12 July – Parisians respond to the dismissal of the King's reformist minister, Necker, with civil disturbances. Confrontations between Royal-Allemand Dragoon Regiment and a crowd of protestors on Place Louis XV, and Sunday strollers in the Tuileries gardens. Mobs storm the city armories and take weapons. In the evening, the new customs barriers around the city are burned.[93]
14 July – Storming of the Bastille, a symbol of royal authority, releasing seven prisoners. The governor of the Bastille surrenders and is lynched by the crowd.[94]
15 July – The astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly is chosen Mayor of Paris at the Hôtel de Ville.
17 July – King Louis XVI comes to the Hôtel de Ville and accepts a tricolor cocarde.
5–6 October – The royal family is forced to move from Versailles to Paris.[94]
19 October – The deputies of the National Assembly move from Versailles to Paris, first to the residence of the Archbishop, then, on 9 November, to the Manège of the Tuileries Palace.
3 April – The church of Sainte-Geneviève is transformed into the Panthéon. Mirabeau is the first famous Frenchman to have his tomb placed there on 4 April, followed by Voltaire on 11 July.[89]
20–21 June – The King and his family flee Paris, but are captured at Varennes and brought back on 25 June.
17 July – A large demonstration on the Champ de Mars demands the immediate proclamation of a republic. The National Assembly orders Mayor Bailly to disperse the crowd. Soldiers fire on the crowd, killing many.[95]
19 September – Mayor Bailly resigns.
1792
25 April – First execution using the guillotine of the bandit Nicolas Pelletier on the Place de Grève.
20 November – Discovery of the Armoire de fer, an iron box containing documents incriminating Louis XVI, in his apartment at the Tuileries.
10 to 26 December – King Louis XVI's trial. The execution of King Louis XVI on the Place de la Révolution, 21 January 1793. Bibliothèque nationale de France
30 March – Arrest of Georges Danton, chief opponent of Robespierre. He is guillotined 5 April. The Festival of the Supreme Being, by Pierre-Antoine Demachy, 8 June 1794.
8 June – Celebration of the Cult of the Supreme Being held on Champ de Mars, presided over by Robespierre.
11 June – Beginning of the climax of Reign of Terror, period known as the Grande Terreur. Between June 11 and 27 July, 1,366 persons are condemned to death.[97]
27 July – 9th Thermidor, the convention accuses Robespierre of crimes. He is arrested together with several of his acolytes, among which Saint-Just.
28 July – Robespierre and those arrested with him are guillotined, this signaling the end of the Reign of Terror.[94]
24 August – The revolutionary committees of the twelve Paris sections are abolished, and replaced by new arrondissement committees.
31 August – The municipal government of Paris is abolished, and the city put directly under the national government.[88]
22 October – The École centrale des travaux publics, predecessor of the École Polytechnique (school) established.
1795
20 May – Rioting sans-culottes invade the convention meeting hall, demanding "bread and the 1793 Constitution". Army troops loyal to the government occupy the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and disarm demonstrators. First use of a frameless parachute from a Montgolfier balloon over Paris by André Garnerin in 1797
5 October – An uprising by royalists in the center of the city is suppressed with artillery fire by General Napoleon Bonaparte.
11 October – Paris is once again organized into twelve municipalities, within the new department of the Seine.
2 November – The Directory government is established.
22 October – First parachute jump with a frameless parachute made by André Garnerin from a Montgolfier balloon at an altitude of 700 meters over the Plaine de Monceau.[98]
17 February – Napoleon reorganizes city into twelve arrondissements, each with a mayor with little power, under two Prefects, one for the police and one for administration of the city, both appointed by him.[97]
19 February – Napoleon makes the Tuileries Palace his residence.
12 March – Napoleon orders the creation of three new cemeteries outside the city; Montmartre to the north; Père-Lachaise to the east, and Montparnasse to the south.[100]
4 February – Napoleon decrees a new system of house numbers, beginning at the Seine, with even numbers on the right side of street and odd numbers on the left.
1806
2 May – Decree ordering the building of fourteen new fountains, including the Fontaine du Palmier on the Place du Châtelet, to provide drinking water.
7 July – First stone laid for the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, on Place du Carrousel, between the Tuileries Palace and the Louvre.
8 August – First stone laid for the Arc de Triomphe at Étoile. Inaugurated on 29 July 1836, during the reign of Louis Philippe.
2 December – Decree ordering the creation a "Temple of Glory" dedicated to the soldiers of Napoleon's armies on the site of the unfinished church of the Madeleine.
13 June – Decree to build rue Soufflot on the left bank, on the axis of the Panthéon.
29 July – Decree reducing the number of theaters in Paris to eight; the Opéra, Opéra-Comique, Théâtre-Français, Théâtre de l'Impératrice (Odéon); Vaudeville, Variétés, Ambigu, Gaîté. The Opéra Italien, Cirque Olympique and Théâtre de Porte-Saint-Martin were added later.[103]
1808
2 December – Completion of the Ourcq Canal, bringing fresh drinking water 107 kilometers to Paris.[101]
2 December – First stone placed of the elephant fountain on Place de la Bastille. Only a wood and plaster full-size version was completed.
1809
16 August – Opening of the flower market on quai Desaix (now quai de Corse).
A military review at the Carrousel facing the Tuileries Palace (1810).
1810
5 February – For censorship purpose, number of printing houses in Paris limited to fifty.
2 April – Religious ceremony of the marriage of Napoléon to his second wife, Marie-Louise of Austria, in the Salon carré of the Louvre.
4 April – first stone laid for the Palace of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the quai d'Orsay. It was completed in 1838.
15 August – Completion of the Place Vendôme column, made of 1200 captured Russian and Austrian cannons[101]
29 April – During review of the Paris National Guard by King Charles X, the soldiers greet him with anti-government slogans. The King dissolves the National Guard.[107]
30 June – A giraffe, a gift of the Pasha of Egypt to Charles X, and the first-ever seen in Paris, is put on display in the Jardin des Plantes.
19–20 November – political demonstrations around the legislative elections; street barricades go up in the Saint-Denis and Saint-Martin neighborhoods.
February – Concert Society of the Paris Conservatory founded. The first concert took place on 9 March.
11 April – Introduction of service by the omnibus, carrying 18 to 25 passengers. Fare was 25 centimes.[108]
1829
1 January – The rue de la Paix becomes the first street in Paris lit by gaslight.
12 March – Creation of the sergents de ville, the first uniformed Paris police force. Originally one hundred in number, they were mostly former army sergeants. They carried a cane during the day, and a sword at night.[109]
25 February – Pandemonium in the audience at the Théâtre Français, between the supporters of the classical style and those of the new romantic style, during the first performance of Victor Hugo's romantic drama Hernani.
