; living on or among rocks.
phaneranthous: Showy, as in showy flowers that advertise to pollinators, as opposed to aphananthous (unshowy)
phanerogam: Gymnosperms and angiosperms; plants producing stamens and gynoecia; literally plants with conspicuous sexual reproductive organs. Compare cryptogams.
phenology: The study of the timing of seasonal biological phenomena, such as flowering, leaf emergence, fruit ripening and leaf fall.
phloem: Specialized conducting tissue in vascular plants that transports sucrose from the leaves to other plant organs.
photosynthesis: Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis.
phyllary: Individual bract within an involucre or involucel.
phyllid: Leaf-like extension of the stem in Bryophytes
phyllode: A leaf with the blade much reduced or absent, and in which the petiole and or rachis perform the functions of the whole leaf, e.g. many acacias. Compare cladode.
phyllopodium: (in ferns) A short outgrowth of the stem on which the frond is borne and which remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has been shed.
phylloplane: the surface of a leaf, considered as a habitat for organisms.
phyllosphere: The above-ground surface of plants as a habitat for epiphytic microorganisms.
phylum: A level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used instead of phylum.
phytomelan: A black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales, Asteraceae, etc.
pileate: Having a cap, a pileus.
pileus: A cap or cap-shaped structure, such as the cap of mushrooms or the plumule of some monocotyledons.
piliform: Having the shape of a cap, a pileus.
pilose: covered with soft, weak, thin and clearly separated hairs, which are usually defined as long and sometimes ascending.
pinna: A primary segment of a compound leaf.
pinnate: A compound leaf with leaflets arranged on each side of a common petiole or axis; also applied to how the lateral veins are arranged in relation to the main vein.
pinnatifid: Pinnately lobed.
pinnatisect: pinnately divided almost to midrib but segments still confluent.
pinnule or pinnula: Usage varies:ultimate free division (or leaflets) of a compound leaf,ora pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.
pistil: 1. a single carpel when the carpels are free.; 2. a group of carpels when the carpels are united by the fusion of their walls.
pistillate flower: a flower containing one or more pistils but no fertile stamens. Sometimes called a female flower. Contrast with staminate flower
pistillode: A sterile or rudimentary pistil such as may appear in a staminate flower.
pit: In tracheary elements, a section of the cell wall where the secondary wall is missing, and the primary wall is present. Pits generally occur in pairs and link two cells.
pith: The central region of a stem, inside the vascular cylinder; the spongy parenchymatous central tissue in some stems and roots.
placenta: The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached.
placentation: The arrangement of ovules inside ovary; for example axile, free-central, parietal, marginal, basal, or apical.
Plant Breeders Rights (PBR): These rights, governed by Plant Breeder's Rights Acts give the plant breeder legal protection over the propagation of a cultivar, and the exclusive rights to produce and to sell it, including the right to license others to produce and sell plants and reproductive material of a registered, deliberately bred variety. Compare UPOV.
Plant Variety Rights (PVR): Governed by the Plant Variety Rights the registration of new varieties is now governed by Plant Breeders Rights.
plastochron: The time between successive leaf initiation events.
pleiochasium: pl. pleiochasia. An inflorescence in which several buds come out at the same time. Compare monochasium and dichasium.
plicate: Pleated; folded back and forth longitudinally like a fan, such as the leaves of fan palm species. The concept often appears in specific names in forms such as Kumara plicatilis and Acacia plicata. Commonly such names are not correctly appropriate, but are applied to distichous structures rather than plicate.
-plinerved: (of leaves) A suffix indicating that the main nerves are lateral and arise from a point distinctly above the base of the leaf. Combined with a numerical prefix to form words like 3-plinerved, 5-plinerved, and so on. Such leaves are especially characteristic of the family Melastomataceae. See for example Dissotis.
plumose: Like a feather; with fine hairs branching from a main axis.
plumule: The part of an embryo that gives rise to the shoot system of a plant. Compare radicle.
pluriflor: Having many flowers per inflorescence. See also pauciflor and uniflor.
pluriovulate: Having many ovules as in placentae, carpels, or ovaries.
pneumatophore: A vertical appendage, aerial at low tide, on the roots of some plants. Pneumatophore functions are unclear, but possibly related to gas exchange, or to root anchoring. Pneumatophores typically occur on mangrove roots, but some versions occur on species of conifers, such as some in the Taxodioideae.
pod: 1. A legume, the fruit of a leguminous plant, a dry fruit of a single carpel, splitting along two sutures.; 2. A siliqua and silicula, the fruit of Brassicaceae, a dry fruit composed of two carpels separated by a partition.
podocarpium: In four genera of the coniferous family Podocarpaceae (Acmopyle, Dacrycarpus, Falcatifolium, and Podocarpus), a group of fleshy fused bracts beneath the female cone, often brightly-colored, which swell to enclose the developing seeds above and attract fruit-eating animals.^[48]
pollen: pollen-grains, the microspores of seed plants from anthers of angiosperms or the microsporangia (of gymnosperms); .
pollen-mass: Sometimes = pollinium, but more loosely, any mass of pollen a plant produces, such as around the spadix and within the spathe of some Araceae.
pollen transmitting tissue: the tissue in the style of a flower through which the pollen tubes grow.
pollinarium: See pollinium. Variously applied to structures of two or more pollinia connected or joined together. Pollinaria occur in various plant taxa, notably Orchidaceae and Asclepiadoideae
pollination: The transfer of pollen from a male organ (such as an anther) to the receptive region of a female organ (such as a stigma).
