緊急事態とは、国民の安全と保護のために、通常は許可されない政策を実施する権限が政府に与えられる状況です。政府は、自然災害、市民の暴動、武力紛争、医療上のパンデミックや伝染病、その他のバイオセキュリティリスクの発生前、発生中、発生後に、緊急事態を宣言することができます。
国際法との関係
国際法では、緊急事態の深刻度と政府の政策に応じて、緊急事態の間は権利と自由が停止される可能性がある。[1]
使用と視点
民主主義国家は、異常気象から治安維持のためのさまざまな状況に対処するために非常事態宣言を発令する。独裁政権はしばしば、政権存続期間中無期限に延長される非常事態宣言を発令するか、または通常、市民的及び政治的権利に関する国際規約(ICCPR)で保護されている国民の人権を無視するために、例外を適用できる期間を延長する。 [2]場合によっては、戒厳令も発令され、軍の行動権限が拡大する。その他の状況では、非常事態宣言は発令されず、事実上の措置が取られるか、政府が法令を制定する。二コール・クエスチョー(フランス)とレアンドロ・デスポイ(アルゼンチン)は、国連特別報告者として連続して2名、緊急事態または事実上の緊急事態の際に遵守すべき以下の「原則」を採用するよう国際社会に勧告した。合法性、宣言、通知、時間制限、例外的な脅威、比例性、無差別、適合性、国際法のさまざまな規範の一致および補完性の原則(「人権問題と緊急事態」、E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/19、第2章を参照。また、état d'exceptionも参照)。
自由権規約第4条は、国家が「公の緊急事態」において自由権規約で保障された特定の権利を免除することを認めている。しかし、規約上の義務を免除するいかなる措置も、状況の緊急性によって必要とされる範囲に限られ、締約国は国連事務総長にその旨を通告しなければならない。欧州人権条約[3]および米州人権条約[4]にも同様の免除規定がある。国際労働条約の免除は認められていない。
政治理論家でナチ党員のカール・シュミットなど、一部の人々は、非常事態の開始を決定する権限が主権そのものを定義すると主張した。ジョルジョ・アガンベンは著書『例外状態』(2005年)でこの考えを批判し、非常事態のメカニズムが特定の人々の市民的・政治的権利を奪うと主張し、ホモ・サケルの解釈を生み出した。[5]
卒業
多くの民主主義国家では、国家の憲法が部分的に機能停止状態にある場合、一般大衆に対する脅威の性質に応じて、特定の緊急事態に関する法的定義がいくつか用意されています。 [6]深刻度の高い順に、次のような定義が含まれます。
- 戒厳令:主権国家において、例えば外国軍による侵略や実際の敵対行為の脅威が極めて高い時期に、軍事力の行使によって市民の権利が厳しく制限される場合。
- 非常事態:政治活動家などの特定の個人またはグループの公民権が制限される可能性がある場合。たとえば、反乱や、疑わしい扇動者による組織的な反逆行為を防ぐためなど。
- 民間緊急事態:災害地域に対処し、暴動や放火などにより発生する可能性のある自然災害や悪意のある大規模な 財産被害などの危険な状況を封じ込めるために特別なリソースの配備を必要とする。通常の緊急サービスに加えて、特に危険な状況下で援助を提供したり、略奪を防いだりするために軍隊が派遣されることもあります。
乱用
非常事態宣言は、発動されると濫用される可能性がある。一例としては、人権を尊重することなく、国家が国内の反対勢力を抑圧できるようにすることである。一例としては、1991 年 8 月のソビエト連邦(USSR)でのクーデター未遂事件があり、クーデターの指導者らは非常事態宣言を発動したが、クーデターの失敗によりソビエト連邦は崩壊した。
自由権規約、米州人権条約、欧州人権条約、国際労働条約などの拘束力のある国際協定を批准または加入している国による違反行為は、独立した専門家委員会、地域裁判所、その他の締約国によって監視されている。[7]
特定の国の法律
アルゼンチン
アルゼンチン憲法は数回改正されているが、憲法または憲法で定められた当局が国内の騒乱や外国からの攻撃によって危険にさらされた場合、常に非常事態(文字通り「 estado de sitio」、「戒厳令」)を宣言することを認めている。この規定は独裁政権下では乱用が目立ち、長期間の戒厳令により政府は反対派を自由に抑圧できるようになった。[8]米州人権条約(コスタリカのサンホセ条約)は1969年に採択されたが、アルゼンチンは国家再編プロセス終了後の1984年にようやく批准したが、非常事態を宣言する署名国に対し、その状況と期間、影響を受ける権利について他の署名国に通知することを義務付けることで、非常事態の乱用を制限している。
オーストラリア
オーストラリアでは、緊急事態に関する法律は各州で異なります。緊急事態管理に関しては、自然災害の影響を受けた地域(通常は地方自治体単位)は、州が緊急事態を宣言し、連邦緊急基金にアクセスして自然災害への対応と復旧を支援するまで、州の責任となります。緊急事態は州全体に適用されるのではなく、必須サービスが中断されている可能性のある地区または郡に適用されます。[9]
2020年3月18日[10] 、オーストラリアでは、前日に国家安全保障委員会が会合を開いた後、コロナウイルス(COVID-19)パンデミックが人間の健康に及ぼすリスクのため、全国的な人間のバイオセキュリティ緊急事態が宣言された。 2015年バイオセキュリティ法[11]では、オーストラリア総督は、保健大臣が「リストに記載されている人間の病気が国家的に重要な規模で人間の健康に深刻かつ差し迫った脅威をもたらしている、または危害を与えている」と確信した場合、そのような緊急事態を宣言することができると規定されている。これにより、大臣は、特定の場所間の人や物の移動を制限または禁止することや避難を含む広範な権限を持つ。 [ 12]バイオセキュリティ(人間のバイオセキュリティ緊急事態)(パンデミックの可能性のあるヒトコロナウイルス)宣言2020は、同法第475条に基づき、総督デイビッド・ハーリーによって宣言された。 [10]
ニューサウスウェールズ州
ニューサウスウェールズ州では、1989年州緊急事態および救助管理法に基づき、州首相は、州内の人々や動物の安全や健康を危険にさらす、または危険にさらす恐れのある、または州内の財産を破壊もしくは損傷する、または破壊もしくは損傷する恐れのある、または重要なサービスやインフラに障害や重大な混乱を引き起こす、実際のまたは差し迫った出来事(火災、洪水、暴風雨、地震、爆発、テロ行為、事故、伝染病、戦争行為など)を理由に、非常事態を宣言することができる。[13]首相は、2019~2020年のニューサウスウェールズ州森林火災に対応して、2019年11月11日に非常事態を宣言した。これは、2006年以来、同州で5回目の非常事態宣言であり、7日間続いた。その後の宣言は12月19日にさらに7日間行われ、2020年1月2日に再度行われた。ニューサウスウェールズ州では、2019年から2020年の山火事シーズンで26人が死亡し、2,448軒の家屋が破壊され、550万ヘクタール(1,400万エーカー)が焼失した。[14] [15]
ビクトリア
ビクトリア州では、雇用、安全、公共秩序に脅威がある場合、ビクトリア州首相は1958年公共安全保護法[16]に基づいて非常事態を宣言することができます。 [17]非常事態宣言により、首相は公共の秩序と安全を確保するために必要な規制を直ちに制定することができます。宣言は30日後に失効しますが、上院または下院のいずれかの決議により早期に撤回することができます。ただし、議会が7日以内に継続に同意しない 場合は、これらの規制は失効します。
首相(または代理人)は、1958年必須サービス法に基づいて、輸送、燃料、電力、水道、ガスなどのあらゆる必須サービスの運営または禁止を行うことができます。[18] [19]
緊急事態があり、首相が関係大臣および緊急事態管理委員の助言を考慮した後、ビクトリア州における生命または財産に対する重大かつ広範な危険を構成する、または構成する可能性があると判断した場合、首相は、1986年緊急事態管理法に基づき、州全体または一部において災害状態が存在することを宣言することができる。 [20]災害状態は公衆衛生問題を超えた問題に対処するものであり、自然災害、爆発、テロ、包囲などの緊急事態に対処することを目的としており、「疫病または伝染病」に対処するためにも使用されることがある。[21]
2008年公衆衛生福祉法は、保健局長に「公衆衛生上のリスクを調査、排除、または軽減する」措置を講じる広範な権限を与えており、これには緊急事態区域内の人物を拘留、移動を制限、または立ち入りを禁止する権限、「および権限のある職員が公衆衛生を保護するために合理的に必要であると考えるその他の指示を与える」権限が含まれる。[22]
ブラジル
ブラジルの現行憲法[23]では、大統領が「深刻かつ差し迫った制度的不安定性や深刻な自然災害によって脅かされている平和と秩序を維持または確立する」ために、2つの状態を宣言することを認めている。
最初の、それほど深刻ではない状態は防衛状態(ポルトガル語でestado de defesa ) であり、より深刻なのは包囲状態( estado de sítio ) です。
防衛状態においては、連邦政府は、適切と判断する限り、あらゆる公共の建物を占拠して使用したり、あらゆるサービスを要求したりすることができる。また、特定の地域と期間を指定する限り、必要に応じて 通信の秘密や集会の自由を抑制することもできる。
大統領が防衛が不十分だと判断した場合、非常事態宣言を発令する可能性がある。非常事態宣言により市民の自由がさらに制限され、移動の自由が奪われ、同意や令状なしでの捜索や、政府が必要とみなす資産の差し押さえが可能になる。政府はまた、介入して企業の機能を指導することもできる。
この広範囲に及ぶ権力のバランスを取るため、ブラジル国民議会は10日以内に召集され、この状態を承認しなければ、自動的に解除される。さらに、戒厳令は、戦争への対応として発令された場合を除き、30日ごとに議会によって修正されなければならない。戦争への対応として発令された場合、政府は戦争が終わるまで自由に戒厳令を継続することができる。
1985年に軍事独裁政権が終焉し、第六次ブラジル共和国が成立して以来、どちらの国家も誕生していない。
カナダ
カナダ連邦政府は緊急事態法を用いて非常事態を宣言することができる。国家非常事態は、総督評議会によって延長されない限り、90日後に自動的に終了する。[24]非常事態には、公共福祉非常事態、公共秩序非常事態、国際非常事態、戦争非常事態の4つのレベルがある。[25]
緊急事態法は1988年に戦時措置法に取って代わりました。戦時措置法はカナダの歴史の中で3回適用されていますが、最も物議を醸したのは1970年の十月危機の際のピエール・トルドー首相による適用でした。また、第一次世界大戦中(1914年から1920年、1917年から1923年の革命中の共産主義の脅威に対抗するため)のロバート・ボーデン首相、そして第二次世界大戦中(1942年から1945年、大日本帝国の真珠湾攻撃後の日系カナダ人からの脅威と認識されたことに対する対応) のウィリアム・ライアン・マッケンジー・キング首相による適用でした。
現行の緊急事態法では、州、準州、市町村政府も緊急事態を宣言できる。[26]さらに、カナダ連邦政府と州政府は、第33条の規定にかかわらず、法律を制定し、憲章第2条に定める基本的自由、第7条から第14条に定める法的権利、第15条に定める平等権を一度に5年間停止することができるため、緊急事態法を使わなくても事実上、非常事態権限を発動することができる。
州政府も緊急事態を宣言することができ、21世紀には少なくとも12件の事件に対応するために宣言した。[要出典]
緊急事態法が初めて使用されたのは、2022年2月14日、首都オタワを占拠した「フリーダム・コンボイ2022」抗議活動への対応として、ジャスティン・トルドー首相によって発動された。カナダ下院は、自由党と新民主党の支持と、保守党とブロック・ケベコワの反対を得て、185対151で発動を承認した。[27]トルドー首相は、2020年4月のCOVID-19パンデミックの始まりに、同法の発動を検討したが、連邦評議会で13の州および準州の首相全員から全会一致で反対された。[28] [29]
エジプト
エジプト人は1967年から2012年まで、1980年と1981年の18か月の休止期間を除き、非常事態法(1958年法律第162号)[30]の下で暮らしていた。非常事態は六日戦争中に発令され、アンワル・サダト大統領の暗殺後に再発令された。この法律は1981年以来3年ごとに継続的に延長されてきた。この法律の下で、警察権は拡大され、憲法上の権利は停止され、検閲は合法化された。[31]この法律は政府以外の政治活動を厳しく制限し、街頭デモ、未承認の政治組織、未登録の献金は正式に禁止された。この法律に基づいて約17,000人が拘留され、政治犯は30,000人に上ると推定されている。 [32]緊急規則は2012年5月31日に失効し、2013年1月に再施行された。[33] [34]
2013年のクーデター後、エジプト暫定大統領は2013年8月14日に全国で1か月間の非常事態を宣言し、エジプト軍に内務省の治安維持を支援するよう命じた。[35]国営テレビでの発表は、退陣したムハンマド・モルシ大統領の支持者と治安部隊との間で全国的に致命的な衝突が発生した後に行われた。 [36]
エチオピア
ティグレ戦争中の反政府勢力の進撃を受けて、エチオピア政府は2021年11月2日に6か月間の非常事態を発令し、2021年11月5日に発効した。
フランス

フランスにおける様々な「非常事態」に関する主な規定は3つある。1958年憲法第16条は、危機の際に大統領に「非常権限」を与えることを認めている。同憲法第36条は「非常事態」(état de siège)を規定している。最後に、1955年4月3日の法律は、閣僚理事会による「非常事態」(état d'urgence)の宣言を認めている。[37]第16条と1955年の法律の違いは、主に権限の分配に関するものである。第16条では、行政権が共和国の通常手続きを基本的に停止するのに対し、1955年の法律は12日間の非常事態を認めており、その後、非常事態を延長する新しい法律はフランス議会で投票されなければならない。これらの処置は、アルジェリア戦争中の3回(1955年、1958年、1961年)、1984年のニューカレドニアでの独立を求める激しい反乱の際、2005年の暴動の際、そして2015年のパリのテロ攻撃の後に、さまざまな時期に使用されてきた。それから9年後の2024年5月15日、死者を出した暴動が発生し、フランスはニューカレドニアで国家非常事態を宣言した。