16 March – Two hundred twenty deputies send a message to king Charles X criticizing his governance.
July – First vespasiennes, or public urinals, also serving as advertising kiosks, appear on Paris boulevards.
25 July – Charles X issues ordinances dissolving the national assembly, changing the election law and suppressing press freedom.
27–29 July – The Trois Glorieuses, three days of street battles between the army and opponents of the government. The insurgents install a provisional government in the Hôtel de Ville. Charles X leaves Saint-Cloud, his summer residence.
9 August – the Duke of Orléans, Louis-Philippe, is sworn King of the French.
28 November – Assassination attempt on Louis-Philippe by Giuseppe Marco Fieschi, using an "infernal machine" of twenty gun barrels firing at once, as the king is riding on the Boulevard du Temple. The king is unharmed, but eighteen people are killed.
1836
Founding of two popular inexpensive newspapers, La Presse and Le Siècle.
7 January – Louis Daguerre presents his pioneer work on photography at the French Academy of Sciences. The academy gives him a pension, and publishes the technology for free use by anyone in the world.
12–13 May – Followers of Louis Blanqui begin armed uprising in attempt to overthrow government, but are quickly arrested by the army and national guard.[113]
2 August – Opening of railway line along the Seine between Paris and Versailles.
28 June – City government decrees installation of new street numbers, in white numbers on enameled blue porcelain plaques. These numbers remain until 1939.
9 July – Opponents of the government hold the first of a series of large banquets, the Campagne des banquets, to defy the law forbidding political demonstrations.[115]
1848–1869 – The Second Republic and the Second Empire
22 February – Government bans banquets of the political opposition.
23 February – Crowds demonstrate against Louis-Philippe's Prime Minister, Guizot. That evening soldiers fire on a crowd outside Guizot's residence, boulevard des Capucines, killing 52.[117]
24 February – Barricades appear in many neighborhoods. The government resigns, Louis-Philippe and his family flee into exile in England, and the Second Republic is proclaimed at the Hôtel de Ville.
22–26 June – Armed uprising by the more radical republicans in the working-class neighborhoods of eastern Paris, suppressed by the army under General Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. The city remains under martial law until 19 October.
2 August – The first tourist excursion train to the beach at Dieppe leaves Paris. This begins the tradition of leaving Paris for summer holidays in August.[118]
3 March – new cholera epidemic begins in the overcrowded center of the city. Between March and September, sixteen thousand deaths.
8 May – First stone placed for first public housing for workers in Paris, the cité ouvrière on rue de Rochechouart.
13 June – Armed uprising by radical republicans in the Saint-Martin district against the government of the Second Republic, led by Ledru-Rollin. It was suppressed by the army, causing eight deaths.
3 July – Inauguration of the train line, operated by the Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Strasbourg, opens between Paris and Strasbourg in eastern France.
12 August – Inauguration of the train line between Paris and Lyon.
19 May – opening of Mazas prison. Building the stone banks of the Seine, begun in 1840, underway in 1851
1851
5 June – Louis-Napoleon lays first stone for the new central market of Les Halles.
2 December – Louis-Napoleon, not allowed by the Constitution to run for re-election, seizes power through a coup d'état and moves his residence to the Tuileries Palace. There is sporadic opposition in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and neighborhood of the temple, quickly subdued by the army.
10 December – Decree of Louis-Napoleon to begin building the ceinture railroad line around the city, 38 kilometers long. The line was finished in 1870.
1852
26 March – A decree allows the government to more easily expropriate old buildings and the adjacent land in order to build new boulevards through the center of Paris.
Aristide Boucicaut and the Videau brothers open Le Bon Marché, the first modern Paris department store. The store has twelve employees in 1852, and 1,788 in 1877.[120]
1853
29 June – Napoleon III installs a huge map of Paris in his office at the Tuileries Palace and he and his new prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, begin planning the reconstruction of central Paris.
21 November – A demonstration of the first tram line between the modern avenue de New York and the Cours-la-Reine. A line is later opened connecting Place de la Concorde with the pont de Sèvres.
1854 A Paris omnibus in the early 1850s
Louis Vuitton opens a luggage shop on Rue Neuve des Capucines, and in 1858 introduces a line of flat-bottomed canvas trunks, convenient for stacking.
19 July – The Compagnie parisienne d'éclairage is formed, with a monopoly for providing gas distribution. The company installs thousands of new gaslights along the city streets.[122]
11 August – Napoleon III decrees the construction of boulevard Saint-Michel and boulevard Saint-Germain on the left bank.
29 August – Napoleon III decrees the building of Avenue des Amandiers (now Avenue de la République) and Boulevard Prince-Eugène (now Boulevard Voltaire). The new Boulevard de Sébastopol, opened by Napoleon III in 1858.
1858
14 January – Bomb attack on Emperor Napoleon III by Orsini, an Italian nationalist, outside the Paris Opera. The Emperor is unharmed, but 156 persons are killed or injured.
17 February – Napoleon III decrees the annexation of the faubourgs, which were small communes lying between the Mur des Fermiers généraux and the Thiers wall, effective January 1, 1860.
16 June – decree creating twenty arrondissements for the future enlarged city.
22 June – Decree by Haussmann that, along boulevards and streets at least twenty meters wide, buildings can be as high as twenty meters, but must not have more than five floors. This, along with standards for uniform façade design, material and color, gives the distinct Haussmann look to Paris boulevards.[126]
5 January – After intense criticism by Parliament, Napoleon III dismisses Haussmann
19 July – France declares war on Prussia, the southern German states immediately side with Prussia. The Franco-Prussian War begins.
28 July – Napoleon III departs Paris to take command of the French army at Metz.
4 September – News reaches Paris that Napoleon III has been captured by the Prussians at Battle of Sedan. The government falls and the Third Republic proclaimed at Hôtel de Ville.
17 September – The Prussian army surrounds the city, and siege of Paris begins.[136]
23 September – first balloon departs the besieged city. By January 28, sixty-six balloons depart with a hundred passengers.[137]
14 November – Message service by carrier pigeons established between Paris and the outside world. The Paris population suffers from cold, hunger and disease.
1871
January – Prussians bombard Paris with heavy siege guns for twenty-three nights.
28 January – Armistice and capitulation of Paris. Prussians remain in their positions outside the city.
1 March – Prussians hold a brief victory parade on the Champs-Élysées, then withdraw to their positions.[138]
18 March – French army tries to remove 271 cannon from the heights of Montmartre, but is blocked by members of the Paris National Guard. The Guard captures and executes two French generals. The most radical members of the Guard seize the Hôtel de Ville and other strategic points in the city. The army and government withdraw from Paris to Versailles.[139]The burning of the Tuileries Palace by the Paris Commune (24 May 1871)
26 March – Elections for the new Paris Commune, or city council, with low voting in affluent west Paris but high turnout in the working-class neighborhoods. The new council is dominated by anarchists, radical socialists and revolutionary candidates.
