「blak」という用語は、より広範な社会運動の一部として使用されることもあります(「Blaktivism」や「Blak History Month」[ 41 ]などの用語に見られます)。この用語は、1991年に写真家でマルチメディアアーティストのデスティニー・ディーコンが「Blak lik mi 」というタイトルの展覧会で造語しました。ディーコンの2004年の現代美術館での展覧会では、美術館のガイドで「blak」は次のように定義されました。「一部のアボリジニの人々が、黒人または黒人らしさの歴史的、表象的、象徴的、ステレオタイプ的、ロマンチック化された概念を取り戻すために使用する用語。しばしば弾薬またはインスピレーションとして使用されます。」[ 42 ]ディーコンは、blackからcを削除して「『black cunt 』という用語を非武器化する」[ 43 ]ことは、「植民地主義者の言語を取り上げてそれをひっくり返す」ことだと述べました。[ 44 ]
Closing the Gapは先住民の教育改善に重点を置き、一定の成果を上げています。20~24歳における高校卒業資格(Year 12またはそれに相当する資格)の取得率は、2006年の47.4%から2016年には65.3%に上昇しました。これにより、より多くの先住民が高等教育または職業教育コースを受講するようになりました。Closing the Gapの報告書によると、高等教育の学位取得コースに在籍する先住民の学生数は、2006年(9,329人)から2017年(19,237人)までの10年間で2倍以上に増加しました。[ 342 ]
↑遺伝学と物質文化は、アフリカの人口中心地から旧石器時代のユーラシアへの繰り返しの拡大を裏付けている、Vallini et al. 2022 (2022年4月4日) 引用:「サフルの最終定住の下限が37 ka(Malaspinas et al. 2016によって推定された最も深い人口分裂の時期)であることを考慮すると、パプア人は、東アジア人と西アジア人および東アジア人の基底系統とのほぼ均等な混合で、45~38 kaの間に発生したか、または、わずかな基底OoAまたはxOoAの寄与の有無にかかわらず、東アジア人の姉妹系統であると記述するのが妥当である。ここでは、パプア人を天元人の単純な姉妹グループとして簡潔に記述することを選択したが、これは6つの均等な最終可能性のうちの1つにすぎない可能性があることに注意してください。」
↑統計はØrsted-JensenがFrontier History Revisited(ブリスベン、2011年)の10-11ページと15ページのためにまとめたものです。1列目は、社会人類学者アルフレッド・レジナルド・ラドクリフ=ブラウンが1930年に収集し公表した推定値(オーストラリア連邦公式年鑑XXIII、1930年、672、687-696ページ)に基づいて計算された分布率です。2列目の割合は、MD Prentisが著書A Study in Black and White (第2版、レッドファーン、ニューサウスウェールズ州、1988年、41ページ)のためにNG Butlin: Our Original Aggression and “others”に基づいて計算したものです。一方、3列目は、オーストラリア先住民・トレス海峡諸島民研究所(AIATSIS)、キャンベラ、1994年に発行された「アボリジニ・オーストラリア」地図に基づいて計算されています。
↑「Bringing Them Home」報告書への提出文書の中で、ビクトリア州政府は「先住民の子供たちの利益は、彼らを自分たちのコミュニティに留めておくことで最もよく守られるという政府報告書での明らかな認識にもかかわらず、強制的に連れ去られたアボリジニの子供の数は増え続け、1973年の220人から1976年には350人に増加した」と述べている。「 Bringing Them Home」:「ビクトリア州」。
↑ロナルド・M・ベルントは、1976年にネルソンで出版された著書『Three Faces of Love』の中で、アボリジニの伝統的な歌詩を発表している。RMW・ディクソンとM・デュウェルは、聖なる詩と日常の詩を扱った2冊の本、『The Honey Ant Men's Love Song』と『Little Eva at Moonlight Creek』をクイーンズランド大学出版局から1994年に出版している。
↑「先住民の健康に関わる関係者の間で、平均寿命の格差に関する具体的な推定値は確立されていない。先住民オーストラリア人の健康状態の改善を目指す戦略を評価するためには、格差の大きさに関する合意が不可欠である。さらに、『格差の解消』に向けた進捗状況を測定するには、同じ測定手法を用いて経時的な変化を評価する、比較可能な推定値が入手可能であることが前提となる。」( Rosenstock et al. 2013 :356–64)
1 2 Bennett, E. Andrew; Liu, Yichen; Fu, Qiaomei (2024年12月3日). 「古代ゲノム学による東アジアの人類人口史の再構築」 . Elements in Ancient East Asia . doi : 10.1017/9781009246675 . ISBN978-1-009-24667-5オーストララシア語族は、東アジアの3つの系統(AASI、ESEAと並ぶ)のうちの1つです。AAには、現代のパプア人やオーストラリア先住民が含まれます。
1 2青木健一、高畑直之、太田弘樹、若野丈雄一郎、フェルドマン、マーカス W. (2023 年 8 月 30 日) 「感染症が東アジア後期旧石器時代の細石刃の南下を阻害した可能性がある」 . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 290 (2005) 20231262. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2023.1262 . PMC 10465978 . PMID 37644833 .現代人類がアジア大陸とサフル大陸へ一度だけ大規模に移動した...西ユーラシアとの関連性のない古代南インド人、東アジア人、オンゲ(アンダマン諸島の狩猟採集民)、パプア人はすべて、アフリカから東へ拡散した集団から短い進化の時間で派生した[46,47]。
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12Marchese, David (28 March 2018). "Indigenous languages come from just one common ancestor, researchers say". ABC news. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
↑Australian Government, Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications (2020). National Indigenous Languages Report. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. p.13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑National Indigenous Language Report (2020). pp. 42, 65
↑"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: Census". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
↑National Indigenous Languages Report (2020). p. 46
12"Language Statistics for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 October 2022.