ドイツ
ワイマール憲法(1919-1933)[38]は、反乱に対処するために第48条に基づいて非常事態を認めていた。第48条はワイマール共和国の14年間に頻繁に適用されたが、議会で多数派を獲得できなかった場合に政府が行動できるようにするためという理由だけで適用されることもあった。
1933年2月27日、共産主義者の犯行とされる国会議事堂放火事件の後、アドルフ・ヒトラーは憲法第48条を用いて非常事態を宣言し、パウル・フォン・ヒンデンブルク大統領に国会議事堂放火令に署名させた。この法令により、ワイマール憲法で規定された基本的な市民の自由の一部(人身保護令状、表現の自由、言論の自由、集会の自由、通信の秘密など)が第三帝国の存続期間中停止された。 [39] 3月23日、国会は必要な3分の2以上の多数決で1933年全権委任法を可決し、これによりアドルフ・ヒトラー首相と内閣は立法府の参加なしに法律を制定できるようになった。ワイマール憲法はナチスドイツによって実際に廃止されることはなかったが、全権委任法の可決後、事実上機能しなくなった。[40]これら二つの法律は、ナチスの全体主義制度である統合強制を実施した。
戦後のドイツ連邦共和国では、緊急事態法によって、国防状態、緊張状態、国内の緊急事態または災害(大惨事)の場合には、基本法に定められた基本的な憲法上の権利の一部が制限される可能性があると規定されている。これらの憲法改正は、いわゆる議会外の反対派(詳細はドイツ学生運動を参照)の激しい反対にもかかわらず、1968年5月30日に可決された。
香港特別行政区(中国)
国家の安全や統一を脅かす戦争や混乱が生じ、全国人民代表大会常務委員会が地方政府の制御が及ばないと判断した場合、常務委員会は香港基本法第18条を援用し、香港に「非常事態」を宣言することができる。これにより、中央人民政府は香港では通常認められていない国内法を選択的に施行することができる。 [41]「中華人民共和国香港特別行政区駐屯法」に基づき、人民解放軍香港駐屯部隊の部隊が派遣されることもある。 [42]
香港行政長官は行政会議とともに、 「第245条 公共秩序条例」に基づき、集会の禁止、夜間外出禁止令の発令、船舶や航空機の移動の禁止、権限の委譲、その他の列挙された権限を行使することができる。[43]
人民解放軍香港駐屯部隊は香港の内政に干渉することはできないが、香港特別行政区政府は香港基本法第14条に基づき、中央人民政府に駐屯部隊に「治安維持または災害救助」の支援を要請することができる。[41]
1997 年以降、緊急事態は宣言されていません。しかし、英国統治時代および特別行政区の設立後、長年にわたってさまざまな程度で緊急措置が講じられてきました。注目すべきものをいくつか挙げると、次のとおりです。
- 1922年の船員ストライキ- 1922年2月28日、1日以内に1922年非常規制条例が制定された。
- 1925年の広州・香港ストライキ– 複数の国の警察と兵士が関与
- 1931年の反日暴動-香港警察とイギリス軍の関与
- 1956年の香港暴動– イギリス軍と香港警察の関与
- 1966年の香港暴動– イギリス軍と香港警察の関与
- 1967年の香港左翼暴動- イギリス軍と香港警察の関与
- 1981年の香港暴動– 香港警察の関与
- 2005年WTO会議抗議活動 - 香港警察と香港WTO人民連合が率いる148カ国からの反グローバリゼーション抗議活動家が参加
- 2014年の香港抗議活動– 香港警察の関与
- 2016年旺角の暴動– 香港警察の関与
- 2019~20年の香港抗議活動– 香港警察の関与
2019年10月4日、香港特別行政区の行政長官キャリー・ラム氏は、 1922年以来施行され、1999年に立法会によって最後に改正された緊急規制条例[44]第2条(1)を発動し、政府が新しい顔覆い禁止条例[45]を実施することを可能にした。新しい規制は、公の集会の参加者が正当な理由がない限り、そのようなイベント中にマスクを着用したり顔を隠したりすることを禁じている。認められる理由は、既存の医学的または健康上の理由、宗教上の理由、および職業または雇用に関連する活動中に身体の安全のために顔を覆う場合である。新しい規制に違反する者は、刑事訴追される可能性がある。政府がそうする動機は、数か月に及ぶ社会不安と暴動を終わらせることだが、「非常事態」は宣言しなかった。新しい規制は2019年10月5日香港時間0時に発効した。[46]違反者は最大1年の懲役または25,000香港ドル(3,200米ドル)の罰金が科せられる可能性がある。[47]
香港高等法院は、新規制が発効する直前の同夜、覆面禁止法の司法差し止め請求を却下した。その後、民主派による新規制の停止の試みも失敗したが、同法院は後日司法審査を勧告した。[48]
2019年11月18日、高等裁判所は「第241章 緊急規制条例」は「基本法に反する」との判決を下したが、裁判所は「緊急事態に関連する限り、EROの合憲性については疑問の余地を残している」とした。また、同条例は「法律で規定されている」という要件を満たしていると判断した。しかし、同裁判所は、同条例の第3条(1)項(b)、(c)、(d)、および第5項は、その本来の目的を推進するために必要な範囲を超えて基本的権利に制限を課しているため、比例性テストを満たしていないと判断した。[49]
2019年11月22日、高等裁判所は次のような発言をした。
しかしながら、我々は、この判決があくまでも第一審の判決であり、すぐに控訴院に控訴されることを認識している。本件で提起された問題の社会的重要性の高さと、香港が現在直面している極めて例外的な状況に鑑み、我々は、被告が控訴院の勧告があれば、適切な暫定的救済を求める機会を与えられるよう、短期間の暫定停止命令を発令するのが適切であると考える。従って、我々は、無効宣言の発効を2019年11月29日までの7日間延期する暫定的な一時停止命令を発令し、申請の自由を認める。[50] [51]
2019年11月26日、高等裁判所は、判決に対する政府の控訴の審理を2020年1月9日に行うと発表した。[52]
2019年11月27日、控訴裁判所は判決の暫定停止を2019年12月10日まで延長した。[53] [54]
2019年12月10日、控訴院は、反マスク規制に関する第一審裁判所の「違憲」判決の執行停止を拒否した。予定通り、本格的な審理は2020年1月9日に開始される。[55] [56] [57]
ハンガリー
ハンガリー憲法によれば、ハンガリー国会は武装蜂起や自然災害、産業災害が発生した場合に非常事態を宣言することができる。非常事態は30日後に期限切れとなるが、延長することもできる。ほとんどの公民権は停止できるが、基本的人権(生存権、拷問の禁止、宗教の自由など)は停止できない。
緊急事態の間、議会は解散できない。
アイスランド
アイスランドの憲法には、戦争、戒厳令、非常事態を宣言する仕組みは規定されていない。[要出典]
インド
インド大統領は、国家に対する重大な脅威を感じた場合、連邦閣僚評議会の助言を経て非常事態を宣言することができる。インド憲法第18条は、インド 国民に基本的権利を保証するものを含む多くの規定を覆す権限を大統領に与えている。
インドでは、緊急事態が2度宣言されました。
- 1962年10月26日から1968年1月10日までの中印戦争の間、インドの安全保障は「外部からの侵略によって脅かされている」と宣言された。[58]
- 1971年12月3日から1977年3月21日まで、インド・パキスタン戦争中に最初に宣言され、その後、インドの安全が「外部からの侵略」と「内部の混乱」によって脅かされていると宣言された第3次宣言とともに、1975年6月25日に延長されました。
一般に非常事態として知られる最初の国内非常事態は、当時の首相インディラ・ガンディーの助言を受けて、当時の大統領ファクルディン・アリー・アハメドによって宣言された。憲法の規定により、首相は政令によって統治することが可能である。
アイルランド
アイルランドでは、 「国家非常事態」を宣言することは、1937年のアイルランド憲法第28条3項3号に規定されており、次のように規定されている。[59]
この憲法のいかなる条項も、戦争または武装蜂起の際に公共の安全を確保し国家を保全する目的であると明示されているオイレイハタス(議会)によって制定されたいかなる法律も無効にするために援用されるものではなく、また、そのような法律に従って戦争または武装蜂起の際に行われた、または行われたとされる行為を無効にするために援用されるものではない。
さらに、「戦争または武装反乱」の際には軍事法廷が民間人を裁くことができ、[60]国防軍は人身保護令状に拘束されない。[61]
1939年の憲法修正第1条は、国家が非交戦国である戦争中に緊急事態を宣言することを認めており、その場合、アイルランド議会の決議に従う必要がある。[62] 1941年の第2次修正により、緊急事態は戦争が終結しても自動的に終了するのではなく、アイルランド議会の決議によってのみ終了することになった。[63] 2002年の第21次修正により、緊急事態中の死刑の再導入が禁止された。 [64]
最初の改正は、アイルランドが中立を保った第二次世界大戦の勃発後にアイルランド議会で急いで行われた。直後に必要な決議が可決され、1939年非常事態法(EPA)の可決が可能となり、政府とその大臣に「非常事態命令」(EPO)と呼ばれる法定命令を発行する広範な権限が与えられた。 [65] [66] (アイルランドではこの期間は「非常事態」と呼ばれている。)EPAは1946年に失効したが、一部のEPOは1946年供給・サービス(臨時規定)法に基づいて1957年まで継続された。 [67] [68]配給は1951年まで続いた。
1939年の非常事態は、1976年の決議で正式に終了した。この決議では、北アイルランド紛争、特にアイルランド駐在英国大使クリストファー・エワート・ビッグスの最近の暗殺に関連して、新たな非常事態も宣言された。 [ 69]その後、1976年非常事態権限法が可決され、国家に対する犯罪の容疑者を逮捕、拘留、尋問する警察の権限が拡大された。[70]チャーバル・オ・ダレイ大統領は憲法第26条に基づき法案を最高裁判所に付託し、最高裁判所は法案の合憲性を支持した。[71]この付託はパディ・ドネガン大臣によって「とんでもない不名誉」と非難され、オ・ダレイは抗議して辞任した。 1976年のEPAは1年後に失効したが、非常事態は1995年まで続いた。 1994年のIRA暫定派の停戦後、北アイルランド和平プロセスの一環として、共和主義者の物理的な力を満足させるための「信頼醸成措置」として撤回された。[72]
国家に対する犯罪法は、第28条3項3°の緊急事態を必要としない。[73] [74]陪審員なしの特別刑事裁判所(SCC)を規定する同法の第V部は、第38条3項1°の下で認められている。[75] [76]第V部は、政府が「公共の平和と秩序の維持を確保するために必要」であると宣言することで発動され、下院の投票で撤回することができる。抑留の規定も同様に発動され、撤回される(最初は1939年の法律の第VI部、後に1940年の修正法の第II部によって)。[73] [77] [78]第V部と第VI部は、第二次世界大戦中とIRAの1950年代後半の国境作戦中に発動された。第V部は1972年以来継続的に発動されている。[79] [80]
憲法と国家に対する犯罪に関する法律に関するいくつかの公式の検討では、第28条3項3号または第38条3項1号の運用を決議によって明示的に更新するか、さもなければ失効させるかの期限を設けることが勧告されている。[81] [82] [83]
イスラエル
緊急防衛規則によって認可されたイスラエルの非常事態は、国家自体よりも古く、 1945年にパレスチナに対するイギリス委任統治領の下で可決された。 1967年に廃止が一時的に検討されたが、六日間戦争後に中止された。この規則により、イスラエルは軍隊を通じて、占領地での移動を統制し、テロ容疑者を起訴し、国防に有害とみなされる出版物を検閲することができる。[要出典]
イタリア
イタリアでは、1992年の国民保護に関する法律第225号により、法制度によって計画された非常事態は、議会の投票を必要とせずに閣僚理事会によって実施される。[84]さらに、憲法第120条は、典型的な状況において、政府が地方自治体の「代理権限」を行使できることを規定している。すなわち、国家の法的または経済的統一を守るため、超国家法に違反した場合、および安全と公共の安全に対する重大な危険に直面した場合である。[85]戦争などのその他の緊急事態の場合、政府に非常権限を与えるには議会の投票が必要である。[86]
イタリア議会は、健康上の緊急事態が発生した場合に政府に非常権限を与えることもできる。 2020年のCOVID-19パンデミックの際に議会が2020年1月31日から2021年12月31日までの非常事態を承認したのもその一例であり、これにより政府は議会の承認なしに行政行為を実施できるようになった。[87]
マカオ特別行政区(中国)
全国人民代表大会常務委員会は、マカオ特別行政区防衛基本法第14条に基づき、非常事態を宣言し、人民解放軍マカオ駐屯軍を派遣することができる。
1999 年以降、緊急措置は制定されていません。1999 年以前には、1 件の重大な事件に対して緊急措置が講じられました。
マレーシア
マレーシアでは、国王が連邦またはその一部の安全、経済生活、公共秩序が脅かされる重大な緊急事態が存在すると判断した場合、その旨を宣言する緊急事態宣言を発令することができる。[88]
1948年から1960年にかけて、当時のイギリス植民地政府はチン・ペン率いる共産主義者の反乱に対処するため非常事態を宣言した。
1962年のコンフロンタシ、1966年のサラワク憲法危機、1977年のケランタン非常事態の際にも非常事態が宣言された。