27 March – The new Commune officially takes power. It replaces the French tricolor with the red flag and proposes a revolutionary program.
16 May – At the suggestion of Gustave Courbet, the column in the Place Vendôme is pulled down in a civic ceremony.
21–28 May – The Paris Commune is suppressed by the French Army during "The Bloody Week" (La Semaine sanglante) with seven to ten thousand Communards killed in the fighting or executed afterwards and buried in mass graves in the city's cemeteries, and forty three thousand Parisians taken prisoners.[139] The Tuileries Palace, Hôtel de Ville and other government buildings are burned down by the Communards; and the Paris city archives are destroyed. Afterwards, Paris is placed under martial law.[140]
September – Installation of the first Wallace fountain, to encourage Parisians to drink water instead of wine or liquor.
30 May – The first test of electric lighting on the avenue de l'Opéra and the Place de l'Etoile.[142]
1879
July – Installation of first telephone system in Paris.
1880–1889
1880
3 January – The ice on the Seine thaws suddenly, and the river rises more than two meters in three hours, sweeping away the pont des Invalides, under reconstruction.[142]
10 July – Amnesty for those imprisoned or exiled after the Paris Commune.
14 July – Bastille Day is celebrated officially for the first time since 1802
15 August (through 15 November) – The Exposition internationale d'électricité is held, highlighted by the illumination of the Grands Boulevards with electric lights.
18 August – Opening of the Chat Noir, the first modern cabaret in Montmartre.[143]
12 April – opening of the Olympia music hall on boulevard des Capucines.
3 July – Disturbances in the Latin Quarter between students and supporters of Senator René Bérenger over supposedly indecent costumes worn at the Bal des Quatre z'arts. One person is killed.[145]
December – Opening of the Vélodrome d'hiver cycling stadium on the rue Suffren, in the former Galerie des Machines from the 1889 Exposition.
9 December – the anarchist Auguste Vaillant explodes a bomb in the National Assembly, injuring forty-six persons. Poster for the first public screening of a motion picture at the Grand Café, Paris (1895)
1894
10 to 30 January – The Photo-club de Paris, founded in 1888 by Constant Puyo, Robert Demachy and Maurice Boucquet, holds the first International Exposition of Photography at the Galeries Georges Petit,[147]8 rue de Sèze (8th arrondissement), devoted to photography as an art rather than a science. The exhibit launches the movement called Pictorialism.
First championship of France football tournament between six Parisian teams.
12 February – The anarchist Émile Henry explodes a bomb in the café of the Gare Saint-Lazare, killing one person and wounding twenty-three.
15 March – The anarchist Amédée Pauwels explodes a bomb in the church of La Madeleine. One person, the bomber, is killed.
22 July – The first automobile race, organized by Le Petit Journal, from Paris to Rouen.
22 March – first projected showing of a motion picture by Louis Lumière at a conference on the future industry of cinematography at 44 rue de Rennes.[150]
10 August – The founding of Gaumont, the first major French film studio.
28 December – First public projection of a motion picture by the Lumière Brothers in the basement of the Grand Café, on the corner of Rue Scribe and boulevard des Capucines.[89] Thirty-eight persons attend, including future director Georges Méliès.
3 September – opening of the first movie theater, in the theatre Robert-Houdon on boulevard des Italiens. The theater is rented for three months by Georges Méliès to show films.
4 December – The first Paris automobile show held as part of the Salon du Cycle at the Palais des Sports on rue de Berri.
22 March – First England-France Rugby match played at Parc des Princes.
11 June – first motorized bus line begins service between Montmartre and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Horse-drawn omnibuses continued to run until January 1913.
23 October – First airplane flight in Paris by Santos Dumont, flying sixty meters at an altitude of three meters at the Parc de Bagatelle.
1907
22 February – First woman receives a license to drive a taxi in Paris.
25 March – first traffic roundabout created in Paris at Place de l'Étoile.
January 21–28 – Great flood of Paris. The Seine rises 8.5 meters, the highest level since 1658, and overflows its banks. The flood affects one sixth of the buildings in Paris.[157]
13 February – Opening of the Vélodrome d'hiver cycling stadium on rue de Grenelle.
3 December – First use of neon lights on the Grand Palais. The first neon advertising sign appears on Boulevard Montmartre in 1912.
Coco Chanel Opens her first boutique, called Chanel Modes, at 21 rue Cambon.[158]
At the Salon d'automne of 1910, held from 1 October to 8 November, Jean Metzinger introduced an extreme form of what would soon be labeled Cubism.[160]
1911
24 January – Departure of the first Paris-Monte Carlo automobile race.
22 August – The Mona Lisa is stolen from the Louvre. It was recovered in Florence in December, 1913.[161]
The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'automne created a controversy in the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des Députés about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.[163][164]
1 October – First collection of trash my motorized trucks instead of handcarts.
24 December – First presidential Christmas tree, placed at Trocadéro, is lit by President Raymond Poincaré.
1914–1918 – First World War
Crowd of reservists being mobilized at the Gare de l'Est (2 August 1914)
1914
31 July – Jean Jaurès, leader of the French socialists, assassinated by mentally disturbed man in the Café du Croissant on rue du Croissant in Montmartre.
1 August – Mobilization of army reservists.
3 August – France declares war on Germany. The beginning of the First World War. Paris taxis carried 6000 soldiers to the front lines during the First Battle of the Marne (8 September 1914).
29 August – As German army approaches, French government and National Assembly depart Paris for Bordeaux.[165]
September 6–9 – Army requisitions 600–1000 Paris taxis to transport six thousand soldiers fifty kilometers to the front lines in the First Battle of the Marne.[166]
December 9 – Government and National Assembly return to Paris. During the First World War, Montparnasse became the new gathering place for Paris artists and writers. Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso and André Salmon in front of the café Le Dôme, photographed by Jean Cocteau (1916).
El Ajedrecista automaton introduced at University of Paris.
1915
10 September – the Satirical magazine Canard enchaîné begins publication.
30 October – official prices of food are posted on doorways of public schools, to deter speculation.
1916
20 January – Frozen meat goes on sale in two Paris butcher shops.
29 January – First bombing of Paris by a German Zeppelin. Twenty-six persons are killed and thirty two wounded at Belleville.
27 August – 1,700 Chinese workers arrive at the Gare de Lyon to work in Paris armaments factories, replacing men mobilized into the army. One of the Chinese workers was Zhou Enlai, future Communist leader in China, who worked in the Renault factory at Boulogne-sur-Seine, town renamed Boulogne-Billancourt in 1924.[167]
15 December – The first woman conductor is hired for the Paris tramways.
9 February – Shortage of coal and grain. Bakers are permitted to sell only one kind of bread, sold the day after it is baked.