pollinium: A structure of coherent pollen-grains from a single anther; pollinia commonly occur in e.g. orchids and Asclepiadoideae as woolly, sticky or waxy masses, adapted to being stuck to appropriate pollinators and carried away to another flower of the same species. Such flowers typically are adapted to stripping incoming pollinia from carrier insects, thereby avoiding pollen from unrelated species.
polygamodioecious: Having bisexual and male flowers on some plants and bisexual and female flowers on others. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, dioecious, monoecious, polygamomonoecious, and polygamous.
polygamomonoecious: having male, female, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Compare androdioecious, andromonoecious, polygamodioecious, and polygamous.
polygamous: having bisexual and unisexual flowers on the same plant.
polymorphic: Of several different kinds (in respect to shape and/or size), hence polymorphism. See also monomorphic (a single type) and dimorphic (two types)
polyphyllous: having many leaves or perianth segments. Compare symphyllous, gamophyllous, and apophyllous.
polyploid: with more than two of the basic sets of chromosomes in the nucleus; any sporophyte with cells containing three or more complete sets of chromosomes. Various combinations of words or numbers with '-ploid' indicate the number of haploid sets of chromosomes, e.g. triploid = 3 sets, tetraploid = 4 sets, pentaploid = 5 sets, hexaploid = 6 sets, and so on.
polystemonous: having numerous stamens; the number of stamens being at least twice the number of sepals or petals, but not strictly three or four times that number.
pome: A fruit that has developed partly from the ovary wall but mostly from the hypanthium (e.g. an apple).
population: 1. All individuals of one or more species within a prescribed area.; 2. A group of organisms of one species, occupying a defined area and usually isolated to some degree from other similar groups.; 3. In statistics, the whole group of items or individuals under investigation.
poricidal: Opening by pores, as with the capsule of a poppy or the anthers in several families of plants. Compare longicidal.
posterior: Positioned behind or toward the rear. Contrast anterior.
prickle: A hard, pointed outgrowth from the surface of a plant (involving several layers of cells but not containing a vein); a sharp outgrowth from the bark, detachable without tearing wood. Compare thorn.
primary vein: The single vein or array of veins that is conspicuously larger than any others in a leaf. In pinnate venation, the single primary vein can generally be found in the middle of the leaf; in palmate venation, several such veins radiate from a point at or near the base of the leaf.
procumbent: Spreading along the ground but not rooting at the nodes; not as close to the ground as prostrate.
propagule: Any structure capable of generating a new plant; includes seeds, spores, bulbils, etc.
pro parte: In part. In nomenclature, used to denote that the preceding taxon includes more than one currently recognized entity, and that only one of those entities is being considered.
prophyll: A leaf formed at the base of a shoot, usually smaller than those formed later.
prostrate: Lying flat on the ground; commonly rooting at nodes that touch the soil surface.
protandrous: Having male sex organs which mature before the female ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen before the stigma is receptive. Compare protogynous.
proteranthous: With new leaves appearing before flowers. See also hysteranthous and synanthous.
prothallus: A gametophyte plant, usually flattened and delicate, e.g. in ferns and fern allies.
protogynous: Having female sex organs which mature before the male ones, e.g. a flower shedding pollen after the stigma has ceased to be receptive. Compare protandrous.
proximal: Near the point of origin or attachment. Compare distal.
pruinose: Covered with a powdery, waxy material; having a bloom.
pseudanthium: A type of inflorescence occurring in the Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, in which multiple flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure, commonly called a head or capitulum.
pseudo-: A prefix meaning "false, not genuine", e.g. a pseudo-bulb is a thickened, bulb-like internode in orchids, but not an actual bulb.
pseudobasifixed: (of an anther) Connected to the filament of the stamen by connective tissue which extends in a tube around the filament tip. See also basifixed and dorsifixed.
pseudostipule: An enlarged, persistent axillary bud scale that resembles a stipule; common in Bignoniaceae.
pseudoverticillate: Having the appearance of being whorled (verticillate), without actually being so.
puberulous: Covered with minute soft erect hairs.
pubescent: Downy; covered with short, soft hairs, especially erect hairs.
pulverulent: Having powdery or crumbly particles as if pulverized.
pulvinate: Having a pulvinus.
pulvinus: a swelling at either end of a petiole of a leaf or petiolule of a leaflet, e.g. in Fabaceae, that permits leaf movement.
punctate: (from Latin puncta= puncture or prick-mark) marked with an indefinite number of dots, or with similarly small items such as translucent glands or tiny hollows.
punctiform: Dot-like or in the shape of a prick-mark.
pungent: Having a sharp, hard point.
pustule: A blister-like swelling.
pustulate: Having pustules.
pyramidal: (of a growth habit) Shaped like an Egyptian pyramid, broad conic with a quadrate cross-section. Not found in nature, in living things only seen in deliberately shaped topiary, but the term is frequently misapplied to conical trees, especially in popular literature.^[49]^[30]
pyrene: The stone of a drupe, consisting of the seed surrounded by the hardened endocarp.
pyriform: Pear-shaped; a term for solid shapes that are roughly conical in shape, broadest one end and narrowest at the other. As a rule the distal third of their length is the broadest, and they are narrowest near the proximal end, the base, where the stalk, if any, attaches.
pyrophile: Plants which need fire for their reproduction.
pyrophyte: Plants which have adapted to tolerate fire.