1969年5月13日に人種暴動が勃発し、非常事態宣言が発令された。
2005 年 8 月 11 日、深刻な煙霧が発生する中、世界第 13 位の港であるポート クランとクアラ セランゴール地区の大気汚染が危険レベル (大気汚染指数(API) で 500 を超える値と定義) に達したため、同地区に非常事態宣言が発令されました。
欧州委員会のマレーシア特使ティエリー・ロンメルは、 2007年11月13日(任務最終日)にロイター通信に電話で「現在、この国は依然として非常事態下にある」と語った。 [89]正式には非常事態宣言は出されていないものの、非常事態令と国内治安法により、裁判なしでの拘留が何年も認められていた。
2013年6月23日、深刻な東南アジアの煙霧により大気汚染指数が750を超えたため、政府はジョホール州ムアールとレダンに非常事態を宣言した。乾燥した天候が続き、スマトラ島で火災が猛威を振るう中、空気の質が危険なレベルまで低下したのは数年ぶりだった。[90]
2021年1月12日、マレーシアのムヒディン・ヤシン首相の要請を受け、パハン州のアブドラ最高顧問が、マレーシアでのCOVID-19パンデミックに対応して全国的な非常事態を宣言した。非常事態は2021年8月1日に終了する予定。この宣言には議会と選挙の停止が含まれており、政情不安の中で発令された。[91] 2021年2月25日、アブドラ最高顧問は、非常事態中でも議会を召集できると発表した。[92] [更新が必要]
モルディブ
2004年12月26日、 2004年インド洋地震と津波を受けて非常事態が宣言された。津波によって国のインフラは甚大な被害を受け、国土の広い範囲で通信が遮断され、島々は壊滅し、被害により多くのリゾート施設が閉鎖を余儀なくされた。
2018年2月5日、モルディブのアブドゥラ・ヤミーン大統領は15日間の非常事態を宣言し、治安部隊にモルディブ最高裁判所への出動を命じ、マウムーン・アブドゥル・ガユーム元大統領とモルディブ最高裁判所長官を逮捕した。[93]
ナミビア
ナミビアは2016年に干ばつが続いているため最後に非常事態を宣言した。[94]
ニュージーランド
2002年民間防衛緊急事態管理法は、ニュージーランド政府と地方自治体議会に、国全体または特定の地域内で緊急事態を発令する権限を与えている。[95]これにより、必要に応じて通常の業務や重要なサービスが停止される可能性がある。ニュージーランドの緊急事態は、延長されない限り、宣言日から7日目の初めに失効する。ただし、民間防衛大臣または地方自治体の市長は、地域の状況を最初に検討した後、緊急事態を解除することができる。
- 1951年、第一国民政府はその年のウォーターフロント紛争に対応して緊急規制を発令した。[96]
- 2011年2月23日午前11時28分、民間防衛大臣ジョン・カーターは、2011年2月22日のクライストチャーチ地震を受けて、ニュージーランド史上初の国家非常事態(民間防衛緊急事態)を宣言した。[97] 2010年9月4日のカンタベリー地震を受けて、クライストチャーチ市、セルウィン地区、ワイマカリリ地区の市長らは地方非常事態を宣言した。[98]
- 2020年3月25日午後12時21分、ピーニ・ヘナレ民間防衛大臣は、COVID-19の感染者総数が205人に達したことを受けて、国家非常事態を宣言した。2006年感染症対策法に基づいて発令された流行通知と合わせて、この非常事態宣言により、当局はニュージーランド国内のほとんどの施設を閉鎖し、全国的にロックダウンを実施することが可能となった。これにより、徴発権や道路封鎖、移動制限など、COVID-19と戦うための特別な権限も付与された。民間防衛緊急管理局長サラ・スチュアート・ブラックは、これらの権限は、不可欠なサービスが継続して稼働できるようにするための他の権限と並んで存在すると述べた。[99]国家非常事態は4回更新され、合計5週間続いた。[100]
- 2023年2月14日午前8時43分、ニュージーランドにサイクロン・ガブリエルが到達し、洪水と避難を引き起こしたことを受けて、キアラン・マカンアルティ民間防衛大臣は国家非常事態を宣言した。 [101] [102]
ナイジェリア
ナイジェリアでは、非常事態宣言は通常、大きな社会不安が発生したときに発令される。近年では、イスラム過激派組織ボコ・ハラムによるナイジェリア人へのテロ攻撃への対応として、特に非常事態宣言が実施されている。
2013年5月14日、グッドラック・ジョナサン大統領は北東部のボルノ州、ヨベ州、アダマワ州全域に非常事態を宣言した。 [ 103 ] 2011年12月31日には、ヨベ州、ボルノ州、プラトー州、ニジェール州の一部でより限定的な非常事態が宣言されていた。この以前の宣言には、これらの地域の国際国境の一時的な閉鎖が含まれていた。[104]
パキスタン
パキスタンでは、これまでに5回非常事態宣言が出されています。
- 1958年、イスカンダル・ミルザ大統領によって
- 1969年、ヤヒヤ・カーン大統領によって
- 1977年、ムハンマド・ジアウル・ハク大統領によって
- In 1998 by President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
- In 2007 by President General Pervez Musharraf
The first three were regarded as the imposition of direct martial law.
Philippines
There are several situations that calls for various levels of government action in the Philippines. The constitution alludes to these:
- State of war: Declared by Manuel L. Quezon in 1941 after the United States' entry during World War II and lead to its occupation by Japanese forces.
- State of martial law: Six declarations in history (1896, 1898, 1944–45, 1972–1981, 2009 and 2017–2019)
These are not specified in the constitution, but were nevertheless declared at least once:
- State of rebellion: Last declared in 2003 due to the Oakwood mutiny
- State of emergency: Last two declarations were in 2006 and 2016–2023.
- State of public health emergency: Last declared in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines.
- State of calamity: Last national declaration was in 2020–21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and later, the outbreak of African swine fever virus in several provinces and regions of the country. Local governments are also permitted to declare local states of calamity in their areas hit by natural and man-made disasters.
Portugal

The current Constitution of Portugal empowers the President of the Republic[105] to declare a state of siege (Portuguese: estado de sítio) or a state of emergency (Portuguese: estado de emergência) in part or the entirety of the Portuguese territory, only in cases of actual or imminent aggression by foreign forces, serious threats to or disturbances of the democratic constitutional order, or public disasters.[106]
Such declarations allow the entities that exercise sovereignty from suspending the exercise of some of the constitutionally defined rights, freedoms and guarantees, so that the public authorities can take the appropriate and strictly necessary measures for the prompt restoration of constitutional normality; the Constitution, however, sets a temporal limit for these states of emergency (no more than fifteen days, even though renewal is possible) and forbids any suspension of the right to life, to personal integrity, to personal identity, to civil capacity and citizenship, the non-retroactivity of criminal law, the right to a fair trial, or the freedom of conscience and religion.[106] They also may not affect the constitutionally-defined competences and mode of operation of the entities that exercise sovereignty. The Assembly of the Republic may not be dissolved while a state of siege or a state of emergency is in force,[107] nor can the Constitution itself be subject to amendment.[108]
Before declaring a state of siege or a state of emergency, the President is required to consult with the Government and request authorisation to do so from the Assembly of the Republic.[109]
During the Third Portuguese Republic, the only two times such states of exceptional suppression of constitutional provisions were declared were during the failed left-wing coup d'état of 25 November 1975 (state of siege, within the confines of the Lisbon Military Region),[110] and during the COVID-19 pandemic (state of emergency, in the entirety of the Portuguese territory).
Within the remit of the basic law of civil protection services (Portuguese: Lei de Bases da Protecção Civil), the prime minister can, through a Resolution of the Council of Ministers and without the need of parliamentary approval or presidential promulgation, decree a situation of calamity (Portuguese: situação de calamidade). Lesser exceptional statuses, the situation of contingency (Portuguese: situação de contingência) and the situation of alert (Portuguese: situação de alerta) in descending order of importance, can also be set in motion by other civil protection authorities or Mayors.[111] These three situations allow for some extraordinary measures and special restrictions, but not the suspension of constitutional rights and freedoms.