15 May – Wave of strikes in Paris workshops and factories, demanding a five-day week and an extra franc a day to compensate for higher prices. Most demands are granted.[168]
1 September – Rationing of coal begins.
25 November – Seats are reserved on Paris public transportation for the blind and those wounded in the war.
15 October – Execution by firing squad of the DutchMata Hari, a spy for the Germans, in the moat of the Château de Vincennes. Victory parade on Place de la Concorde, (11 November 1918)
1918
29 January – Rationing of bread is imposed; a card allows three hundred grams per day per person.
30 January – Night bombing raid by twenty-eight German aircraft kills sixty-five persons and injures two hundred. Further raids took place on 8 and 11 March.
11 March – German bombing raid causes a panic in the Bolivar metro station, killing seventy-one persons.
21 March – German long-range artillery fires eighteen shells into Paris, killing fifteen and wounding sixty-nine. The shelling continued until 16 September.
29 March – a German shell hits the Saint-Gervais church during mass, killing eighty-two persons and injuring sixty-nine.
October – Epidemic of Spanish influenza, which began at the start of the year, kills 1,778 persons in one week.
11 November – Signing of armistice ends the war. Victory celebrations on the Champs-Élysées.
The first Shakespeare and Company, owned by Sylvia Beach, an American expatriate, opened at 8 rue Dupuytren. It moved to a larger location at 12 rue de l'Odéon in the 6th arrondissement in 1922 but closed in 1940 and never re-opened.
1920
19 August – National Assembly votes a credit of 500,000 francs to build a mosque near the Jardin des Plantes.
The Paris edition of the American fashion magazine Vogue begins publication.
28 January – Remains of an unknown French soldier killed in the war placed in a tomb beneath the Arc de Triomphe.
26 November – first concert broadcast by radio from the transmitter on the Eiffel Tower.
November – Ernest Hemingway arrives in Paris as a correspondent for the Toronto Star with his wife Hadley and settles at 74 rue du Cardinal-Lemoine on the Left Bank. He remains in Paris at different addresses and with a different wife until 1928.
22 January – A bronze star is placed on the parvis of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Henceforth, distances on French highways are measured from this point.
23 April – Street battles between the Communists and a nationalist group, the Jeunesses Patriotes, on rue Damrémont. Four persons are killed, forty injured.[174]
20 June – Fifteen-hundred seat Théâtre Pigalle opens, designed to be the most modern theater in the world. It presented plays staged by Sacha Guitry, Max Reinhardt and other leading directors, before closing in 1948 and being replaced by a parking garage in 1958.
5 October – Communists attack a rally of young socialists at the Gymnase Japy; more than two hundred persons injured.[179]
14 April – First broadcast of a television signal by René Barthélemy at the École Supérieure d'électricité (Supélec) de Malakoff.
6 May – Paris Colonial Exposition, celebrating the products and cultures of France's overseas colonies, opens in the Bois de Vincennes. Before it closes on 15 November, it attracts thirty-three million visitors.[179]
6 May – Assassination of Paul Doumer, President of the French Republic, on rue Berryer, by a white Russian émigré, Paul Gorguloff. President Doumer died the following day, on 7 May.
7 November – First drawing of the National Lottery.
1934
3 January – First metro line to the suburbs, to Pont de Sèvres, opens.
12 January – National Assembly debates the Stavisky Affair, a case of high-level political corruption. Violent anti-government street demonstrations break out.
6 February – Riots outside the National Assembly protesting corruption of parliament members. Eleven persons are killed and more than three hundred injured.[180] (See also 6 February 1934 riots)
1935 Popular Front banners for the 1936 elections. The lowest sign says: "Make the rich pay."
26 April – First official television broadcast from the Ministry of the post, telegraph and telephone (PTT) on rue de Grenelle.
5 July – First stone placed for the Musée national d'art moderne (Museum of Modern Art), in the western wing of the Palais de Tokyo, on the avenue de Tokio (renamed avenue de New York in 1945). (The Musée national d'art moderne is now in the Centre Georges Pompidou.)
14 July – The Communists and socialists hold a joint demonstration on Bastille Day, the first demonstration of the new Front populaire, or Popular Front of the left.
1936 – Population: 2,829,753[172]The pavilions of Soviet Russia (right) and Nazi Germany (left) faced each other at the 1937 Paris Exposition.
3 May – The Front populaire wins the parliamentary elections.
26 May – Strikes in many Paris industries and businesses settled by a salary agreement made with the new government on 7 June.
1937
1 May – May Day is celebrated as an official holiday for the first time.
10 March – First gas masks distributed to Paris population.
19 March – Bomb shelters designated throughout Paris.
25 August – The Communist newspaper L'Humanité is closed by the French government for praising the Hitler-Stalin pact as a "new and appreciable contribution to peace, constantly threatened by the warmongering fascists."[181]
31 August – Children are evacuated from Paris.
September 1 – Government orders mobilization and a state of siege.
23 June – Hitler comes to Paris for one day. He makes a brief visit to the terrace of the Palais de Chaillot to see the Eiffel Tower.
18 October – German occupation authorities announced that Jews will have a special status.
11 November – First anti-occupation demonstration by students at the Arc de Triomphe.[181]
26 December – Germans suspend the powers of the Municipal Council.
1941
14 May – Five thousand non-French Jews, mostly refugees, arrested.
22 June – Germany invades the Soviet Union. The French Communist Party actively joins the Resistance.
1 July – Rationing of textiles begins.
20 July – Opening of the transit Drancy internment camp to hold Jews before deportation.
21 August – A German officer is killed at the Barbès-Rochechouart metro station by a member of the Communist Party, Pierre Georges, later known as Colonel Fabien. The Germans respond by taking civilian hostages and threatening to execute them if more assassinations take place.
3 September – First Allied bombing of factories and railroad yards in Paris; four hundred five persons killed. General de Gaulle celebrates the liberation of Paris (26 August 1944).28th Infantry Division marches down the Champs Élysées, 29 Aug 1944.
1944
20–21 April – Allied bombing of gare de la Chapelle-Saint-Denis in 18th arrondissement kills 650 persons. Marshal Pétain attends the funeral on 23 April, his first visit to Paris since 1940.
6 June – Allied forces land at Normandy. French Resistance groups in Paris, largely led by the Communist Party, begin organizing an uprising.
19 August – As Allied forces approach Paris, the French resistance seizes the telephone exchange, ministries and public buildings, including the Prefecture of Police, which is defended against the Germans by two thousand policemen. About 1,500 resistance fighters are killed in the uprising, including about six hundred civilians.[184]
25 August – The German commander, General Choltitz, refuses to carry out Hitler's order to destroy the city's monuments. At four in the afternoon, at gare Montparnasse, he surrenders the city to General Leclerc.
25 August – General Charles de Gaulle arrives at gare Montparnasse, and is shown Choltitz' surrender. In the evening, he gives a speech to the crowd from the balcony of the Hôtel de Ville.