Q

quadrate: More or less square.

R

raceme: An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis produces a series of flowers on lateral stalks, the oldest at the base and the youngest at the top. Compare spike. Also racemiform or racemoid - having the form of a raceme.
rachilla (rhachilla): 1. the axis of a grass spikelet, above the glumes; see spikelet.; 2. the rachis of higher order in leaves that are compound more than once
rachis: The axis of an inflorescence or a pinnate leaf; for example ferns; secondary rachis is the axis of a pinna in a bipinnate leaf distal to and including the lowermost pedicel attachment.
radial: With structures radiating from a central point as spokes on a wheel (e.g. the lateral spines of a cactus).
radiate: (of daisies, of a capitulum) With ray floret surrounding disc florets.
radical: Springing from the root; clustered at base of stem.
radicle: The part of an embryo giving rise to the root system of a plant. Compare plumule.
rainforest: A moist temperate or tropical forest dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a continuous canopy.
ramet: An individual member of a clone.
ramicaul: a single-leafed stem, as in Pleurothallis orchids.^[50]
ramiflory: Having flowers or fruits growing directly from a tree's branches.
ramify: To divide or spread out into individual branches or branchlike parts.
ray: 1. zygomorphic (ligulate) flowers in a radiate flowerhead, that is, ray-florets/flowers, for example Asteraceae.; 2. each of the branches of an umbel.
recalcitrant: (Of a seed) No longer viable after drying or freezing and thus unable to be stored for long periods.
receptacle: the axis of a flower, in other words, floral axis; torus; for example in Asteraceae, the floral base or receptacle is the expanded tip of the peduncle on which the flowers are inserted.
recumbent: bent back toward or below the horizontal.
recurved: bent or curved backward or downward.
reduplicate: folded outward, or with the two abaxial surfaces together.
reflexed: bent sharply back or down.
registered name: a cultivar name accepted by the relevant International Cultivar Registration Authority.
registration: 1. the act of recording a new cultivar name with an International Cultivar Registration Authority.; 2. recording a new cultivar name with a statutory authority like the Plant Breeder's Rights Office.; 3. recording a trademark with a trade marks office.
regular: See actinomorphic.
reiteration: upright limb
reniform: Kidney-shaped.
replum: a framework-like placenta to which the seeds attach, and which remains after each valve drops away.
resupinate: Describing leaves or flowers that are in an inverted position because the petiole or pedicel, respectively, is twisted 180 degrees. compare: hyper-resupinate.
reticulate: forming a network (or reticulum), e.g. veins that join one another at more than one point.
retrorse: Bent backward or downward. Compare antrorse.
retuse: Having a blunt (obtuse) and slightly notched apex.
revision: an account of a particular plant group, like an abbreviated or simplified monograph. Sometimes confined to the plants of a particular region. Similar to a monograph in clearly distinguishing the taxa and providing a means for their identification. Compare monograph.
revolute: rolled under (downward or backward), for example when the edges of leaves are rolled under toward the midrib. Compare involute.
rhachis: See rachis.
rhizodermis: the root epidermis, the outermost primary cell layer of the root
rhizome: a perennial underground stem usually growing horizontally. See also stolon. Abbreviation: rhiz.
rhizomatous: (adj.) having above-ground stems that are derived from below-ground stems (rhizomes). Compare arhizomatous (arhizomatic).
rhizosphere: the below-ground surface of plants and adjacent soil as a habitat for microorganisms.
rhytidome: the dead region of the bark and root that lies outside the periderm.
rhombic: like a rhombus: an oblique figure with four equal sides. Compare trapeziform and trullate.
rhomboid: a four-sided figure with opposite sides parallel but with adjacent sides an unequal length (like an oblique rectangle); see also rhombic.
rhomboidal: a shape, for instance of a leaf, that is roughly diamond-shaped with length equal to width.
rimose: with many cracks, as in the surface of a crustose areolate lichen.
root: a unit of a plant's axial system which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downward, and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
root hairs: outgrowths of the outermost layer of cells just behind the root tips, functioning as water-absorbing organs.
root microbiome: the dynamic community of microorganisms associated with plant roots.
rootstock: 1. the part of a budded or grafted plant which supplies the root system, also simply called a stock.; 2. plants selected to produce a root system with some specific attribute, e.g. a virus-free rootstock.
rosette: when parts are not whorled or opposite but appear so, due to the contractions of internodes, e.g. the petals in a double rose or a basal cluster of leaves (usually close to the ground) in some plants.
rostellate: possessing a beak (rostellum). Synonym of rostrate.
rostrate: with a beak.
rotate: circular and flattened; for example a corolla with a very short tube and spreading lobes (for instance some Solanaceae).
ruderal: a plant that colonises or occupies disturbed waste ground. See also weed.
rudiment: In the structure of a plant, an item that is at best hardly functional, either because it is immature and has not yet completed its development (such as a leaf still incompletely formed inside a bud), or because its role in the organism's morphology cannot be completed and therefore is futile (such as the leaf rudiment at the tip of a phyllode, that will be shed while immature, because the leaf function will be taken over by the phyllode). Compare cataphyll and vestige.
rudimentary: Being of the nature of a rudiment; at most barely functional because incompletely developed; begun, but far from completed, either temporarily or permanently. Compare vestigial.
rugose: Wrinkled, either covered with wrinkles, or crumpled like a wrinkled leaf, either as a stiffening structure, or in response to disease or insect damage.
rugulose: Finely wrinkled.
ruminate: (usually applied to endosperm) Irregularly grooved or ridged; appearing chewed, e.g. the endosperm in certain members of Myristicaceae.
runcinate: Sharply pinnatifid or cleft, with the segments directed downward.
runner: See stolon.
rupicolous: Rupestral, saxicolous, growing on or among rocks. Compare epilithic and lithophytic.
rush: A plant of the family Juncaceae or, more loosely, applied to various monocotyledons.