Poland
In Poland, the institution of the state of emergency was absorbed by the institution of martial law in the years 1952–1983 in the constitutional regulations. According to the provisions of the Constitution of 1997 (Articles 228 et seq.), A state of emergency may be introduced by the president at the request of the Council of Ministers for a specified period of time, but not longer than 90 days, in part or throughout the territory of the country, if the security of the state, the security of citizens or public order has been threatened. The President may extend this state only once (for a period not longer than 60 days) with the consent of the Sejm. During the state of emergency and within 90 days from its end, the Constitution and electoral regulations may not be changed, and the Sejm may not be dissolved; there are also no national elections or referendums. In the event of the expiry of the term of office of the President, the Sejm and the Senate, or local self-government bodies, they are appropriately extended.
Romania
In Romania, there are two types of states of emergency, each designed for a different type of situation.[citation needed]
- State of alert (Stare de alertă in Romanian): Non-military, can be enforced by a prefect. Roadblocks are enforced. Any utilitarian vehicle or equipment can be temporarily used by the state, without any restriction. Evacuation is not mandatory, unless extreme circumstances apply. Only EMS, Police and firefighting personnel are required to intervene. This situation can be enforced in case of natural disasters or civil unrest.
- State of emergency (stare de urgentă in Romanian): Can only be enforced by the President of Romania with approval from Parliament. The military becomes the upper form of control in the country (under the rule of the president).[citation needed] The civilian population is subject to strict regulations, imposed by the type of emergency.[citation needed] All private and public non-crucial activities are suspended.[citation needed] Essential services might be disrupted. This situation can be enforced in case of extreme circumstances, such as a war.
- Special zone of public safety (Zonă specială de siguranță publică in Romanian): Administrative, can be enforced by local police. This implies installation of road check-points and higher numbers in police and gendarmes/ riot police presence, patrolling the area. There is also a ban that restricts the right to travel for people in the area; any vehicle and individual transiting the zone are subject to screening.[112][113]
The most well-known event in which the state of emergency has been enforced was because of 1977 Vrancea earthquake.[citation needed]
The last instance in which the special zone of public safety was enforced was on 8 December 2013, in Pungești, Vaslui following civil unrest in Pungești from Chevron's plans to begin exploring shale-gas in the village.[114] According to police officials, the special security zone will be maintained as long as there is conflict in the area that poses a threat to Chevron's operations.[112] This special security zone has faced domestic and international criticism for alleged human-rights abuses.
Russia
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone declared, on 7 February 2019, a State of Emergency due to ongoing rape and sexual violence in the country.[115] On 24 March 2020, a 12-month state of emergency was declared by (Rtd) Brigadier Julius Madaa Bio due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[116]
South Africa
States of emergency in South Africa are governed by section 37 of the Constitution and by the State of Emergency Act, 1997. The president may declare a state of emergency only when "the life of the nation is threatened by war, invasion, general insurrection, disorder, natural disaster or other public emergency" and if the ordinary laws and government powers are not sufficient to restore peace and order. The declaration is made by proclamation in the Government Gazette and may only apply from the time of publication, not retroactively. It can only continue for 21 days unless the National Assembly grants an extension, which may be for at most three months at a time. The High Courts have the power, subject to confirmation by the Constitutional Court, to determine the validity of the declaration of a state of emergency.[117]
During a state of emergency the President of South Africa has the power to make emergency regulations "necessary or expedient" to restore peace and order and end the emergency. This power can be delegated to other authorities. Emergency measures can violate the Bill of Rights, but only to a limited extent. Some rights are inviolable, including amongst others the rights to life and to human dignity; the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of race, sex or religion; the prohibition of torture or inhumane punishment; and the right of accused people to a fair trial. Any violation of a constitutional right must be strictly required by the emergency. Emergency measures may not indemnify the government or individuals for illegal actions. They may impose criminal penalties, but not exceeding three years' imprisonment. They may not require military service beyond that required by the ordinary laws governing the defence force. An emergency measure may be disapproved by the National Assembly, in which case it lapses, and no emergency measure may interfere with the elections, powers or sittings of Parliament or the provincial legislatures. The courts have the power to determine the validity of any emergency measure.
The constitution places strict limits on any detention without trial during a state of emergency. A friend or family member of the detainee must be informed, and the name and place of detention must be published in the Government Gazette. The detainee must have access to a doctor and a legal representative. The detainee must be brought before a court within at most ten days, for the court to determine whether the detention is necessary, and if not released may demand repeated review every ten days. At the court review the detainee must be allowed legal representation and must be allowed to appear in person. The provisions on detention without trial do not apply to prisoners of war in an international conflict; instead they must be treated in accordance with the Geneva Conventions and other international law.
Spain
In Spain, there are three degrees of state of emergency (estado de emergencia in Spanish): alarma (alarm or alert), excepción (exception[al circumstance]) and sitio (siege). They are named by the constitution, which limits which rights may be suspended, but regulated by the "Ley Orgánica 4/1981" (Organic Law).
On 4 December 2010, the first state of alert was declared following the air traffic controllers strike.[118][119] It was the first time since the Francisco Franco's regime that a state of emergency was declared.[120] The second state of alert was declared on 14 March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.[121] The third state of alert was declared before the end of October 2020 given the difficulties to control the spread of said pandemic.[122]
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the president is able to proclaim emergency regulations under the Public Security Ordinance in the constitution in order to preserve public security and public order; suppression of mutiny, riot or civil commotion; or maintenance of supplies and services essential to the life of the community. These regulations last for one month unless confirmed otherwise by Parliament.[123]
Switzerland
According to Art. 185 of the Swiss Federal Constitution The Federal Council (Bundesrat) can call up in their own competence military personnel of maximum 4000 militia for three weeks to safeguard inner or outer security (called Federal Intervention or Federal Execution, respectively). A larger number of soldiers or of a longer duration is subject to parliamentary decision. For deployments within Switzerland the principle of subsidiarity rules: as a first step, unrest has to be overcome with the aid of cantonal police units.
Syria
An emergency prevailed in Syria from 1962 to 2011. Originally predicated on the conflict with Israel, the emergency acted to centralize authority in the presidency and the national security apparatus while silencing public dissent. The emergency was terminated in response to protests that preceded the Syrian Civil War. Under the 2012 constitution, the president may pass an emergency decree with a 2/3 concurrence of his ministers, provided that he presents it to the People's Assembly for constitutional review.
Trinidad and Tobago
Sections 7 though 12 of the Constitution[124] set out the legal basis for declaring that a state of emergency exists. The president, under the advice of the prime minister, may make a proclamation that a "state of public emergency" exists if:
- "A public emergency has arisen as a result of the imminence of a state of war between Trinidad and Tobago and a foreign state,
- A public emergency has arisen as a result of the occurrence of any earthquake, hurricane, flood, fire, outbreak of pestilence or of infectious disease, or other calamity whether similar to the foregoing or not,
- Action has been taken, or is immediately threatened, by any person, of such a nature and on so extensive a scale, as to be likely to endanger the public safety or to deprive the community or any substantial portion of the community of supplies or services essential to life." (ss. 8 (2)).
Upon declaring that a state of emergency exists, the President may make regulations to deal with the situation at hand. The regulations can even infringe upon the rights enshrined within sections 4 and 5 of the Constitution (e.g. freedom of speech, freedom of movement, etc.) but only to such extent as such constitutional encroachments are "reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period." (ss. 7 (3)). Once the President has declared that a state of emergency exists, the initial duration of that proclamation is 15 days, unless revoked sooner. The state of emergency can then be extended for up to three months by a simple majority vote of the House of Representatives and can be extended by a further three months by a three-fifths majority vote of the House of Representatives and must also be passed in the Senate.
A state of emergency was declared in 1990 during the Black Power Revolution by then Prime Minister Eric Williams. During the attempted state coup by the Jamaat al Muslimeen against the NAR government of the then Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson,[125][126] a state of emergency was declared during the coup attempt and for a period after the coup.
On 4 August 1995, a state of emergency was declared to remove the Speaker of the House Occah Seapaul by Prime Minister Patrick Manning during a constitutional crisis.[127] The government had attempted to remove the speaker via a no-confidence motion, which failed. The state of emergency was used to remove the speaker using the emergency powers granted.[128]
On 22 August 2011 at 8:00 pm, Prime Minister, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, announced a state of emergency in an attempt to crack down on the trafficking of illegal drugs and firearms, in addition to gangs.[129] The decision of the President, George Maxwell Richards, to issue the proclamation for the state of emergency was debated in the country's Parliament as required by the Constitution on 2 September 2011 and passed by the required simple majority of the House of Representatives. On 4 September, the Parliament extended the state of emergency for a further three months. It ended in December 2011.
On 15 May 2021 at 2:50 pm, Prime Minister, Keith Rowley, declared a state of emergency following a mass surge in the number of deaths and COVID-19 infections, no hospital beds being available and a lack of COVID-19 vaccines in dealing with a rapid and deadly spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago,[130][131][132] noted as being one of the worst in the world.[133][134] On 24 August, the Parliament extended the state of emergency for a further three months.[135]
Turkey
Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 the military conducted three coups d'état and announced martial law. Martial law between 1978 and 1983 was replaced by a state of emergency that lasted until November 2002. The latest state of emergency was declared by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 20 July 2016 following a failed coup attempt on 15 July 2016 by a faction of the country's armed forces. It was lifted on 18 July 2018.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, only the British Sovereign,[136] on the advice of the Privy Council, or a Minister of the Crown in exceptional circumstances, has the power to introduce emergency regulations under the Civil Contingencies Act 2004, in case of an emergency, broadly defined as war or attack by a foreign power, terrorism which poses a threat of serious damage to the security of the UK, or events which threaten serious damage to human welfare or the environment of a place in the UK. The duration of these regulations is limited to thirty days, but may be extended by Parliament. A state of emergency was last invoked in 1974 by Prime Minister Edward Heath in response to increasing industrial action.
The act grants wide-ranging powers to central and local government in the event of an emergency. It allows the modification of primary legislation by emergency regulation, with the exception of the Human Rights Act 1998 and Part 2 of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004.
United States
The United States Constitution implicitly provides some emergency powers in the article about the executive power:
- Congress may authorize the government to call forth the militia to execute the laws, suppress an insurrection or repel an invasion.
- Congress may authorize the government to suspend consideration of writs of habeas corpus "when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it."
- Felony charges may be brought without presentment or grand jury indictment in cases arising "in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger."
- A state government may engage in war without Congress's approval if "actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay."
Aside from these, many provisions of law exist in various jurisdictions, which take effect only upon an executive declaration of emergency; some 500 federal laws take effect upon a presidential declaration of emergency. The National Emergencies Act regulates this process at the federal level. It requires the President to specifically identify the provisions activated and to renew the declaration annually so as to prevent an arbitrarily broad or open-ended emergency. Presidents have occasionally taken action justified as necessary or prudent because of a state of emergency, only to have the action struck down in court as unconstitutional.[137]
A state governor or local mayor may declare a state of emergency within their jurisdiction. This is common at the state level in response to natural disasters. The Federal Emergency Management Agency maintains a system of assets, personnel and training to respond to such incidents. For example, on 10 December 2015, Washington state Governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency due to flooding and landslides caused by heavy rains.[138]
The 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act allows the government to freeze assets, limit trade and confiscate property in response to an "unusual and extraordinary threat" to the United States that originates substantially outside of it. As of 2015 more than twenty emergencies under the IEEPA remain active regarding various subjects, the oldest of which was declared in 1979 with regard to the government of Iran. Another ongoing national emergency, declared after the September 11 attacks, authorizes the president to retain or reactivate military personnel beyond their normal term of service.[139]
In 2020, it was common for states to enact a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[140]
Venezuela
Examples
Active in 2024
- On 26 July 2024, the Governor of West Virginia in the United States, Jim Justice declared a state of emergency due to the drought.[141] The declaration was originally supposed to last for 30 days; but was later extended on 23 August 2024 for an additional 30 days. [142]
- On 26 March 2024, the Governor of Maryland in the United States, Wes Moore declared a state of emergency due to the collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge.[143]
- On 14 January 2024, the Governor of Kentucky in the United States, Andy Beshear declared a state of emergency due to the severe winter storms.