26 August – General de Gaulle arrives at three in the afternoon at the Arc de Triomphe and walks down the Champs-Élysées to the Place de la Concorde, acclaimed by a huge and delirious crowd.
29 August – Parade of the US 28th Infantry Division down the Champs Élysées to Place de la Concorde.
1 September – Provisional French government led by de Gaulle established in Paris.
18 December – Le Monde newspaper begins publication.[185]
Épuration, or purge, of Parisians who collaborated with the Germans. 9,969 persons were arrested, of whom 211 were executed, and 1616 acquitted. The others received prison sentences. Many suspected collaborators left Paris and went abroad.[186]
1945
29 April – First municipal elections after the war, and the first French elections in which women could vote. Six parties take part: the Communists take thirty percent of the vote and 27 council seats out of ninety, making them the largest group in the council.
21 October – Communists and socialists win majority of seats in the first parliamentary elections after the war.
1946–1967
Recovering from the war. Paris automobile show in 1946.High fashion became a major French export after the war. A gown by Christian Dior worn by Eva Peron (1950)
1 January – Rationing of bread re-established, and continues until 1 February 1949.
3 February – First issue of the sports newspaper L'Équipe published.
5 April – Socialist government nationalizes the private gas and electricity companies.
23 April – Houses of prostitution ordered closed.
1947
12 February – First major fashion show after the war organized by Christian Dior at 30 Avenue Montaigne. High fashion became an important French export industry and foreign – currency earner.
25 April – Communist trade union begins strike at Renault factory.
5 May – Split between communists and socialists. New socialist Prime Minister Paul Ramadier dismisses communist ministers from French government.
June – Communist unions organize strikes and work stoppages of railroad and bank employees.[184]
The Bread ration reduced to 200 grams per person, less than during the German Occupation.
20 October – The Rassemblement du peuple français, a new center-right party led by Charles de Gaulle, wins Paris municipal elections, with 52 seats on the council out of ninety. The Communists win twenty-five seats, the socialists win five.[184]
November – Communist trade unions organize strikes of metal workers, public employees, teachers, and railroad workers in an effort to bring down the government, and call a general strike for December 1. Railroad lines are sabotaged. The navy, army and firemen are called in to keep electricity networks and the metro running.[184]
9 – The Communists call off the general strike.
1948
21 March – The Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) organized, a single authority to manage Paris public transport.
26 June – Inauguration of Paris-Orly airport, at the time the largest airport in Europe.
1 May – First demonstrations in Paris of Algerians demanding independence from France.
1952
18 May – Large demonstration on the Champs-Élysées of Algerians supporting independence for Algeria.
28 May – Violent confrontations between Communist demonstrators and police over visit of U.S. General Matthew Ridgway. Several hundred persons injured.
1953
26 April to May 3 – The Paris municipal elections won by center right – coalition formed with left republicans (RGR), Gaullists (RPF) and independents.[184]
14 July – Violent confrontations between Communists and Algerian independence supporters and the police. Seven persons are killed, and one hundred twenty-six injured.
1 February – Abbé Pierre issues an appeal for the city to aid the homeless.
1 August – Ordnance forbids Parisians to honk their car horns "except in case of danger."
1 November – War of independence begins in Algeria, with serious repercussions in Paris. Numerous killings in Paris of members of two rival Algerian factions, the Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), or National Liberation Front, and the Mouvement national algérien (MNA), and large demonstrations are organized by the Communists and Algerian nationalists.[188]
1955
15 September – Renault workers win three weeks of paid vacation.
1956
Short film – The Red Balloon released, set in Paris. It won the Academy Award in 1956 for best original screenplay.
7 November – Following the suppression of the Hungarian uprising by Soviet troops, large demonstrations take place outside Communist Party headquarters in Paris. When the name of the place outside their building is changed to the name of Lajos Kossuth, a Hungarian anti-Russian patriot, the Communists move to a new location on place du Colonel-Fabien.[189]
8 November – New metro cars running on rubber wheels instead of steel wheels begin service between Châtelet and Mairie des Lilas.
1958
19 May – Following a revolt by the French military in Algiers on 13 May, Charles de Gaulle holds a press conference at the Palais d'Orsay offering to form a new government, "If the people wish."
1 June – De Gaulle is invested as head of government by the National Assembly.
28 September – Proposed Constitution of the Fifth French Republic approved by the National Assembly.
1959
27 April – Demolition begins of the Vélodrome d'Hiver.
30 December – Rock singer Johnny Hallyday performs on radio program Paris-Cocktail and becomes an instant star.
1960
20 March – Paris police creates an auxiliary force of Muslim policemen to combat increasing terrorist attacks coming from the Algerian War.
12 April – Inauguration of the autoroute du Sud a highway from Paris to the south of France via Lyon.
1961
6 January – First bomb attacks in Paris by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), an armed terrorist group fighting to keep Algeria as part of France.
24 April – Opening of expanded Paris-Orly airport.
29 August – The Paris wing of the FLN, the major underground group fighting for Algerian independence, begins a campaign of killing French policemen, particularly Muslim auxiliaries. Thirteen policemen are killed between 29 August and 3 October.[190]
5 October – Paris municipality imposes a curfew on Algerians (French Muslim of Algeria), advising them to be off the streets between 8:30p.m. and 5:30a.m.
17 October – Between thirty and forty thousand Algerians stage an illegal but peaceful march against the curfew, marching in four columns to the center of the city. The police violently breaks up the demonstration, arresting six to seven thousand persons. Trapped by the police, some demonstrators jump or are thrown off the pont Saint-Michel. The number of persons killed has never been reliably established; estimates vary widely from thirty to fifty dead[190] to over two hundred.[191] (See Paris massacre of 1961 for one point of view of the events).
17 January – Seventeen bombs explode planted by the OAS, demanding continued French rule over Algeria.
8 February – Illegal anti-OAS demonstration by FLN and Communists is suppressed by the police. Eight persons are killed, most of them crushed by the crowd trying to take sanctuary in the Charonne metro station. (For one point of view of the event, see The Charonne Metro Station Massacre.)
4 August – Malraux Law, named for French Culture Minister André Malraux, requires that façades of Paris buildings be cleaned of decades of soot and dirt. Cleaning begins.
1963
Landmarks such as the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris change in color from dark grey to white after cleaning.[192]
21 April – The last duel is fought in the Bois de Boulogne between two members of the French National Assembly, Gaston Defferre and René Ribière (who lost the duel).[193]
29 November – Autoroute opens from Paris to Lille.
22 March – Coalition of Trotskyists, Maoists and anarchists organizes anti-government demonstrations at University of Nanterre.[195]
3 May – Student demonstrations spread to the Sorbonne campus, and police are called in.
6 May – The violent confrontations between demonstrators and police in the Latin Quarter leave eight hundred persons injured.