S

saccate: Pouched or shaped like a sack.
sagittate: Shaped like the head of an arrow; narrow and pointed but gradually enlarged at the base into two straight lobes directed downward; may refer only to the base of a leaf with such lobes. Compare hastate.
salverform: Shaped like a salver - Trumpet-shaped; having a long, slender tube and a flat, abruptly expanded limb
samara: A dry, indehiscent fruit with its wall expanded into a wing, e.g. in the genus Acer.
samphire: A common name given to various edible coastal plants, such as Salicornia spp. (Amaranthaceae), Crithmum maritimum (Apiaceae) and Limbarda crithmoides (Asteraceae).
sanguine: (from Latin sanguineus) Blood-colored: crimson; the color of blood.
saprophyte: A plant, or loosely speaking, a fungus or similar organism, deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter such as dead wood or humus, and usually lacking chlorophyll. Compare parasite, saprotroph, and epiphyte.
saprotroph: An organism deriving its nourishment from decaying organic matter. Contrast parasite and epiphyte.
sarment: A long, slender, prostrate stolon, commonly called a runner.
sarmentose: Reproducing by sarments; strawberry plants are the most familiar example.
saxicolous: Growing on stone, like some lichens.
scabrid: Rough to the touch, with short hard protrusions or hairs.
scalariform: Ladder-like in structure or appearance.
scale: 1. A reduced or rudimentary leaf, for example around a dormant bud.; 2. A flattened epidermal outgrowth, such as those commonly found on the leaves and rhizomes of ferns.
scandent: Climbing, by whatever means. See also: scandent in Wiktionary.
scape: Usages vary, e.g.: a leafless peduncle arising directly from the ground, or a stem-like flowering stalk of a plant with radical leaves.
scapose: Having the floral axis more or less erect with few or no leaves; consisting of a scape.
scarious: Dry and membranous.
schizocarp: A dry fruit formed from more than one carpel but breaking apart into individual carpels (mericarp) when ripe. For illustration, see mericarp
scion: The aerial part of a graft combination, induced by various means to unite with a compatible understock or rootstock.
sclereid: A cell with a thick, lignified, cell wall that is shorter than a fiber cell and dies soon after the thickening of its cell wall.
sclerenchyma: A strengthening or supporting tissue composed of sclereids or of a mixture of sclereids and fibers.
sclerophyll: A plant with hard, stiff leaves; any structure stiffened with thick-walled cells.
scorpioid: (of a cymose inflorescence) Branching alternately on one side and then the other. Compare helicoid.
scrobiculate: Having very small pits.
scrubland: Dense vegetation dominated by shrubs.
scurf: Minute, loose, membranous scales on the surface of some plant parts, such as leaves.
secondary metabolite: Chemicals produced by a plant that do not have a role in so-called primary functions such as growth, development, photosynthesis, reproduction, etc.
secretory tissue: The tissues concerned with the secretion of gums, resins, oils and other substances in plants.
section (sectio): The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between subgenus and series. It is a singular noun always written with a capital initial letter, in combination with the generic name.
secund: Having all the parts grouped on one side or turned to one side (applied especially to inflorescences).
sedge: A plant of the family Cyperaceae.
seed: A ripened ovule, consisting of a protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves; a propagating organ formed in the sexual reproductive cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms (together, the seed plants).
segment: A part or subdivision of an organ, e.g. a petal is a segment of the corolla. A term sometimes used when the sepals and petals are indistinguishable.
self-pollination: (also selfing) The acceptance by stigmas of pollen from the same flower or from flowers on the same plant, which means they are self-compatible.
semaphyll: A structure such as a bract or sepal (if the remainder of the perianth is inconspicuous) which has become modified to attract pollinators.
semelparity: When a plant flowers once, then dies. Opposite of iteroparity
semiterete: Of a stem, more or less semicircular in cross-section: rounded on one side but flat on the other. Compare with: terete.
senecioid: See anthemoid.
sensitive: A descriptive term for stigmas that, in response to touch, close the two lobes of the stigma together, ending the receptivity of the stigma, at least for the time that the lobes are closed together. Mimulus is perhaps the best-known example.
sensu: In the sense of.
sensu auct.: (of a plant group or name) As cited by a named authority.
sensu amplo: (of a plant group or name) In a generous or ample sense.
sensu lato: (of a plant group) In a broad sense.
sensu strictissimo: (of a plant group) In the narrowest sense.
sensu stricto: (of a plant group) In a narrow sense.
sepal: In a flower, one of the segments or divisions of the outer whorl of non-fertile parts surrounding the fertile organs; usually green. Compare petal, tepal.
septicidal: (of a fruit) Dehiscing along the partitions between loculi. Compare loculicidal.
septum: A partition, e.g. the membranous wall separating the two valves of the pod of Brassicaceae.
seriate: Arranged in rows.
sericeous: Silky with dense appressed hairs.
series: The category of supplementary taxa intermediate in rank between section and species. It is often used as a plural adjective, as in "Primula subgenus Primula sect. Primula series Acaules".
serrate: Toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward; like the cutting edge of a saw.
serrulate: Finely serrate.
sessile: Attached without a stalk, e.g. of a leaf without a petiole or a stigma, when the style is absent.
seta: A bristle or stiff hair (in Bryophytes, the stalk of the sporophyte). A terminal seta is an appendage to the tip of an organ, e.g. the primary rachis of a bipinnate leaf in Acacia.
sheath: A tubular or rolled part of an organ, e.g. the lower part of the leaf in most grasses.^[51]
sheathing: When the rolled or tubular part of a plant contains another it is described as sheathing.^[51]
shoot: The aerial part of a plant; a stem and all of its dependent parts (leaves, flowers, etc.).
shrub: A woody perennial plant without a single main trunk, branching freely, and generally smaller than a tree.
sigmoid: Shaped like the letter 'S'.
silicula or silicle: A fruit like a siliqua, but stouter, not more than twice as long as wide.
silique
siliqua: A dry, dehiscent fruit (in contrast to a silicula, more than twice as long as wide) formed from a superior ovary of two carpels, with two parietal placentas and divided into two loculi by a 'false' septum.
silky: Densely covered with fine, soft, straight, appressed hairs, with a lustrous sheen and satiny to the touch.
silviculture: The science of forestry and the cultivation of woodlands for commercial purposes and wildlife conservation.
simple: Undivided or unsegmented, e.g. a leaf not divided into leaflets (note, however, that a simple leaf may still be entire, toothed or lobed) or an unbranched hair or inflorescence.
sinuate: Having deep, wave-like depressions along the margins, but more or less flat. Compare undulate.
sinus: A notch or depression between two lobes or teeth in the margin of an organ.
solitary: Single, of flowers that grow one plant per year, one in each axil, or widely separated on the plant; not grouped in an inflorescence.
sorus: A cluster of sporangia. Sori typically occur in ferns, some Algae and some fungi. In many fern species the sorus is covered by a protective indusium.
sp.: An abbreviation of species (singular), often used when the genus is known but the species has not been determined, as in "Brassica sp." See spp..
spp.: An abbreviation of species (plural), often used to collectively refer to more than one species of the same genus, as in "Astragalus spp." See sp..
spadix: A spicate (spike-like) inflorescence with the flowers crowded densely, even solidly, around a stout, often succulent axis. Particularly typical of the family Araceae
spathe: A large bract ensheathing an inflorescence. Traditionally any broad, flat blade.
spathulate or spatulate: Spoon-shaped; broad at the tip with a narrowed projection extending to the base.
species: A group, or populations of individuals, sharing common features and/or ancestry, generally the smallest group that can be readily and consistently recognized; often, a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. The basic unit of classification, the category of taxa of the lowest principal rank in the nomenclatural hierarchy. Strict assignment to a species is not always possible, as it is subject to particular contexts, and the species concept under consideration.
specific epithet: Follows the name of the genus, and is the second word of a botanical binomial. The generic name and specific epithet together constitute the name of a species, i.e. the specific epithet is not the species name.
speirochoric: Unintentional introduction by seeds.^[52] Compare agochoric.
spica: Another name for a spike.
spike: An unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are without stalks. Compare raceme.