- On 11 January 2024, Papua New Guinea's Prime Minister James Marape declared a state of emergency due to the 2024 Papua New Guinean unrest.
- On 9 January 2024, Ecuador's President Daniel Noboa declared a state of emergency following the escape of José Adolfo Macías Villamar, leader of the Los Choneros drug cartel, from prison.
Active in 2023
- On 10 November 2023, Icelandic authorities declared a state of emergency after a series of powerful earthquakes rocked the country's southwestern Reykjanes peninsula, signalling the increased likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the region. The village of Grindavík was ordered to evacuate due to the imminent volcanic eruption of the Fagradalsfjall volcano.
- On 4 August 2023, Ethiopia's Council of ministers declared a state of emergency in the Amhara region after clashes between regional armed forces and the military.
- On 7 February 2023, Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared a three-month long state of emergency in 10 cities due to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.
- On 8 September 2023, United States President Joe Biden extended the state of emergency declared by George W. Bush after the September 11 attacks.[144]
Active in 2022
- On 5 January 2022, Kazakhstan's President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency due to the 2022 Kazakh protests.
- On 6 February 2022, Ottawa's Mayor Jim Watson declared a state of emergency due to the Freedom Convoy protests.
- On 11 February 2022, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency due to the Freedom Convoy protests.
- On 23 February 2022, Ukraine announced in response to the Russian invasion of its territory that it would declare a nationwide state of emergency, excluding the occupied territories in Donbas. On the same day, Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv and also lowered the Russian flag from the top of the building.
- On 24 February 2022, Moldova announced that it will declare a nationwide state of emergency in response to the invasion, as thousands of Ukrainians flee into Moldovan territory.
- On 24 February 2022, Lithuania declared the state of emergency due to possible disturbances and provocations as large military forces massed in Russia and Belarus.
- On 26 March 2022, El Salvador declared a state of emergency after 62 people were murdered, making it the most violent day since the end of the civil war in 1992.
- On 2 April 2022, Sri Lanka's President Gotabaya Rajapaksa declared a state of emergency due to the 2022 Sri Lankan protests.
- On 14 April 2022, Georgia's Governor Brian Kemp declared a state of emergency due to supply chain disruptions and the COVID-19 pandemic.
- On 16 May 2022, Poland Minister of Health Adam Niedzielski declared a state of epidemic threat for COVID-19.
- On 24 May 2022, Hungary declared a state of emergency due to economic impact of the Russian invasion on Ukraine.
- On 18 June 2022, Ecuador declared a state of emergency due to the 2022 Ecuadorian protests.
- On 2 July 2022, Uzbekistan declared a state of emergency due to the 2022 Karakalpak protests.
- On 4 July 2022, Italy declared a state of emergency on five northern regions, due to a severe drought, one of the worst of the decade.
- On 11 July 2022, Portugal declared a state of emergency due to forest fires.
- On 15 July 2022, the UK declared a national emergency following extreme Red Weather Heatwave warnings that indicated a danger to life.
- On 28 July 2022, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear declared a state of emergency due to historic flooding in Eastern Kentucky.
- On 25 August 2022, Pakistan declared a state of emergency because of the flooding.
Active in 2021
- On 1 February 2021, following a military coup in Myanmar, Min Aung Hlaing, Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces of Myanmar and its new State Leader, declared a state of emergency lasting one year.
- On 15 May 2021, following a mass surge in the number of deaths and COVID-19 infections, no hospital beds being available and a lack of COVID-19 vaccines, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago Keith Rowley, declared a state of emergency due to the rapid and deadly spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago,[130][131][132] noted as being one of the worst in the world.[133][134]
- On 2 September 2021, Poland declared a state of emergency in the terrain surrounding Belarus–Poland border. The request was motivated by – according to government – possible threats to security and public order in part of the territory of Poland.[145] It covered 183 localities near the Belarusian border: 115 in Podlaskie Voivodeship and 68 in Lublin Voivodeship[146]
- On 15 September 2021, Alberta declared a state of public health emergency to protect their health care system that became in crisis because of COVID-19.[147]
- On 2 November 2021, Ethiopia declared a state of emergency aimed to protect civilians from atrocities being committed by the Tigray People's Liberation Front in several parts of the country.[148]
- On 10 November 2021, Lithuania declared a state of emergency in the border region of Belarus-Lithuania border due to the 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis.[149]
- On 11 December 2021, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear declared a state of emergency for parts of western Kentucky due to the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021.
Active in 2020
- On 9 October 2020, Kyrgyzstan's President Sooronbay Jeenbekov declared a state of emergency due to the 2020 Kyrgyzstan protests.
- On 25 August 2020, Wisconsin's Governor Tony Evers declared a state of emergency due to Kenosha unrest.[150]
- On 18 August 2020, California's Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency because of the multiple wildfires being battled across the state.[151]
- On 5 August 2020, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab declared a state of emergency after the 2020 Beirut explosion.
- On 6 July 2020, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.[152]
- On 31 May 2020, Missouri Governor Mike Parson declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 31 May 2020, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 31 May 2020, Texas Governor Greg Abbott declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 31 May 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 31 May 2020, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 28 May 2020, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz declared a state of emergency for the George Floyd protests.
- On 9 April 2020, Botswana President Mokgweetsi Masisi declared a state of emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- On 7 April 2020, Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declared a national emergency for the COVID-19 pandemic.
- On 25 March 2020, New Zealand Minister for Civil Defence Peeni Henare declared a National State Of Emergency for COVID-19.[153]
- On 25 March 2020, Prime Minister of Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[154]
- On 22 March 2020, Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[155]
- On 21 March 2020, Kyrgyzstan Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[156]
- On 20 March 2020, Poland Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski declared a state of the epidemic for COVID-19.
- On 18 March 2020, Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 18 March 2020, Portugal President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[157] It was renewed twice (2 and 17 April) in the constitutionally-mandated 15-day periods, lasting until 1 minute before midnight on 2 May 2020.[158] Beginning midnight, 3 May 2020, the country is now in a "situation of calamity" (Portuguese: situação de calamidade), a different status enshrined in the Basic Law of Civil Protection, which allows for restrictions on circulation or conditioning in the operation of certain establishments, but not the suspension of constitutional rights and freedoms as with the state of emergency.[159]
- On 18 March 2020, North Macedonia President Stevo Pendarovski declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 17 March 2020, Alberta Premier Jason Kenney declares public health emergency for COVID-19.[160]
- On 17 March 2020, Ontario Premier Doug Ford declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[161]
- On 17 March 2020, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declared all of the Philippines to be in a state of calamity following a dramatic rise in cases of COVID-19.[162]
- On 16 March 2020, Government of Armenia declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[163]
- On 15 March 2020, President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[164]
- On 15 March 2020, President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[165]
- On 14 March 2020, Quebec Premier Francois Legault declares public health emergency for COVID-19.[166]
- On 14 March 2020, Poland Minister of Health Łukasz Szumowski declared a state of epidemic threat for COVID-19.
- On 13 March 2020, Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez announced the declaration of the state of emergency in the nation for a period of 15 days, to become effective next day after the approval of the Council of Ministers for the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.[167]
- On 13 March 2020, President Donald Trump declared a national emergency for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic[168]
- On 15 March 2020, Maine Governor Janet Mills declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[169]
- On 13 March 2020, Minnesota Governor Tim Walz declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[170]
- On 13 March 2020, Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[171]
- On 13 March 2020, Alabama Governor Kay Ivey declared a state of public health emergency for COVID-19.[172]
- On 12 March 2020, Kansas Governor Laura Kelly declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[173]
- On 12 March 2020, Virginia Governor Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[174]
- On 12 March 2020, Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[175]
- On 11 March 2020, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 11 March 2020, New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[176]
- On 10 March 2020, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[177]
- On 10 March 2020, Massachusetts Governor Charlie Baker declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[178]
- On 10 March 2020, North Carolina Governor Roy Cooper declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[179]
- On 10 March 2020, Colorado Governor Jared Polis declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[180]
- On 9 March 2020, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 9 March 2020, Ohio Governor Mike Dewine declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[181]
- On 8 March 2020, Oregon Governor Kate Brown declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[182]
- On 7 March 2020, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[183]
- On 6 March 2020, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 6 March 2020, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 5 March 2020, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.
- On 4 March 2020. California Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[184]
- On 29 February 2020, Washington Governor Jay Inslee declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[185]
- On 29 February 2020, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[185]
- On 11 March 2020, Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán declared a state of emergency for COVID-19.[186]
- On 3 March 2020, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee declared a state of emergency following the tornado outbreak of 2–3 March 2020.[187]
Past states of emergency
- On 14 February 2023, New Zealand's Minister of Emergency Management Kieran McAnulty declared a national state of emergency following severe and widespread impacts from Ex-Tropical Cyclone Gabrielle. The state of emergency was lifted on 14 March.
- On 12 January 2021, a national state of emergency was declared by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia Al-Sultan Abdullah to curb the spread of COVID-19. The state of emergency was lifted on 1 August.[188]
- On 7 January 2021, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga declared the second state of emergency for the COVID-19 in several prefectures. It was lifted on 22 March.[189]
- On 14 January 2021, New Mexico's Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham declared a state of emergency in preparation of Inauguration of Joe Biden.[190]
- On 15 January 2021, Maryland's Governor Larry Hogan declared a state of emergency in preparation of Inauguration of Joe Biden.[191]
- On 6 January 2021, Virginia's Governor Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency due to the attack at the United States Capitol.[192]
- On 11 January 2021, outgoing President Donald Trump declared a state of emergency for two weeks in Washington, DC, in preparation of the inauguration of Joe Biden.[193]
- On 15 October 2020, Thailand's Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha declared a state of extreme emergency in Bangkok due to 2020 Thai protests.[194] and was lifted on 22 October.
- On 7 April 2020, Japan Prime Minister Shinzō Abe declared a national emergency for the COVID-19.
- On 21 March 2020, Georgian President Salome Zurabishvili declared a state of emergency for COVID-19. State of emergency was prolonged for one month on 22 April 2020 and expired on 23 May 2020.