10 May – Barricades go up on rue Gay-Lussac, and a night of rioting.
13 May – The CFDT trade union and other unions support the students, and join in a large joint demonstration.
20 May – A general strike paralyzes the city. The Communists denounce Daniel Cohn-Bendit and other student leaders, because many have a Maoist ideology.[195][196]
25 May – Prime Minister Georges Pompidou negotiates a labor agreement with the CGT and other unions, concluded on May 27.
27 May – Large meeting of students, socialist party and CFDT at the Charléty stadium calls for bringing down the government of President Charles de Gaulle. Socialist leader François Mitterrand is proposed as a candidate for president, with Pierre Mendès France as prime minister.[195]
30 May – President de Gaulle launches a counter-offensive; he dissolves the National Assembly and calls for new elections 23 June and June 30. A demonstration on the Champs-Élysées.of an estimated one million persons supports de Gaulle.
June – The student leaders deny the authority of the President and call for more demonstrations. The Communist-backed unions of the CGT announce that they have no objections to new elections. The government raises the minimum wage by 35 percent, and most union members gradually go back to work. The last barricades are removed 20 June. The official statistics for the May events show 1,910 policemen injured, and 1,459 demonstrators injured. Damage to the streets (the removal of cobblestones to make barricades) is calculated at 2.5 million francs.[195]
June – Gaullist candidates win an absolute majority in the National Assembly. In Paris, the vote for the Communist candidates falls to eighteen percent from thirty percent in the previous elections.[195]
1969
28 February – The central market at Les Halles is moved outside the city to Rungis.
In the Paris municipal council elections Gaullist and center-right candidates win forty-six out of ninety seats; the Communists win twenty seats and the socialists seven.
The demolition begins of the historic pavilions of Les Halles, the central wholesale food market, whose function had been moved to the suburb of Rungis in 1969.
13 September – Opening of Tour Maine-Montparnasse, the first (and last) skyscraper in central Paris—said to have the most beautiful view of the city because it's the one place from which one cannot see the Tour Montparnasse.[197]
27 May – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is elected President of the French Republic. He abruptly cancels several of the major Paris projects begun by President Georges Pompidou, including the highway along the left bank of the Seine, a skyscraper at Place d'Italie, and an international commerce center at Les Halles.[198]
25 March Jacques Chirac becomes the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. He centralizes municipal power in the mayor's office, creating the positions of twenty-five deputy mayors and restricting the meetings of the municipal council to one meeting a month, no longer than one day long.[199]
1 May – "Les autonomes" attack eighty-three Paris stores after the traditional May Day demonstration.
1979
13 January – Stores around the Gare Saint-Lazare are vandalized by "Les autonomes".
23 March – Following a peaceful demonstration by communist mine workers, "Les autonomes" vandalize 121 stores and shops in Paris. More than two hundred persons are injured.
1 May – The "Nuit bleu" (Blue night). A dozen bombs are set off by Corsican nationalists, who set off more bombs on 2 May and 31 May.
4 September – Inauguration of the Forum des Halles, on the site of the former central market.
1980
28 January – First anisettes, automated individual pay toilets for Paris streets, authorized.
12 June – First terrorist attack at Paris-Orly airport by the anarchist-communist revolutionary organization Action directe. Seven people wounded.
3 October – Terrorist attack on the synagogue on rue Copernic. Four persons are killed and twenty injured.
1981–1999 – Mitterrand era
1981
10 May – François Mitterrand elected President of the French Republic. He is the first socialist president of the Fifth Republic and the first leftist president in 23 years.
22 May – First Salon du Livre book fair opens at the Grand Palais.
2 September – The inauguration of the TGV high-speed train line between Paris and Lyon.
7 February – Corsican terrorist group FLNC sets off seventeen bombs in the Paris region.
22 February – Car bomb on rue Marbeuf kills one and injures sixty-three. The Syrian secret services are suspected of organizing the attack.[201]
21 June – First Fête de la Musique festival in the Paris streets and parks.
30 June – New socialist majority in the National Assembly tries to make the office of Paris mayor ceremonial, and hand over real power to the mayors of the twenty arrondissements. Their effort, opposed by Mayor Jacques Chirac, fails.[201]
9 August – A Palestinian terrorist group places a bomb at the Jo Goldenberg restaurant on rue des Rosiers in Le Marais, killing six persons and wounding twenty-two.
17 September – A bomb placed in the car of an Israeli diplomat in front of the Lycée Carnot injures forty-seven persons.
1983
13 March – In the Paris municipal elections, Jacques Chirac and center-right candidates win 68 percent of the vote and eighteen out of twenty arrondissements. Only the 13th and 20th arrondissements give a majority to the left.
15 July – The Armenian militant group ASALA explodes a bomb at the check-in counter of Turkish Airlines at Paris-Orly airport. Eight persons, including a child, are killed, and fifty-four injured.[201]
20 March – Bomb explodes in the Galerie Point-Show on the Champs-Élysées. Two persons are killed.
4 May – First Paris Marathon takes place, with eleven thousand participants.
9 July – Action-Directe terrorist group explodes a bomb at the headquarters of the police brigade charged with fighting terrorism. One person is killed and twenty-two injured.
17 September – Bomb attack on Tati store on rue de Rennes kills seven and injures fifty-six. Between September 4 and September 17, attacks by radical Islamic groups kill eleven persons and injure city-six.
1 December – Opening of the Musée d'Orsay, featuring 19th century French art.
4–5 December – Students demonstrate against the Devaquet project for university reform. The Minister resigns and the reform plan is withdrawn.
1987
29 June – Police lay siege to the Iranian Embassy in France, until an Iranian diplomat implicated in the bombings of 1986 appears before a judge and then is expelled from France back to Iran.
4 March – President Mitterrand inaugurates the Louvre Pyramid, part of the Grand Louvre, the first of his grand projects for Paris.
14 July – President Mitterrand announces project to construct a new national library.
Mayor Jacques Chirac defeats President Mitterrand in Paris in the first round of the Presidential elections, but in the second round Mitterrand wins Paris by 58 to 42 percent. Mitterrand receives an absolute majority in nine Paris arrondissements.[202]
19 March – Paris municipal elections won by center-right Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) and Union pour un mouvement populaire (UMP) parties. Of the 163 municipal council seats, 140 are won by the center-right, 18 by the socialists; three communists are elected, and one ecologist.[202]
1 August – First class cars on the metro are taken out of service.
7 November – Prime Minister Édith Cresson decrees that about twenty government institutions, including the École Nationale d'Administration, (ENA) will be moved outside of Paris. ENA goes to Strasbourg. The move is highly unpopular with government officials.
28 March – Center-right parties dominate legislative elections in Paris. Socialists win only one out of twenty-one seats.