spikelet: A subunit of a spike inflorescence, especially in grasses, sedges, and some other monocotyledons, consisting of one to many flowers and associated bracts or glumes.
spine: A stiff, sharp structure formed by the modification of a plant organ that contains vascular tissue, e.g. a lateral branch or a stipule; includes thorns.
spinescent: Ending in a spine; modified to form a spine.
spiral: Of arrangement, when plant parts are arranged in a succession of curves like the thread of a screw, or coiled in a cylindrical or conical manner.
splash-cup (sporangia): A cup-like structure in fungi such as Nidulariaceae and in cryptogams such as some mosses. The cups function in spore dispersal, in which the energy of raindrops falling into the cup causes the water to splash outward carrying the spores.^[53]
sporangium (sporangia): A structure in which spores are formed and from which the mature spores are released
sporangiophore: An organ bearing sporangia, e.g. the cones of Equisetum.
spore: A haploid propagule, produced by meiosis in diploid cells of a sporophyte that can germinate to produce a multicellular gametophyte.
sporocarp: A fruiting body containing spores.
sporophyll: In pteridophytes, a modified leaf that bears a sporangium or sporangia.
sporophyte: The diploid multicellular phase in the alternation of generations of plants and algae that produces the spores. Compare gametophyte.
sport: A naturally occurring variant of a species, not usually present in a population or group of plants; a plant that has spontaneously mutated so that it differs from its parent plant.
spreading: Extending horizontally, e.g. in branches. Standing out at right angles to an axis, e.g. in leaves or hairs.
spur: 1. a short shoot.; 2. a conical or tubular outgrowth from the base of a perianth segment, often containing nectar.
squamula: A small scale.
squamule: A small scale.
squamulose: Covered with small scales (squamules).
squarrose: Having tips of leaves, stems, etc. radiating or projecting outward, e.g. in the moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus.
s.t.: An abbreviation for "sometimes". Compare usu. and oft..
stalk: The supporting structure of an organ, usually narrower in diameter than the organ itself.
stamen: The male organ of a flower, consisting (usually) of a stalk called the filament and a pollen-bearing head called the anther.
staminate flower: A flower with stamens but no pistil.
staminode: A sterile stamen, often rudimentary, sometimes petal-like. Commonly has a function in attracting pollinators that feed on the staminodes.
staminophore: A structure, around the apex of eucalypt, myrtaceae hypanthia, that supports the stamens.
standard: The large posterior petal of pea-flowers.
standard specimen: A representative specimen of a cultivar or other taxon which demonstrates how the name of that taxon should be used.
stele: The primary vascular system (including phloem, xylem, and ground tissue) of plant stems and roots.
stellate: Star-shaped.
stem: The plant axis, either aerial or subterranean, which bears nodes, leaves, branches, and flowers.
stem-clasping: See amplexicaul.
stenospermocarpy: The development or production of fruit that is seedless or has minute seeds because of the abortion of seed development. Compare parthenocarpy.
sterile: Infertile, as with a stamen that does not bear pollen or a flower that does not bear seed.
stigma: The pollen-receptive surface of a carpel or group of fused carpels, usually sticky; usually a point or small head at the summit of the style.
stilt root: A descending root growing from the trunk above ground and sometimes featuring lenticels; characteristic of e.g. Rhizophora.^[54]
stipe: Generally a small stalk or stalk-like structure. The stalk of a frond of a fern; the stalk supporting the pileus of a mushroom; the stalk of a seaweed such as a kelp; the stalk-like support of a gynaecium, a pollinium, or a carpel
stipella: One of two small secondary stipules at the base of leaflets in some species.
stipitate: stalked; borne on a stipe; of an ovary, borne on a gynophore.
stipulate: Bearing stipules.
stipule: A small appendage at the bases of leaves in many dicotyledons.
stock: See rootstock.
stolon: A slender, prostrate or trailing stem, producing roots and sometimes erect shoots at its nodes. See also rhizome.
stoloniferous: Having stolons.
stoma: A pore or small hole in the surface of a leaf (or other aerial organ) allowing the exchange of gases between tissues and the atmosphere.
stone cell: a sclereid cell, such as the cells that form the tissue of nut shells and the stones of drupes.
striate: Striped with parallel, longitudinal lines or ridges.
strigillose: Minutely strigose.
strigose: Covered with appressed, straight, rigid, bristle-like hairs; the appressed equivalent of hispid.
strobilus: A cone-like structure consisting of sporophylls (e.g. conifers and club mosses) or sporangiophores (e.g. in Equisetopsida) borne close together on an axis.
style: An elongated part of a carpel or a group of fused carpels between the ovary and the stigma.
stylodium: An elongate stigma that resembles a style; a false style, e.g. commonly found in the Poaceae and Asteraceae.
stylopodium: A swelling on top of the ovary, at the base of the styles commonly found in flowers of the Apiaceae.
stylulus: The elongated apex of a free carpel which functions like the style of a syncarpous ovary, allowing pollen tubes from its stigma to enter the locule of only that carpel.
subacute: Having a tapered but not sharply pointed form; moderately acute. See also acute.
subcoriaceous: Slightly leathery or coriaceous.
subgenus: A category of supplementary taxa intermediate between genus and section. The name of a subgenus is a singular noun, always has a capital initial letter and is used in combination with the generic name, e.g. Primula subgenus Primula.
subglobose: Inflated, but less than spherical. See also globose.
suborbicular: Nearly orbicular, flat and almost circular in outline. See also orbicular.
subpetiolate: (of a leaf) Having an extremely short petiole, and may appear sessile.
subquadrangular: Not quite square. Compare quadrangular.
subshrub: A small shrub which may have partially herbaceous stems, but generally a woody plant less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) high.
subspecies: A taxonomic category within a species, usually used for geographically isolated or morphologically distinct populations of the same species. Its taxonomic rank occurs between species and variety.
subtend: To stand beneath or close to, as in a bract at the base of a flower.
subulate: Narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point.
succulent: 1. Juicy or fleshy.; 2. A plant with a fleshy habit.
sucker: A shoot of more or less subterranean origin; an erect shoot originating from a bud on a root or a rhizome, sometimes at some distance from the stem of the plant.
suffruticose: Having a woody base, but herbaceous higher up.
suffrutex: A subshrub or undershrub.
sulcate: Furrowed; grooved. May be single (monosulcate), two (bisulcate) or many (polysulcate).
superficial: On the surface.
superior ovary: An ovary borne above the level of attachment of the other floral parts, or above the base of a hypanthium. Compare inferior ovary and half-inferior ovary.
suspended: Of an ovule, when attached slightly below the summit of the ovary. Compare pendulous.
suture: A junction or seam of union. See fissure and commissure.
sward: Extensive, more or less even cover of a surface, e.g. a lawn grass. Compare tussock.
sympatric: Having more or less similar or overlapping ranges of distribution.
sympodial: A mode of growth in which the main axis is repeatedly terminated and replaced with a lateral branch. Examples occur in the family Combretaceae, including the genera Terminalia and Combretum. Compare monopodial.
syconium: A hollow infructescence containing multiple fruit, such as that of a fig.
syn-: A prefix meaning "with, together".
symmetrical: Capable of being divided into at least two equal, mirror-image halves (e.g. zygomorphic) or having rotational symmetry (e.g. regular or actinomorphic). Compare irregular and asymmetrical.
sympetalous: Having united (connate or fused) petals, not free (apopetalous). See also syntepalous (having fused tepals).
symphyllous: a single perianth-whorl of united segments. Compare gamophyllous (synonym), apophyllous, and polyphyllous.
synangium: A fused aggregate of sporangia, e.g. in the trilocular sporangia of the whisk fern Psilotum.
synanthous: A type of growth in which new leaves and flowers appear and die back at the same time. See also hysteranthous and proteranthous.
synaptospermy: The dispersal of diaspores as units, where each bears more than one seed, for example where each diaspore comprises an entire inflorescence, as in Brunsvigia or multi-seeded fruit as in Tribulus zeyheri. Ephemeral synaptospermy is the term for when the diaspores split into units containing fewer or single seeds each, as in most tumbleweeds. True synaptospermy is when the diaspore generally remains entire until germination, as commonly happens in species of Grielum.
syncarpous: (of a gynoecium) Composed of united carpels.
synonym: An outdated or 'alternative' name for the same taxon.
synoecious: A synonym of bisexual.
syntepalous: Having fused tepals. See also sympetalous (having fused petals).