- On 19 March 2020, the Moroccan government declared a "state of health emergency" for COVID-19, to take effect the following day (20 March).[195]
- In November 2019, New South Wales, Australia, declared a seven-day state of emergency granting "emergency powers" to fire-fighting agencies due to major bushfires occurring in the state.[196]
- In October 2019, Ecuador declared a 60-day state of emergency after violent protests following the ending of fuel subsidies.[197][198]
- On 18 October 2019, a state of emergency was declared in the capital of Chile, Santiago, after violent protests broke out in response to the rising cost of living.[199] This state of emergency was later extended to other cities in the country.[200] The state of emergency was lifted on 27 October 2019.[201]
- At midnight on 23 April 2019, a state of emergency was declared across Sri Lanka following multiple bomb attacks on churches, luxury hotels and other locations across the country in which 253 people were killed and more than 500 injured.[202][203][204] After being extended three times, the state of emergency was lifted on 25 August 2019.[205]
- On 15 February 2019, President Donald Trump declared a national emergency on the U.S. border with Mexico to allocate funds towards a border wall.[206][207]
- In March 2018 a state of emergency was imposed in Sri Lanka in Kandy for 10 days following clashes between Sinhalese and Muslims.[208]
- In February 2018, Ethiopia declared a six-month long state of emergency following the resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn.[209]
- Following the 2017 Palm Sunday church bombings in Egypt, President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi declared a nationwide three-month-long state of emergency.[210]
- On 12 August 2017, a state of emergency was declared in the U.S. state of Virginia due to escalating tensions amid protesters and counter-protesters in Charlottesville.[211]
- On 21 September 2016, a state of emergency was declared in the U.S. state of North Carolina for riots in Charlotte after a police shooting of a black male.[citation needed]
- On 4 September 2016, a state of emergency was declared in the Philippines by President Rodrigo Duterte via Proclamation No. 55 following the 2 September bombings in Davao City that killed 14 people and seriously wounded at least 60 others.[212] The declaration was lifted by his successor, Bongbong Marcos, through Proclamation No. 298, issued on 25 July 2023.[213][214]
- On 12 June 2016, following the Orlando nightclub shooting in which at least 50 people were killed (including the shooter), the Governor of Florida declared a state of emergency in the immediate Orlando area.[215]
- In May 2016, Venezuela declared a 60-day state of emergency due to mass protests against the government of President Nicolás Maduro, further fueled by the impeachment process against Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff, which Maduro believes is the result of an American conspiracy to overthrow him.[216][217][218]
- On 22 November 2015, Crimea declared a state of emergency after pylons in Ukraine were blown up leaving 1,896,000 people without power.[219]
- France declared a state of emergency in response to the November 2015 Paris attacks which after five extensions ended in November 2017.[220]
- On 27 April 2015 the U.S. state of Maryland declared a state of emergency and activated the National Guard of the United States, as a direct result of the rioting and widespread physical violence during protesting in Baltimore due to the Death of Freddie Gray.[citation needed]
- In March 2013, Myanmar declared a state of emergency in the city of Meiktila due to ongoing sectarian violence.[221]
- Egypt had been under a nearly-continuous state of emergency since 1967 (interrupted for 18 months in 1980–81); the People's Assembly renewed it every two to three years.[30][32][222] The state of emergency expired on 31 May 2012.[223]
- Tunisia declared state of emergency January 2011, following unrest from economic issues.[224]
- 28 November 2011 – Slovakia declared a state of emergency for numerous hospitals, due to resignation of many Medicare workers.[225]
- 21 August 2011 – Trinidad and Tobago, in an attempt to crack down on the trafficking of illegal drugs and firearms, in addition to gangs.[226]
- 15 March 2011 – Bahrain declared a state of emergency on 15 March 2011 and asked the military to reassert its control over the capital, Manama, as clashes between Shia and Sunni groups spread across the country. Bahrain has been gripped by deepening political unrest and widespread protests for over a month, with the Shia majority and some Sunni liberals calling for democracy and an end to discrimination.[227]
- 30 September 2010 – A state of emergency was declared in Ecuador due to a coup by armed forces.
- 11 April 2009 – Thailand's Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva declared a state of emergency in the areas of Pattaya and Chonburi, in response to anti-government protesters breaking into the conference center of a hotel complex in the seaside resort city of Pattaya, in the then-venue site of the ASEAN was being held, immediately resulting in its cancellation.[228] Another state of emergency on 12 April 2009, was announced in Bangkok and the surrounding areas, due to a heightened escalation of tension between the government and anti-government protesters, but was later lifted.[229]
- 5 February 2009 – China was in a state of emergency due to extreme droughts in the country.
- January 2009 – Slovakia was in a state of emergency due to natural gas supply shortage.[230]
- 11 January 2007 – Bangladesh was in a state of emergency due to electoral violence.[231] This ended on 16 December 2008, when new parliamentary elections were organized.
- 26 November 2008 – In Maharashtra state, India, Maharashtra Government declared a state of Emergency following the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
- 2 September 2008 – A state of emergency was declared in Bangkok by Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej following civil unrest;[232] it was lifted on 14 September 2008.[233]
- 1 July 2008 – Mongolian president Nambaryn Enkhbayar declared a state of emergency in the capital Ulaanbaatar for four days after violent protests against the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The MPRP had claimed a majority of seats in the 2008 parliamentary elections, but was accused of fraud and vote rigging by the less-successful parties.[234]
- March 2008 – Armenia was in a state of emergency from 2 March 2008 to 20 March 2008, declared by President Robert Kocharyan in response to protests over the 2008 Armenian presidential elections.[235]
- 3 November 2007 – Pakistan was in a state of emergency from 3 November 2007 to 15 December 2007.[236] President Pervez Musharraf declared emergency "to stop Pakistan from committing suicide". He lifted the state of emergency after he resigned from the army and took the oath of office as a civilian President of Pakistan.
- 24 February 2006 – the Philippines declared a state of emergency via Philippine Proclamation 1017 for one week until Philippine Proclamation 1021 on 3 March 2006, in response to a supposed coup against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's government in the midst of the 20th anniversary of the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the rule of Ferdinand Marcos.[237][238][239]
- 28 August 2005 – A state of emergency was declared in Louisiana because of Hurricane Katrina. See National Weather Service bulletin for Hurricane Katrina.
- August 2005 – Portugal declares state of emergency, in response to wildfires.[240]
- Mid-August 2005 – Sucumbios and Orellana, two provinces of Ecuador, because of indigenous protests against oil firms
- 15 April 2005 – Quito, capital of Ecuador due to protests; lifted less than a day later, on 17 April 2005.[241]
- December 2004 – Sri Lanka, Indonesia and Maldives because of the tsunami.
- November 2003 – Georgia, following weeks of civil unrest.[242]
- August 2003 – Michigan, Ohio, New York, United States, and Ontario, Canada, in response to the Northeast blackout of 2003.[243][244][245]
- March 2003 – Serbia after assassination of Zoran Đinđić (vanredno stanje).[246]
- 15 July 2002 – Paraguay, in response to public unrest.[247]
- November 2001 – Nepal, in response to increased guerrilla activity.[248]
- 30 November 1999 – The U.S. city of Seattle, Washington, stemming from protest of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 and police reaction to it – known as the 1999 Seattle WTO protests.[249]
- May–June 1998 – Indonesia declares state of emergency, due to May 1998 riots of Indonesia.
- 2 March 1997 – The 1997 unrest in Albania, also known as the Lottery Uprising or Anarchy in Albania, was an uprising sparked by Ponzi scheme failures. Albania descended into anarchy and violence in which the government was toppled and some 2,000 people were killed. On 1 March, Prime Minister Aleksandër Meksi resigned and on 2 March President Sali Berisha declared a state of emergency.[250]
- 5 August 1995 – Trinidad and Tobago to remove Speaker of the House Occah Seapaul who refused to resign.[251]
- Winter 1995 – The U.S. city of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, after a severe snowstorm buried the city in 6 feet (1.8 m) of snow.
- April–May 1992 – California, United States. state of emergency was declared by Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley in response to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which were caused by the acquittal of the Los Angeles Police Department officers who had been seen on tape beating Rodney King.[252][253]
- March 1992 – Republic of Moldova, in response to War of Transnistria.[254]
- 1992 to 2011 – Algeria endures a 19-year state of emergency enacted at the beginning of the 1992 coup. The state of emergency, which suspended citizens' rights in lieu of military power, was lifted after the Algerian Government gave in to protester demands during the 2011 Arab Spring.[7]
- August 1991 – Soviet Union, enemies of Mikhail Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika reforms evoked the state of emergency because Gorbachev, according to them, was destroying both communism and the state itself. The coup was led by the acting president of the Soviet Union, Gennady Yanayev.
- July–August 1990 – Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency when a group stormed Parliament and a TV Station holding government officials, including the prime minister, at ransom.[255] See Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt
- July 1985 to February 1990 – South Africa, in response to increasing civil unrest and township violence opposing apartheid rule.[256]
- 1975 to 1977 – India, Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in 1975 in response to political opposition and her own conviction on charges of electoral fraud. The Emergency lasted for 21 months.
- 1972 to 1976 – Mauritius, due to ethnic and labor-related unrest. Elections were suspended during this period, and political rights were broadly circumscribed.
- 1971 – Queensland, Australia in response to fears over increasing protest over the 1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia
- 1970 to 1972 – Trinidad and Tobago; a state of emergency was declared to deal with the Black Power Revolution which also included a mutiny in the Military.
- 1972 – the United Kingdom in response to increasingly militant industrial action.
- October 1970 – Quebec in response to the October Crisis kidnappings of government officials.
- July 1967 – Detroit, United States in response to the 12th Street riot started on Sunday morning during a blind pig raid.
- October 1962 – United States in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
- 1963 to 2011 – Syria during the Arab–Israeli conflict.
- 1948 to 1960 – Malayan Emergency in Malaysia and Singapore
- 1958 – Malta due to riots against the colonial government following Prime Minister Dom Mintoff's resignation.
- 1950 to 1978 – United States due to the Cold War, specifically the threat of "world conquest by communist imperialism."[257]
- 1948 to 1991 – China declared the state of emergency in response to the communist insurgency during the Chinese Civil War. Martial law was declared in both Mainland China and Taiwan, the latter following the February 28 incident in 1947 but was lifted in 1987. Eventually, Mainland China fell to the victorious Communists led by Mao Zedong who established the People's Republic of China in 1949.
- 1939 to 1952 – United States due to World War II
- 1941 to 1942 – Moscow due to the German advance to within 19 miles (31 km) of the city during World War II.
- October 1936 – Spain in response to the proclamation of the Catalan State and the ongoing Asturian miners' strike of 1934.[258]
- 18 March 1907 – Moldavia and Wallachia in Romania during the 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt.
See also
- Arbitrary arrest and detention
- Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
- Continuity of Government Plan
- Due process
- Force majeure
- International humanitarian law
- Search and seizure
- Senate Report 93-549
- Snow emergency
- State of exception
- Unitary executive theory
- Presidential Emergency Action Documents
References
- ^ "Observatory on emergency situations". Venice Commission. Archived from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ See Judson, 2012, "Where is R2P grounded in international law Archived 22 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine".
- ^ European Convention on Human Rights, Article 15
- ^ American Convention on Human Rights, Article 27
- ^ Agamben 2005
- ^ "Emergency Declarations and Authorities Fact Sheet | State Public Health | ASTHO". www.astho.org. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Algeria's state of emergency to be lifted 'imminently'". BBC News. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "State of emergency in Argentina and other Spanish-speaking countries (in Spanish)". Derecho.laguia2000.com. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ State of Queensland (June 2019). "Disaster and Emergency Incident Plan" (PDF). Queensland Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Biosecurity (Human Biosecurity Emergency) (Human Coronavirus with Pandemic Potential) Declaration 2020" (PDF). New South Wales Bar Association. 18 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ "Biosecurity Act 2015". Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. 7 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ McPhee, Sarah (30 March 2020). "Human biosecurity emergency declared in Australia". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989 (NSW) s 4
- ^ "Unprecedented season breaks all records" (PDF). Bush Fire Bulletin. 42 (1). Sydney: NSW Rural Fire Service: 3. ISSN 1033-7598. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
- ^ Mao, Frances (14 February 2020). "Australia weather: How much rain did it take to put out NSW fires?". BBC News. UK. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
- ^ Public Safety Preservation Act 1958 (VIC)
- ^ "Victorian fires: state of disaster declared as evacuation ordered and 28 people missing". Guardian Australia. Australian Associated Press. 3 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Essential Services Act 1958 (VIC)
- ^ Essential Services Act 1958 (VIC) s 5
- ^ Emergency Management Act 1986 (VIC) s 23
- ^ Twomey, Anne (2 August 2020). "Explainer: what is a 'state of disaster' and what powers does it confer?". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008 , s 200.