18 May – Opening of the TGV train line between Paris and Lille.
8 July – The floating swimming pool Deligny, first placed in the Seine in 1796, sinks.
20 November – Inauguration of the Richelieu wing of the Louvre, the second phase of the Grand Louvre project.
26 December – City of Paris begins a medical doctor service called SAMU (Service d'aide médicale d'urgence) providing emergency medical treatment at home.
1994
31 March – Violent demonstrations over changes in French labor laws; cars burned and stores pillaged.
14 July – First Bastille Day parade on Champs-Élysées with participation of 200 German soldiers of the Eurocorps.
November – Eurostar railway service between Paris and London begins.
7 May – Paris Mayor Jacques Chirac wins the second round of the French presidential elections over Lionel Jospin. He wins 60 percent of the vote in Paris.
22 May – Deputy Mayor Jean Tiberi replaces Chirac as the new mayor of Paris. He is formally elected by the municipal council on 25 June.
14 June – First scandals emerge about Paris city government, involving attribution of city-owned luxury apartments at low rents to government officials.
25 July – Bomb explodes on an RER train at the Saint-Michel station. Seven are killed, eighty-four injured. The attack is blamed on Algerian Islamists.
17 August – A bomb explodes in a garbage can on avenue de Friedland at corner with Place Charles de Gaulle-Étoile, injuring seventeen people.
17 October – Bomb explodes on RER train between Musée-d'Orsay and Saint-Michel stations; twenty-nine persons are injured. The attacks are blamed on the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria.[203]
Paris hosts the finals of the 1998 World Cup, won by France.
21st century
2000
1 January – Eiffel Tower lit with sparkling lights for first time, to mark the new century.
2001
18 March – Election of Bertrand Delanoë, the first socialist and first openly gay mayor of Paris. The socialists and greens take 49.63 percent of the vote, compared with 50.37 percent for the center-right candidates, but the left wins a majority of the seats in the municipal council, which selects the mayor.
2002
5 October – First Nuit Blanche festival, with museums and cultural institutions remaining open all night long.
5 October – Mayor Delanoë is stabbed but not seriously injured by a deranged unemployed man, outside the Hôtel de Ville.
27 October to 14 November – Riots of young residents of the low-income housing projects of the Paris suburbs and then across France, burning schools, day-care centers and other government buildings and almost nine thousand cars. The riots caused an estimated 200 million euros in property damage, and led to almost three thousand arrests.[204] On 14 November 2005, as the riots ended. President Jacques Chirac blamed the rioters for a lack of respect for the law and for French values, but also condemned inequalities in French society and "the poison of racism."[205]
12 February – Seven activists from the radical feminist group Femen bare their breasts inside the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris to demonstrate against the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
19 June – Inauguration of the Promenade des Berges de la Seine, a city park located on 2.3 kilometers of the former highway along the left bank of the Seine.
Paris Musées, a non-profit organization created in 1985 to manage the fourteen city-owned museums, is turned into public institution overseen by the city government.
2014
17 March – One-day limited traffic ban in effect due to a peak in air pollution.[208]
30 March – Election of Anne Hidalgo, the first woman mayor of Paris.
17 June – Mayor Hidalgo announces that the city budget deficit will increase to 400 million Euros in 2014, due to a reduction in support from the national government and a growth of spending on social services.[209]
19 September – City officials announce plan to gradually remove more than seven hundred thousand locks attached by tourists to the Pont des Arts as symbols of love. Officials said the weight of the locks damaged the bridge and altered its historic appearance.[210]
11 January – An estimated 1.3 million persons demonstrate in Paris against terrorism and for freedom of speech following the terrorist attack at Charlie Hebdo.
14 January 2015 – President Hollande inaugurates the city's new symphony hall, the Philharmonie de Paris, designed by architect Jean Nouvel, at Parc de la Villette. The opening concert is dedicated to the victims of the Charlie Hebdo shooting.[212]
25 June – Three thousand Paris taxicab drivers go on strike, blocking roads to the airports and train stations, burning two cars, and damaging seventy others. Seven policemen were injured. Taxi drivers were protesting against competition from other vehicle for hire companies such as Uber.[213]
13 November – Simultaneous terrorist attacks took place in Paris, carried out by three coordinated teams of terrorists. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attacks. The gunmen opened fire at several sidewalk cafes, exploded two bombs near the Stade de France stadium, where a match between Germany and France was taking place, and killed more than eighty persons at the Bataclan theater, where a concert was about to take place. In all, the attackers killed 130 persons and injured 368, of whom 42 were still in a critical state on 16 November.[214] Seven terrorists took part, and killed themselves by setting off explosive vests.[215] French president François Hollande declared that France was in a nationwide state of emergency, reestablished controls at the French border, and brought fifteen hundred soldiers into Paris. Schools and universities and other public institutions in Paris were ordered closed. It was the most deadly recorded terrorist attack to take place in France.[216]
30 November to 12 December – The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held.[217]
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 561
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 562.
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 563.
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 564.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 565.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 566.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 567.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 568
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 569
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 570
↑Jacques Hillairet and Pascal Payen-Appenzeller, Dictionnaire historique des rues de Paris, Éditions de minuit, Paris, 1985, (ISBN2-707-310549)
1234Augustus Charles Pugin; L.T. Ventouillac (1831), Paris and its Environs, vol.1, London: Jennings and Chaplin, OL7046809M
↑Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours, texts assembled by Dominique Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marchilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délégation à l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 571
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 573.
↑Knecht, pp. 51–2; Robert Jean Knecht in The French Religious Wars 1562-1598, Osprey Publishing, 2002, ISBN1-84176-395-0
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 574.
↑Joan DeJean (2014). "The Bridge Where Paris Became Modern". How Paris Became Paris: The Invention of the Modern City. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN978-1-60819-591-6.
1234Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 577
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 578
↑Moote, A. Lloyd: "Louis XIII, the Just", chap.2/ Savall, Jordi: booklet of L'orchestre de Louis XIII
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 580
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 582.
↑Steven Anzovin and Janet Podell, ed. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN0824209583.
1234Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 583.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 584.
↑"Ĉ France, 1600–1800 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 587.
↑Mary Bosworth, ed. (2005). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities. Sage. ISBN978-1-4522-6542-1.
12Nigel Simeone (2000). "Four Centuries of Music in Paris: A Brief Outline". Paris--a Musical Gazetteer. Yale University Press. p.11+. ISBN978-0-300-08054-4.
1234Joan DeJean. The Essence of Style: How The French Invented High Fashion, Fine Food, Chic Cafés, Style, Sophistication, and Glamour, New York: Free Press, 2005, ISBN978-0-7432-6413-6
↑Stephen Rose (2005). "Chronology". In Tim Carter and John Butt (ed.). Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-79273-8.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 589
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 590
↑E C. Spary (2013). Eating the Enlightenment: Food and the Sciences in Paris, 1670–1760. University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-76888-5.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 591.