T

taproot: The primary descending root of a plant with a single dominant root axis.
tartareous: Having a surface that is coarse, thick, rough, and crumbling.
taxon: A group or category in a system of biological classification.
taxonomy: The study of the principles and practice of classification.
tegmen: The inner layer of the testa (seed coat). It develops from the inner integument of the ovule.
tendril: Any slender organ modified from a stem, leaf, leaflet, or stipule and used by climbing plants to cling to an object.
tepal: A segment of a perianth, either sepal or petal; usually used when all perianth segments are indistinguishable in appearance.
terete: Circular in cross-section; more or less cylindrical without grooves or ridges.
terminal: Situated at the tip or apex.
ternate: In groups of three; of leaves, arranged in whorls of three; of a single leaf, having the leaflets arranged in groups of three.
terrestrial: Of or on the ground; of a habitat, on land as opposed to in water (aquatic), on rocks (lithophytic), or on other plants (epiphytic).
tessellate: With cracks or fissures arranged in squares so as to give a chequered appearance. Usually applied to the appearance of the bark of a tree
testa: The seed coat.
tetrad: A group of four; usually used to refer to four pollen grains which remain fused together through maturity (e.g. in the Epacridaceae).^[55]
tetragonal: Square; having four corners; four-angled, e.g. the cross-sections of stems of herbaceous Lamiaceae.
tetramerous: In four parts, particularly with respect to flowers; four parts in each whorl. See also trimerous and pentamerous.
tetraploid: Having four complete sets of chromosomes in each sporophyte cell.
tetraspore: The asexual spore of red algae. It is so named because each sporangium produces just four spores. See Rhodophyceae.^[56]
thalamus: 1. A synonym for receptacle.; 2. The inflorescence disk of members of the Asteraceae.; 3. A calyx, as used by Carl Linnaeus.
: having a thallus-like structure; in the form of a thallus; thalloid
thallus: A vegetative structure that is not differentiated into stem and leaves, as in lichens, algae, thallose liverworts, and certain vascular plants, e.g. Lemna
theca: One of the usually two synangia in which pollen is produced in flowering plants. It consists of two fused sporangia known as pollen sacs. The wall between the pollen sacs disintegrates before dehiscence, which is usually by a common slit.
thorn: A sharp, stiff point, usually a modified stem, that cannot be detached without tearing the subtending tissue; a spine. Compare prickle.
throat: The opening of a corolla or perianth.
thyrse: A branched inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate (racemose) and the lateral branches determinate (cymose).
tomentellous: Minutely tomentose.
tomentum: A dense covering of short, matted hairs. Tomentose is often used as a general term for bearing an indumentum, but this is not a recommended use.
toothed: Having a more or less regularly incised margin.
torus: See receptacle.
transmitting tissue: See pollen transmitting tissue.
trapeziform: 1. Like a trapezium (a four-sided figure with two parallel sides of unequal length).; 2. Like a trapezoid (a four-sided figure, or quadrilateral, with neither pair of sides equal); sometimes used erroneously as a synonym for rhombic.
tree: A woody perennial plant, usually with a single distinct trunk and able to attain more than 6 metres (20 ft) tall.^[57]
triad: A group of three.
triangular: Planar and with 3 sides.
tribe: A taxonomic grouping that ranks between genus and family.
trichome: In non-filamentous plants, any hair-like outgrowth from the epidermis, e.g. a hair or bristle; sometimes restricted to unbranched epidermal outgrowths.
trichotomous: 3-forked or branched into three. Compare dichotomous.
trifid: Split into three parts. See also bifid.
trifoliate: A compound leaf of three leaflets; for example, a clover leaf.
trifoliolate: See trifoliate.
trigonous: Triangular in cross-section and obtusely angled. Compare triquetrous.
trimerous: In three parts, particularly with respect to flowers; having three parts in each whorl. See also tetramerous and pentamerous.
trinerved: Having three nerves or veins.
triplinerved: (of leaves) Having three main nerves with the lateral nerves arising from the midnerve above the base of the leaf.
triporate: (of pollen) Having three pores.
triquetrous: More or less triangular in cross-section, but acutely angled (with 3 distinct longitudinal ridges). Compare trigonous.
trivalve: Divided into three valves. Also trivalvar. See also bivalve.
trivial name: The second word in the two-part scientific name of an organism. Compare specific epithet.
trophophyll: A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll whose primary function is photosynthesis. It is not specialized or modified for some other function. Compare sporophyll.
trullate: Ovate but angled, as with a bricklayer's trowel; inversely kite-shaped. Compare rhombic.
truncate: Cut off squarely; having an abruptly transverse end.
trunk: The upright, large and typically woody main stem of a tree.
truss: A compact cluster of flowers or fruits arising from one center; evident in many rhododendrons.
tuber: Any of many types of specialized vegetative underground storage organs. They accumulate food, water, or in protection from death by fire, drought, or other hard times. Tubers generally are well differentiated from other plant organs; for example, informally a carrot is not generally regarded as a tuber, but simply a swollen root. In this they differ from the tuber of a sweet potato, which has no special root-like function. Similarly, corms are not generally regarded as tubers, even though they are underground storage stems. Tubers store food for the plant, and also have important roles in vegetative reproduction. They generally are of two main types: stem tubers form by the swelling of an underground stem growing from a root, or from structures such as underground stolons. Stem tubers generally produce propagative buds at their stem nodes, forming a seasonal perennating organ, e.g. a potato. The main other class is the root tuber, also called tuberoid. They differ from stem tubers in features such as that, like any normal root, they do not form nodes.
tubercle: A small wart-like outgrowth or protuberance of tissue.
tuberculate: Covered in tubercles. See warty.^[58]
tuberoid: An alternative name for underground storage organ formed by the swelling of a root; occurs in many orchids.
tuberous: Resembling a tuber or producing tubers.
tubular: Having the form of a tube or cylinder.
tufted: Densely fasciculate at the tip.
tunic: The outer covering of some bulbs and corms.
tunicate: (of bulbs) Consisting of concentric coats.
turbinate: Shaped like a spinning top or beetroot.
turgid: Swollen with liquid; bloated; firm. Compare flaccid.
tussock: A dense tuft of vegetation, usually well separated from neighbouring tussocks, for example in some grasses. Compare sward.
two-ranked: Having leaves arranged in two rows in the same plane, on opposite sides of the branch. See distichous.
type: An item (usually an herbarium specimen) to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, i.e. a designated representative of a plant name. Important in determining the priority of names available for a particular taxon.
type genus: In nomenclature, a single genus on which a taxonomic family is based.