- ^ "Presidência da República Casa Civil Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicosur". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Emergencies Act". Laws.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Emergencies Act". Laws.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "State of Emergency FAQ". Cbc.ca. 7 August 2003. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Major, Darren (21 February 2022). "Emergencies Act passes crucial House of Commons vote with NDP support". CBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Hall, Chris; Tunney, Catharine (9 April 2020). "As supply concerns grow, Ottawa lays the groundwork for never-used Emergencies Act". CBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ Cochrane, David; Cullen, Catharine; Tunney, Catharine (10 April 2020). "Need for Emergencies Act rejected by premiers on call with PM". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- ^ a b Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law) Archived 19 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic) at EMERglobal Lex Archived 28 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine, part of the Edinburgh Middle East Report. Retrieved 2 April 2010."Law 1958/162 (Emergency Law) – Edinburgh Middle East Report". Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
- ^ Shehata, Samer (26 March 2004). "Egypt After 9/11: Perceptions of the United States". Contemporary Conflicts. Social Science Research Council. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Enough is still enough". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 14 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Violence flares in Egypt after emergency law imposed". Reuters. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ^ "Egypt lifts unpopular emergency law". CNN. 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ^ "Egypt declares national emergency". BBC News. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ "Egypt in state of emergency as clashes leave 278 dead". CBC News. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ "Loi n°55-385 du 3 avril 1955 instituant un état d'urgence et en déclarant l'application en Algérie" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ Weimar constitution technically remained in effect throughout the Nazi era (1933–1945).
- ^ "Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State". 28 February 1933. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^ Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303469-3.
- ^ a b "Basic Law Full Text – pda – chapter (2)". www.basiclaw.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "laws". www.npc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "Hong Kong e-Legislation". www.elegislation.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "CAP 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance". www.hklii.hk. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "CAP 241K PROHIBITION ON FACE COVERING REGULATION". www.hklii.hk. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation gazetted". www.info.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ "Anti-mask law gazetted". Hong Kong's Information Services Department (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "Judge explains reason for not allowing injunction – RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ "KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (18 November 2019)". www.hklii.hk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- ^ ""KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)". legalref.judiciary.hk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- ^ "KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2884; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)". www.hklii.hk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ Standard, The. "Anti-mask ruling appeal set for January". The Standard. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- ^ "Court extends anti-mask law suspension, say pan-dems – RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- ^ "Ruling that Hong Kong mask ban is invalid suspended until December 10". South China Morning Post. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Hong Kong court lifts mask ban, refusing government request to suspend earlier ruling". South China Morning Post. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ Standard, The. "Court of Appeal rejects mask ban ruling suspension". The Standard. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ "Court deals govt blow over mask ban ruling – RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
- ^ Austin, Granville (1999). Working a Democratic Constitution: The Indian Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–66. ISBN 0-19-564888-9. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ "Article 28.3.3°". Constitution of Ireland. Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Article 38.4.1°". Constitution of Ireland. Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ "Article 40.4.5°". Constitution of Ireland. Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ^ "First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1939., Section 1". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Second Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1941., Schedule". Irish Statute Book. Ref No.22. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Twenty-First Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2001, Schedule, Part ii". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
In Article 28.3.3°, to insert "other than Article 15.5.2°" after "Constitution";
- ^ "Proceedings of 2 September 1939". Dáil Éireann debates. pp. Vol.77 cc.1–190. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Emergency Powers Act, 1939". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Supplies and Services (Temporary Provisions) Bill, 1946—Second Stage". Dáil Éireann Debates. 18 June 1946. pp. Vol.101 No.15 p.19 cc.2063–94. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ "Supplies and Services (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1946 (Continuance) Act, 1957, Section 2". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "National Emergency: Motion". Dáil debates. 31 August 1976. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.; "National Emergency: Motion (Resumed)". Dáil debates. 1 September 1976. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Emergency Powers Act, 1976, Section 2". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ In re Article 26 and the Emergency Powers Bill 1976 Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Supreme Court
- ^ "Cessation of State of Emergency: Motion". Dáil debates. 7 February 1995. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Offences Against the State Act, 1939". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.; "Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act, 1940". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 26 November 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ^ Longaigh, Seosamh Ó (2006). Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, 1922–1948. Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-85182-922-4.
- ^ "Article 38.3.1°". Constitution of Ireland. Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ O'Mahony, Paul (2002). Criminal Justice in Ireland. Institute of Public Administration. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-902448-71-8. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Hederman Report 2002, Chapter 5 generally, especially §§ 5.28–33 Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Davis, Fergal Francis (2007). The History and Development of the Special Criminal Court 1922–2005. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-013-7.
- ^ "S.I. No. 147/1972 – Offences Against The State Act, 1939 (No. 13 of 1939) Special Criminal Court Rules, 1972". Irish Statute Book. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ Davis, Fergal (15 February 2016). "Special Criminal Court is necessary in flawed justice system". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (2003). "Article 28.3.3°: state of emergency and time-limit" (PDF). Eighth Progress Report: Government. Official publications. Vol. Pn 3795. Dublin: Stationery Office. pp. 16–18. ISBN 0-7076-3858-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Constitution Review Group (1996). "Report" (PDF). "The Government, § 3: whether Article 28.3 should be amended to provide for a limit on the period during which a law enacting a state of emergency continues to have effect and for preserving certain rights during that period" and "Trial of Offences, § 4: special courts". Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Hederman Report 2002, Chapter 9 generally, especially § 9.44 Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Stati di emergenza Archived 2 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Protezione Civile
- ^ Le situazioni di emergenza e di grave necessità pubblica, in La pubblica sicurezza, G. Motzo, Vicenza, 1967
- ^ Lo stato di eccezione ed ordinamento democratico Archived 6 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Giampiero Buonomo
- ^ Conte Says Italy to Extend State of Emergency to October Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg
- ^ Clause 1(A), Article 150, Constitution of Malaysia
- ^ "Malaysia lives under state of emergency — EU envoy". Reuters. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
- ^ "PM declares haze emergency in Muar and Ledang". theSundaily. 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ "Malaysia declares Covid state of emergency amid political turmoil". the Guardian. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ Palansamy, Yiswaree (15 January 2021). "Emergency Ordinance allows Agong to take temporary possession of any private property | Malay Mail". Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Maldives Chief Justice Abdulla Saeed Arrested As President Abdulla Yameen declares state of emergency". NDTV news. 6 February 2018. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
- ^ 0,Declaration of State of Emergency: National Disaster (Drought): Namibian Constitution. Government Gazette, Republic of Namibia, No 6056, 28 June 2016. Archived 7 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Civil Defense Emergency Management Act 2002". Legislation.govt.nz. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "Waterfront Strike Emergency Regulations 1951" (PDF). New Zealand Legal Information Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Death toll at 75, national emergency declared". Television New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ "Canterbury earthquake timeline: Government's and Parliament's response – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ Herald, N. Z. "Covid-19: State of emergency declared in New Zealand". ZB. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Henare, Peeni (21 April 2020). "State of National Emergency extended" (Press release). Beehive.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Cyclone Gabrielle: New Zealand declares state of emergency". BBC News. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ McAnulty, Kieran (14 February 2023). "State of National Emergency Declared". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ "Nigeria declares emergency in areas hit by Islamists". Reuters. 14 May 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
- ^ "Boko Haram attacks prompt Nigeria state of emergency". BBC News. 1 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ "Article 134 (Personal competences)". Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Article 19 (Suspension of the exercise of rights)". Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Article 172 (Dissolution)". Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Article 289 (Circumstances in which revision is restricted)". Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Article 138 (Declaration of a state of siege or of a state of emergency)". Constitution of the Portuguese Republic. Diário da República Eletrónico. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Papel dos militares muda entre estado de sítio e estado de emergência". Público (in Portuguese). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ^ "Lei de Bases da Protecção Civil (Lei n.º 27/2006)". Diário da República Eletrónico. Diário da República n.º 126/2006, Série I de 3 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ a b Silviu Molnar, Security Zone in Pungesti Heavily Criticized by European Greens Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Natural Gas Europe, 19 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013
- ^ (in Romanian)Comuna Pungești, declarată "zonă specială de siguranță publică Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Adevărul, 19 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013
- ^ Gabriel Petrescu, Chevron Moves Forward in Romania Following Establishment of Special Security Zone Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Natural Gas Europe, 14 December 2013, Retrieved 23 December 2013
- ^ "Statement for the Declaration of Rape and Sexual Violence as a National Emergency by His Excellency President Julius Maada Bio State House, 7th February 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
- ^ "Declaration of a State of Public Emergency by His Excellency, Dr. Julius Maada Bio, President of the Republic of Sierra Leone" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ Currie, Iain; de Waal, Johan (2005). "Chapter Thirty-three: States of Emergency". The Bill of Rights Handbook (5th ed.). Cape Town: Juta & Company Ltd. pp. 798–806. ISBN 978-0-7021-5923-7.
- ^ Mars, A.; Romero, A.; Álvarez, P. (4 December 2010). "El Gobierno declara el estado de alarma y moviliza a los controladores". El País (in Spanish). Madrid: Prisa. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "El Gobierno declara el estado de alarma". El Mundo (in Spanish). Unidad Editorial Internet, S.L. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "Striking Spain air traffic controllers return to work". BBC. 4 December 2010. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ Hernández, Marisol (13 March 2020). "Pedro Sánchez decreta el estado de alarma en toda España para frenar la expansión del coronavirus". El Mundo. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Benayas, Victoria Torres (24 October 2020). "Así son las medidas en la Comunidad de Madrid tras agotarse el estado de alarma". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
- ^ "Constitution of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ "Constitution.pdf" (PDF). Ministry of Legal Affairs. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/BREAKING-NEWS-State-of-Emergency-declared-128160123 [dead link]
- ^ http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/STATE-OF-EMERGENCY-DAY-3-128333238 [dead link]
- ^ Bagoo, Andre (5 September 2011). "Moonilal knocks Rowley for locking up Seepaul". Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ "World News Briefs; Trinidad House Speaker Put Under House Arrest". The New York Times. 5 August 1995. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ Hutchinson-Jafar, Linda (22 August 2011). "Trinidad declares state of emergency to fight crime". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "STATE OF EMERGENCY – CURFEW 9P.M −5A.M". Trinidad Express Newspapers. 15 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Trinidad and Tobago implements State of Emergency to combat covid19 spread". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 15 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "PM announces state of emergency". www.looptt.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "It's Not Just India: New Virus Waves Hit Developing Countries". BloombergQuint. 3 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Trinidad and Tobago tightens lockdown as COVID-19 cases surge". Reuters. 3 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ Hunte, Camille (25 August 2021). "SoE for 3 more months". T&T Express. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ^ The sovereign of the UK always follows the advice of the Prime Minister on any action with constitutional significance
- ^ Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1953)
- ^ "Washington gov. declares weather emergency". USA Today. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
- ^ US Presidential Proclamation 7463
- ^ Dress, Brad (12 September 2022). "These 10 states still have COVID emergency orders in place". The Hill. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
- ^ "Gov. Justice announces State of Emergency due to dangerous drought conditions". 26 July 2024.
- ^ "W.Va. Gov. Justice extends drought State of Emergency". 23 August 2024.