1234Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 592.
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12345Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 594.
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 595.
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12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 597.
1234"Timeline of opera", Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 30 March 2015
1234Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 598.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 599.
123456Jonathan Conlin (2013). Tales of Two Cities: Paris, London and the Birth of the Modern City. Counterpoint. ISBN978-1-61902-225-6.
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 600.
↑Du Camp, Maxime, Paris – Ses organes, ses fonctions et sa vie jusqu'en 1870, p. 137
↑Château de Versailles link to Wedding of the Dauphin Louis and Marie-Antoinette: "Wedding of the Dauphin Louis and Marie-Antoinette - Palace of Versailles". Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
↑Gustave Pessard (1904). Nouveau dictionnaire historique de Paris (in French). Paris: Eugène Rey.
1234Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 602.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 624.
↑Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des jardins parisiens, p. 75
↑Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des jardins parisiens, p. 110
1234Michael Barker (1998). "Brasseries, Restaurants and Cafés in Paris, and a Gazetteer of Establishments of Decorative Interest". Journal of the Decorative Arts Society (22): 82–89. JSTOR41809275.
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 625
↑Alfred Hermann Fried (1911). "Ein Verzeichnis der internationalen Regierungskonferenzen von 1815-1910 (List of intergovernmental conferences)". Handbuch der Friedensbewegung[Handbook of the Peace Movement] (in German) (2nded.). Berlin: Verlag der Friedens-Warte. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008574801– via HathiTrust.
↑Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des jardins parisiens, p. 122
↑Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des jardins parisiens, p. 129
↑Glyn Davies; Roy Davies (2002). "Comparative Chronology of Money"– via University of Exeter.
↑Jeroen Heijmans; Bill Mallon (2011). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Cycling. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-7175-5.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 626
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 627
12Rougerie, Jacques, La Commune de 1871 (2014), p. 50-51.
↑Sarmant, Thierry, Histoire de Paris (2012), p. 196–97
↑"Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Île-de-France" (in French). 1874. Archived from the original on 2015-05-05.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 628
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 629
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 630
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 631.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 632.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 633.
1234"France, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
↑Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑Judith Goldsmith (ed.). "Timeline of the Counterculture". Retrieved 30 June 2014– via The WELL.
↑Chilver, Ian (Ed.). "Fauvism"Archived 2011-11-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Oxford Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved from enotes.com, 26 December 2007.
↑MAM, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris 1937, L'Art Indépendant, ex. cat. ISBN2-85346-044-4, Paris-Musées, 1987, p. 188
↑Sonia Landes; etal. (2005). "Brief Chronology of Paris". Pariswalks (6thed.). Henry Holt and Co. ISBN978-0-8050-7786-5.
↑Mackrell, Alice (2005). Art and Fashion. Sterling Publishing. p.133. ISBN978-0-7134-8873-9. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
↑Christopher Green, Cubism and its Enemies, Modern Movements and Reaction in French Art, 1916-28, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1987 p. 314, note 51
↑Daniel Robbins, 1964, Albert Gleizes 1881 – 1953, A Retrospective Exhibition, Published by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, in collaboration with Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, Museum am Ostwall, Dortmund
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 637.
↑David Lawrence Pike (2005). Subterranean Cities: The World Beneath Paris and London, 1800–1945. Cornell University Press. ISBN0-8014-7256-3.
↑Patrick F. Barrer: Quand l'art du XXe siècle était conçu par les inconnus, pp. 93-101, gives an account of the debate.
↑Peter Brooke, Albert Gleizes, Chronology of his life, 1881-1953
↑Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN978-0-85052-979-1.
↑Irene Anastasiadou (2011). "Timeline of Conferences". Constructing Iron Europe: Transnationalism and Railways in the Interbellum. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN978-90-5260-392-6.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 641
↑"About Josephine Baker: Biography". Official site of Josephine Baker. The Josephine Baker Estate. 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
↑"Le Jazz-Hot: The Roaring Twenties", in William Alfred Shack, Harlem in Montmartre: A Paris Jazz Story Between the Great Wars, University of California Press, 2001, p. 35.
12"Histoire de Paris (timeline)" (in French). Carnavalet Museum. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 254
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 260.
↑"Paris 1978". Eurovision Song Contest. Retrieved 2026-05-02.
123Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 653
12Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 265.
↑Fierro, Alfred, Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris, p. 658.
12"France Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
↑"Chirac in new pledge to end riots". BBC News. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
↑Direction de l'information et de la communication. "Histoire et Patrimonie" (in French). Mairie de Paris. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2014. Comité d'histoire de la Ville de Paris
↑"Commune: Paris (75056)" (in French). INSEE. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
↑"Partially Banning Cars for a Day in Paris Actually Worked", CityLab, Atlantic Media, May 16, 2014
↑Jepsen, Henrik; etal. (2021). Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN9781108886246. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
↑"Paris Champs Elysees: Crowds flock to car-free thoroughfare", BBC News, 8 May 2016
↑Union (EBU), European Broadcasting (2021-05-20). "France Télévisions to host 2021 Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Paris". www.ebu.ch. Retrieved 2026-05-10.
Bibliography
In English
Truslove, Roland; de Blowitz, Henri Georges Stephane Adolphe Opper (1910). "Paris". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.20 (11thed.). pp.805–822.
In French
Brunet, Jean-Paul (1999). Police contre FLN, le drame d'octobre 1961 (in French). Flammarion. ISBN978-2080676917.
Combeau, Yvan[in French] (2013). Histoire de Paris (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. ISBN978-2-13-060852-3.
De Moncan, Patrice (2007). Les jardins du Baron Haussmann (in French). Paris: Les Éditions du Mécène. ISBN978-2-907970-914.
De Moncan, Patrice (2012). Le Paris d'Haussmann (in French). Paris: Les Editions du Mecene. ISBN978-2-9079-70983.
Einaudi, Jean-Luc (2001). La Bataille de Paris: 17 octobre 1961 (in French). Fayard. ISBN2-213-61019-3.
Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris (in French). Robert Laffont. ISBN2-221-07862-4.
Héron de Villefosse, René (1959). Histoire de Paris (in French). Bernard Grasset.
Jarrassé, Dominique (2007). Grammaire des jardins Parisiens. Parigramme. ISBN978-2-84096-476-6.
Meunier, Florian (2014). Le Paris du moyen âge (in French). Paris: Editions Ouest-France. ISBN978-2-7373-6217-0.
Rougerie, Jacques (2014). La Commune de 1871. Paris: Presses universitaires de France. ISBN978-2-13-062078-5.
サルマン、ティエリー[フランス語] (2012)。Histoire de Paris: 政治、都市主義、文明(フランス語)。ジャン=ポール・ジゼロのエディション。ISBN978-2-755-803303。