U

umbel: A racemose inflorescence in which all the individual flower stalks arise in a cluster at the top of the peduncle and are of about equal length; in a simple umbel, each stalk is unbranched and bears only one flower. A cymose umbel looks similar to an ordinary umbel but its flowers open centrifugally.
umbo: A rounded elevation, such as in the middle of the top of an umbrella or mushroom; a central boss or protuberance, such as on the scale of a cone.
umbonate: Having an umbo, with a conical or blunt projection arising from a flatter surface, as on the top of a mushroom or in the scale of a pine cone.
unciform: Hook-shaped.
uncinate: Having a hook at the apex.
undershrub: A low shrub, often with flowering branches that die off in winter. Compare subshrub.
understory: Plant life growing beneath the forest canopy.
undulate: Wavy and not flat. Compare sinuate.
uniflor: Having a single flower (uniflory). Compare pauciflor (few) and pluriflor (many).
unilocular: Having one loculus or chamber, e.g. the ovary in the families Proteaceae and Fabaceae.
uniserial: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniseriate.
uniseriate: Arranged in a single row or series. Unbranched. Uniserial.
unisexual: Of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs, dioecious, dioicous. See Sexual reproduction in plants.
unitegmic: (of an ovule) Covered by a single integument. See also bitegmic, having two integuments.
urceolate: Shaped like an urn or pitcher, with a swollen middle and narrowing top. Examples include the pitchers of many species of the pitcher plant genera Sarracenia and Nepenthes.
usu.: An abbreviation of usually. Compare s.t. and oft..
utricle: 1. A small bladder; a membranous bladder-like sac from the ovary wall with thin pericarp which becomes inflated at maturity enclosing an ovary or fruit.; 2. In sedges, a fruit which is loosely enclosed by a modified tubular bract, see perigynium.

V

vallecular canal

A resin canal coinciding with a longitudinal groove in the seeds of Asteraceae. A longitudinal cavity in the cortex of the stems of Equisetum, coinciding with a groove in the stem surface.

valvate

(of sepals and petals in bud) Meeting edge-to-edge but not overlapping.

valve

A portion of an organ that fragments or splits open, e.g. the teeth-like portions of a pericarp in a split (dehisced) capsule or pod when ripe.

var.

An abbreviation of varietas.

variant

A plant or group of plants showing some measure of difference from the characteristics associated with a particular taxon.

variegated

Irregularly marked with blotches or patches of another color.

varietas

A taxonomic rank below that of species and between the ranks of subspecies and form.

vascular

Referring to the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) of vascular plants.

vascular bundle

A bundle of vascular tissue in the primary stems of vascular plants, consisting of specialized conducting cells for the transport of water (xylem) and assimilate (phloem).

vasculum

A container used by botanists for collecting field specimens.

vein

A strand of vascular tissue, e.g. in the leaves of vascular plants.

veinlet

A small vein; the ultimate (visible) division of a vein.

velamen

A spongy tissue covering the aerial roots of orchids and some other epiphytes.

velutinous

See velvety.

velvety

Densely covered with fine, short, soft, erect hairs.

venation

The arrangement of veins in a leaf.

ventral

From Latin venter, meaning "belly". The opposite of dorsal. Partly because the term originally referred to animals rather than plants, usage in botany is arbitrary according to context and source. In general "ventral" refers to "the belly or lower part", but in botanical usage such concepts are not always clearly defined and may be contradictory. For example:

facing toward the axis (adaxial) in referring to a lateral organ of an erect plant
facing toward the substrate in any part of an erect plant, for example the lower surface of a more or less horizontal leaf (abaxial)
facing toward the substrate in a prostrate or climbing plant.

For more detail see dorsal.

vernation

The arrangement of unexpanded leaves in a bud; the order in which leaves unfold from a bud.

vernicose

Having a shiny or polished surface as if covered in varnish and a slick or smooth texture.^[59]

vernonioid

In the family Asteraceae, style with sweeping hairs borne on abaxial surfaces of style branches.

verruciform

Wart-like in form.

verrucose

Having warts.

verruculose

Minutely verrucose; minutely warty.

versatile

(of anthers) Swinging freely about the point of attachment to the filament.

verticillate

Arranged in one or more whorls, i.e. several similar parts arranged at the same point of the axis, e.g. leaf arrangement. Compare pseudoverticillate (appearing whorled or verticillate but not actually so).

verticillaster

A type of pseudoverticillate inflorescence, typical of the Lamiaceae, in which pseudo-whorls are formed from pairs of opposite cymes.

vesicular

(of hairs) Bladder-like; vesiculous, bearing such hairs.

vessel

A capillary tube formed from a series of open-ended cells in the water-conducting tissue of a plant.

vestigial

Reduced in form and function from the normal or ancestral condition.

villosulous

Minutely villous.

villous

Abounding in or covered with long, soft, straight hairs; shaggy with soft hairs.

vine

1. Scandent plants climbing by means of trailing or twining stems or runners.

2. Such a stem or runner.^[28]^[60]

3. A member of the genus Vitis.

virgate

Wand-shaped, twiggy, especially referring to erect, straight stems. In mycology, referring to a pileus with radiating ribs or lines.

Viridiplantae

A clade of autotrophic organisms that includes the green algae, Charophyta and land plants, all of which have cellulose in their cell walls, chloroplasts derived from primary endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b and lack phycobilins.

viscid

Sticky; coated with a thick, syrupy secretion.

viscidium

A sticky pad or strap coated with an adhesive secretion, forming part of the structure of the pollinium or the pollinarium of many species of plants, most notoriously orchids. In pollination the viscidium sticks the pollen burden to a visiting pollinator, that in turn is likely to visit other flowers of the same species, bearing a concentrated burden of pollen. Such flowers commonly are adapted to stripping the pollinium off incoming pollinators.

vitta

An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.^[61]

viviparous

1. Referring to seeds or fruits which germinate before being shed from the parent plant.

2. The development of plantlets on non-floral organs, e.g. leaves.

In this pollinarium the viscidium is the sticky lump in the middle of the yoke-like stipe connecting the two pollinia.
Vestigial leaf scales on stem nodes of Viscum capense
Asparagus virgatus owes its specific epithetvirgatus to the twiggy appearance of its virgate shoots.