- ^ "Key Bridge collapses into Patapsco River in Baltimore after vessel hits support column; state of emergency declared". Baltimore Sun. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 26 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^ Stout, Nolan (8 September 2023). "Biden extends 9/11 state of emergency by a year". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ "Projekt uchwały Rady Ministrów o skierowaniu do Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wniosku o wprowadzenie stanu wyjątkowego na obszarze części województwa podlaskiego oraz części województwa lubelskiego – Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów – Portal Gov.pl". Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Stan wyjątkowy. "Prezydent bezobjawowy", "Podłość polskich władz". Fala komentarzy". gazetapl. 2 September 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ Alberta declares state of public health emergency, implements vaccine passport. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Ethiopia declares nationwide state of emergency". www.aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
- ^ "Lithuania declares state of emergency on border with Belarus". www.lrt.lt. 9 November 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Wisconsin's Governor Declares State of Emergency Amid Protests". The Wall Street Journal. 26 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
- ^ "Governor Newsom Declares Statewide Emergency Due to Fires, Extreme Weather Conditions". California Governor. 18 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
- ^ "Georgia governor declares state of emergency". The Mercury News. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ "Government officials declare state of national emergency in New Zealand amid COVID-19 pandemic". Newshub. Archived from the original on 27 March 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
- ^ "Govt to invoke emergency rule". Bangkok Post. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Currie, Brooklyn (22 March 2020). "N.S. declares state of emergency in response to COVID-19". CBC News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "В Киргизии вводится режим чрезвычайной ситуации". Tacc. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "Mensagem do Presidente da República ao País sobre a declaração do estado de emergência (Palácio de Belém, 18 de março de 2020)" [Message of the President of the Republic to the Country on the declaration of a state of emergency]. Presidency of the Portuguese Republic (in Portuguese). 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Marcelo abre caminho a Costa para regresso tímido à normalidade" [Marcelo clears the way for Costa to lead a timid return to normal]. Público (in Portuguese). 28 April 2020. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Portugal despede-se do confinamento sem voltar à normalidade" [Portugal says farewell to confinement without returning to normal]. Jornal Económico (in Portuguese). 3 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ "'This is a serious moment in our history': Alberta Premier Jason Kenney declares public health emergency". www.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "'We must act decisively': Ontario Premier Doug Ford declares state of emergency amid COVID-19 outbreak". www.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Luna, Franco (17 March 2020). "Duterte declares nationwide state of calamity". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "В Армении ввели режим чрезвычайного положения". ТАСС. Archived from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "State of emergency declared throughout Serbia". www.srbija.gov.rs. 15 March 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ "Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 15 марта 2020 года № 285 "О введении чрезвычайного положения в Республике Казахстан"". Информационная система ПАРАГРАФ. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ^ "COVID-19: Legault declares a public health emergency". montreal.ctvnews.ca. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Cué, Carlos E.; Pérez, Claudi; Blas, Elsa García de (13 March 2020). "Sánche decreta el estado de alarma durante 15 días". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ Hansen, Claire (13 March 2020). "Trump Reportedly Planning to Declare National Emergency Over Coronavirus Pandemic". www.usnews.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
- ^ Shepherd, Michael (15 March 2020). "Janet Mills declares state of emergency after Maine announces new coronavirus cases". Bangor Daily News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ "Minnesota Executive Order 20-01 Declaring a Peacetime Emergency" (PDF). State of Minnesota Executive Department. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Louisiana Declares Public Health Emergency for Coronavirus". U.S. News & World Report. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Proclamation by the Governor" (PDF). State of Alabama Executive Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Brown, Zoe. "Kansas sees first coronavirus death, governor declares state of emergency". KCTV Kansas City. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ "Virginia Governor Ralph Northam – March". www.governor.virginia.gov. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "Gov. Evers declares public health emergency over coronavirus, risk to residents remains 'low'". Associated Press. 12 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ "Executive Order 2020-004" (PDF). Governor of New Mexico. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "First cases of coronavirus confirmed in Michigan; Whitmer declares state of emergency". WXYZ. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Baker Declares State Of Emergency; 92 Total Coronavirus Cases In Massachusetts". News. 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "Governor Cooper Declares State Of Emergency To Respond To Coronavirus COVID-19". www.ncdhhs.gov. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- ^ "State of emergency in Colorado as coronavirus cases rise to 17". 10 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ Bischoff, Laura A. "Gov. DeWine declares state of emergency after 3 residents contract coronavirus". dayton-daily-news. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- ^ "State of Oregon Newsroom : NewsDetail: State of Oregon". www.oregon.gov. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ McKinley, Jesse; Sandoval, Edgar (7 March 2020). "Coronavirus in N.Y.: Cuomo Declares State of Emergency". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
- ^ "Newsletter: State of emergency declared over coronavirus". 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ a b Leins, Casey (2 March 2020). "Washington, Florida Governors Declare State of Emergency for Coronavirus". US News and World Report. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Veszélyhelyzetet hirdet az ország teljes területére a kormány". koronavirus.gov.hu (in Hungarian). Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. 11 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
- ^ "State of emergency declared for Tennessee after deadly tornadoes". 3 March 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ "Malaysia's king declares state of emergency to curb spread of Covid-19". CNN. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- ^ Kageyama, Yuri (7 January 2021). "Japan declares emergency for Tokyo area as cases spike". AP News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "New Mexico Declares Security Emergency Ahead of Inauguration". US News and World Report. Associated Press. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Axelrod, Tal (15 January 2021). "Maryland governor declares state of emergency ahead of Biden's inauguration". The Hill. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Rosario, Nicole Del (6 January 2021). "Gov. Ralph Northam issues new curfew, State of Emergency in Virginia". WSLS. Archived from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ Woodward, Alex (12 January 2021). "Trump approves emergency declaration for Biden inauguration". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ "Thailand Declares State Of Emergency Amid Anti-Government Protests". NPR. 16 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ "Coronavirus: le Maroc déclare l'état d'urgence sanitaire – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ "NSW Premier declares state of emergency for catastrophic fire conditions". ABC News Australia. Sydney. 10 November 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
- ^ "Ecuador protests: State of emergency declared as fuel subsidies end". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Ecuador protests: Hundreds held as president decries 'criminals'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
- ^ "Chile protests: state of emergency declared in Santiago as violence escalates". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- ^ "Chile extends curfew again as violent unrest paralyzes one of Latin America's biggest cities". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ "Chile: nearly a month of protests". France 24. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
- ^ "Sri Lanka government says local Islamist group behind blasts, to declare emergency from midnight". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- ^ "Death toll rises to 359 in Sri Lanka bombings, more arrested". Associated Press. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
- ^ "Death toll from Easter Sunday attacks climbs to 321". AdaDerana. 23 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: State of emergency lifted as security established – Minister". Archived from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ "Presidential Proclamation on Declaring a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2019 – via National Archives.
- ^ "As Congress Passes Spending Bill, Trump Plans National Emergency to Build Border Wall". The New York Times. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
- ^ Iqbal Amas; Manveena Suri; Steve George (7 March 2018). "Sri Lanka declares state of emergency in wake of communal violence". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
- ^ "Why has Ethiopia imposed a state of emergency?". BBC News. 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ Joe Sterling; Sarah Sirgany; Ian Lee (10 April 2017). "Egypt Cabinet OKs state of emergency after Palm Sunday church bombings". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
- ^ Astor, Maggie; Caron, Christina; Victor, Daniel (13 August 2017). "A Guide to the Charlottesville Aftermath". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
- ^ "Proclamation No. 55, s. 2016". Official Gazette. 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ Manahan, Job (27 July 2023). "Marcos lifts state of national emergency due to lawless violence in Mindanao". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ Bordey, Hana (27 July 2023). "Marcos lifts state of nat'l emergency due to lawless violence in Mindanao". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "State of Florida: Executive order number 16-142" (PDF). Flgov.com. 12 June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- ^ Buitrago, Deisy; Ulmer, Alexandra (13 May 2016). "Venezuela president declares emergency, cites U.S., domestic 'threats'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "Venezuela president declares 60-day state of emergency, blaming US for instability". The Guardian. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "Venezuela president declares emergency, citing U.S. domestic 'threats'". The Telegraph. 14 May 2016. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ Bush, Jason (22 November 2015). "A state of emergency has been declared in Crimea after electricity pylons were 'blown up'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
- ^ "France's Macron seeks to extend state of emergency to November". 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ^ "Burma: State of emergency imposed in Meiktila". BBC News. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ "Egypt renews tough emergency laws". BBC News. 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ^ "Egypt state of emergency lifted after 31 years". BBC News. 31 May 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
- ^ "Tunisia: Ex-President Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia". BBC News. 15 January 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
- ^ "Vláda schválila núdzový stav". Petit Press a.s. 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ "100 held in Trinidad and Tobago's state of emergency". the Guardian. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ "Bahrain Declares State of Emergency". Financial Times. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
- ^ "Thai protests force Asia summit cancellation". Reuters. 11 April 2009. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ Thai govt declares state of emergency in Bangkok Archived 15 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Reuters. 12 April 2009
- ^ "UPDATE 1-Slovakia to call state of emergency over gas". Reuters. 6 January 2009. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Bangladesh Leader Declares State of Emergency". The New York Times. 12 January 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Thailand: State of emergency declared in Bangkok". The Guardian. 2 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Thai emergency lifted, search for new PM goes on". Reuters. 14 September 2008. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Mongolia under state of emergency". Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
- ^ n:Armenian President Kocharyan declares state of emergency
- ^ "Musharraf Declares State of Emergency". The New York Times. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
- ^ "Arroyo declares state of emergency amid coup rumors". The New York Times. 24 February 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Proclamation No. 1017, s. 2006". Official Gazette. 24 February 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "State of emergency declared in Philippines". The Guardian. 24 February 2006. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Portugal fires threaten thousands". BBC News. 23 August 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Protests Escalate in Ecuador's Capital". The Washington Post. 18 April 2005. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "State of emergency in Georgia". CNN. 22 November 2003. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "New Yorkers face new emergency". CNN. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Governor Declares State of Emergency in Southeast Michigan". Government of Michigan. 15 August 2003. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Ontario declares state of emergency". CBC News. 14 August 2003. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Acting Serbian President declares state of emergency". ReliefWeb. 12 March 2003. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "State of Emergency in Paraguay; 1 Dies in Unrest Over Economy". The New York Times. 15 July 2002. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Nepal considers state of emergency". CNN. 26 November 2001. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "State of emergency in Seattle". The Guardian. 1 December 1999. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Albania Declares State of Emergency". Los Angeles Times. 3 March 1997. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Trinidad House Speaker Put Under House Arrest". The New York Times. Trinidad And Tobago. 5 August 1995. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
- ^ "LA riots: How 1992 changed the police". BBC News. 29 April 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "The L.A. Riots: 25 years later". Los Angeles Times. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "STATE OF EMERGENCY IMPOSED IN MOLDOVA". The Washington Post. 29 March 1992. Archived from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ “トリニダード、1990年のクーデター未遂を振り返る”. BBCニュース. 2010年7月27日. 2024年6月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年9月28日閲覧。
- ^ 「非常事態 – 1985」。南アフリカ歴史オンライン。2021年9月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 2021年9月28日閲覧。
- ^ エスピノーザ・カストロ対INS、242 F.3d 1181、30 (2001)。
- ^ マクロバーツ、ケネス。カタロニア:国家なき国家建設。オックスフォード大学出版局。ニューヨーク。2001年。36ページ
文献
- アガンベン、ジョルジオ(2005年)。『例外の状態』シカゴ:シカゴ大学出版局。ISBN 978-0-226-00925-4。オンライン抜粋:「例外状態の簡潔な歴史」。
- バルジライ、ガド(1996年)。戦争、内部紛争、政治秩序。アルバニー:ニューヨーク州立大学出版局。ISBN 0-7914-2943-1。
- ヴァルター・ベンヤミン、Zur Kritik der Gewalt (「暴力批判」)。
- ファブリ、ロレンツォ。「例外のクロノトポロジー。陣営以前のアガンベンとデリダ」、Diacritics、第39巻、第3号(2009年):77-95。
- ヘダーマン、アンソニー J.、1939 年から 1998 年までの州法に対する犯罪を再検討する委員会 (2002 年 8 月)。「報告書」(PDF) 。2017 年4 月 2 日に閲覧。
- カール・シュミット『独裁制と政治神学について』
- ウルフ、コンラディン (2005)。アウスナメズスタンドとメンシェンレヒト。
- フセイン、ナサール(2003年)「緊急事態の法理学」アナーバー:ミシガン大学出版局。
- ルーニー、ブライアン。2019年。「民主国家における緊急権限:民主的緊急権限データセットの紹介。」 研究と政治。