W

warty: A surface covered with small round protuberances, especially in fruit, leaves, twigs and bark. See tuberculate.
watershoot: An erect, strong-growing, or epicormic shoot developing from near the base of a shrub or tree, but distinct from a sucker.
weed: 1. Any plant growing where it is not wanted; commonly associated with disrupted habitats. See also ruderal.; 2. An unwanted plant which grows among agricultural crops.; 3. A naturalised, exotic, or ecologically "out-of-balance" indigenous species outside of the agricultural or garden context, which, as a result of invasion, adversely affects the survival or regeneration of indigenous species in natural or partly natural vegetation communities.^[62]
wild: Originating from a known wild or purely natural habitat (wilderness).
whorl: A ring of organs borne at the same level on an axis (e.g. leaves, bracts, or floral parts).
wing: 1. A membranous expansion of a fruit or seed which aids in dispersal, for instance on pine seeds.; 2. A thin flange of tissue extending beyond the normal outline of a structure, e.g. on the column of some orchids, on stems, on petioles.; 3. One of the two lateral petals of a flower of subfamily Faboideae of family Fabaceae, located between the adaxial standard (banner) petal and the two abaxial keel petals.
woody: hard and lignified; not herbaceous
wooly
woolly: Very densely covered with long, more or less matted or intertwined hairs, resembling a sheep's wool.

X

xeromorph: A plant with structural features (e.g. hard or succulent leaves) or functional adaptations that prevent water loss by evaporation; usually associated with arid habitats, but not necessarily drought-tolerant. Compare xerophyte.
xerophyte: A plant generally living in a dry habitat, typically showing xeromorphic or succulent adaptation; a plant able to tolerate long periods of drought. Compare xeromorph.
xylem: A specialized water-conducting tissue in vascular plants.

Z

zonate: Having light and dark circular bands or rings, typically on leaves or flowers.
zygomorphic: Bilaterally symmetrical; symmetrical about one vertical plane only; applies to flowers in which the perianth segments within each whorl vary in size and shape. Contrast actinomorphic and irregular.
zygote: A fertilized cell, the product of fusion of two gametes.

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↑Harris & Harris 2001, p. 132.
↑New Oxford Dictionary v2 2007, p. 3534.
↑Beentje 2010, p. 129.
↑Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.

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External links

Glossary at APweb
A glossary of botanical terms (in English at Flora, etc.)
Garden Web
eFloras
Categorical Glossary for the Flora of North America ProjectArchived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine

Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

Standard glossary (archive)
Stuppy, W. Glossary of Seed and Fruit Morphological Terms

Australia and New Zealand

University of Sydney: Eflora—Glossary
Florabase (Western Australia)
Flora of Australia Online Glossary
Flora of Australia Abbreviations
Flora of S Australia
Botany Word of the Day—Illustrated with New Zealand natives
New Zealand Plant Conservation Network

Africa

Herman, P. P. J. (2015). "Botanical glossary"(PDF). SANBI. Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
Plants of southern Africa (Archived 17 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine)

[FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120072-1] New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20013-2] 1 2 3Harris & Harris 2001, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120077-3] New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v120078-4] New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964738-5] Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 738.

[FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964355-6] Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 355.

[FOOTNOTEShreveWiggins1964351-7] Shreve & Wiggins 1964, p. 351.

[FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v1200716-8] New Oxford Dictionary v1 2007, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTETurlandWiersemaBarrieGreuter2018[httpswwwiapt-taxonorgnomenpagesmainart_18html_Article<span_class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>18]-9] Turland et al. 2018, Article 18.

[FOOTNOTEIPNI2022-10] IPNI 2022.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014-11] 1 2Harris & Harris 2001, p. 4.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20014–5-12] Harris & Harris 2001, pp. 4–5.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20015-13] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Harris & Harris 2001, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTESims1803[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddGdMAAAAYAAJpgPP93_&#91;p._93&#93;]-14] Sims 1803, [p. 93].

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris20016-15] Harris & Harris 2001, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTECappersNeef201295-16] Cappers & Neef 2012, p. 95.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201615-17] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 15.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201616-18] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201617-19] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 17.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201620-20] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201624-21] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201627-22] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 27.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201635-23] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201639-24] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 39.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201641-25] 1 2Pell & Angell 2016, p. 41.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201646-26] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 46.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201647-27] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 47.

[FOOTNOTEJackson1928-28] 1 2 3 4 5Jackson 1928.

[FOOTNOTEJaeger1959-29] 1 2Jaeger 1959.

[FOOTNOTEMitchell1974391-30] 1 2Mitchell 1974, p. 391.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201658-31] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 58.

[FOOTNOTEBeentje201033-32] Beentje 2010, p. 33.

[lucid-33] "Glossary". Acacias of Australia. Retrieved 8 July 2025.

[FOOTNOTEHanzawaBeattieHolmes1985-34] 1 2Hanzawa, Beattie & Holmes 1985.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201678-35] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTESchulzeZwölfer2012261-36] 1 2Schulze & Zwölfer 2012, p. 261.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell201683-37] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 83.

[38] Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for faculative biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution.

[39] Copied definition from Wiktionary entry for fimbriate biology adjective. See that page's history for attribution.

[FOOTNOTERendle1911-40] Rendle 1911.

[FOOTNOTEGlover2007111–112-41] Glover 2007, pp. 111–112.

[FOOTNOTEHickeyKing200020,_87-42] Hickey & King 2000, p. 20, 87.

[FOOTNOTEHickeyKing200020-43] Hickey & King 2000, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTECarolinTindale199423-44] 1 2Carolin & Tindale 1994, p. 23.

[FOOTNOTEBeentje201067-45] Beentje 2010, p. 67.

[46] "Glossary: P". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.

[FOOTNOTEMeerowFayGuyLi1999-47] Meerow et al. 1999.

[FOOTNOTEEckenwalder2009648–661-48] Eckenwalder 2009, pp. 648–661.

[FOOTNOTEMitchell197273-49] Mitchell 1972, p. 73.

[FOOTNOTEPellAngell2016169-50] Pell & Angell 2016, p. 169.

[FOOTNOTEBeentje2010107-51] 1 2Beentje 2010, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEKucewiczMaćkiewiczŹróbek-Sokolnik2010-52] Kucewicz, Maćkiewicz & Źróbek-Sokolnik 2010.

[FOOTNOTEBrodie1951-53] Brodie 1951.

[FOOTNOTEMandalBar201864-54] Mandal & Bar 2018, p. 64.

[FOOTNOTEBeach1914a-55] Beach 1914a.

[FOOTNOTEBeach1914b-56] Beach 1914b.

[FOOTNOTEMitchell197415-57] Mitchell 1974, p. 15.

[58] "tuberculate". Dictionary of botany. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

[FOOTNOTEHarrisHarris2001132-59] Harris & Harris 2001, p. 132.

[FOOTNOTENew_Oxford_Dictionary_v220073534-60] New Oxford Dictionary v2 2007, p. 3534.

[FOOTNOTEBeentje2010129-61] Beentje 2010, p. 129.

[62] Carr, G.W., in Foreman & Walsh, 1993.

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Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew

Australia and New Zealand

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