↑Harvey, Mark; Mailhammer, Robert (30 January 2025). "New evidence confirms our Indigenous languages have a common source, but how they spread remains a mystery". The Conversation. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
↑National Indigenous Languages Report (2020). pp. 42, 54-55
↑Rollason, Bridget (11 July 2025). "UNESCO approves world heritage listing for WA's Murujuga rock art". ABC News (Australia).
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Further reading
Web sources
"Aboriginal Australia – Referendums and Recognition: The 1967 Referendum". State Library of South Australia. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022. Includes concise summary of referendum, plus detailed section on Legislative Background, starting with the 1891 National Australasian Convention. Tabs to other pages include:
"Aboriginal Australia – Referendums and Recognition: 1967 Resources". Archived from the original on 4 January 2020.
"Aboriginal Australia – Referendums and Recognition: Constitutional recognition campaign". Archived from the original on 4 January 2020.
"Aboriginal People". Dead Reckoning: How to find your way in the genealogical jungle of Western Australia. State Library of Western Australia. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
"AustLang". AIATSIS Collection. AIATSIS. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
"Australian Aborigines in chains at Wyndham prison, 1902". Rare Historical Photos. 28 December 2015 [Updated: 12 July 2022].
"Chapter 10: Indigenous education". MCEETYA. 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
"IMAGE: Indigenous language map". Aboriginal Studies Press. 22 May 2017 – via ABC News.
"Summary Commentary: Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 September 2018. NOTE: Updates to 798,400 people, or 3.3% of the population, includes reasons for 19% increase in the population estimate on 30 June 2011.
"Why Blak not black?". Australian Blak History Month for Teachers. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
Fitzgerald, Jacqueline; Weatherburn, Don (December 2001). "Aboriginal victimisation and offending: the picture from police records"(PDF). Crime and Jusstice Statistics. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2009.
Garde, Murray. "bininj". Bininj Kunwok Dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
Olson, Emily; Marsh, Peter (23 August 2007). "Kava ban 'sparks black market boom'". ABC News. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
Oscar, June (8 April 2020). "Failure to close the gap in healthcare puts Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people at increased risk". Australian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020.
Perche, Diana (10 May 2019). "More First Nations people in parliament matters. Here's why". The Conversation. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
Tindale, Norman B. (1974). "Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia"(Zoomable map). Australian National University Press. Retrieved 26 March 2022– via Trove, National Library of Australia.
Books
Levene, Mark (2005). Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: The rise of the West and the coming of genocide. I. B. Tauris. p.344 n.105. ISBN978-1-84511-057-4.
Lukin Watson, Pamela (2004). "Passed Away?: The Fate of the Karuwali". In Moses, A. Dirk (ed.). Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History. New York: Berghahn Books. pp.174–193. ISBN978-1-57181-410-4.
Journal articles
Bindon, P. A. (1997). "Aboriginal people and granite domes"(PDF). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. 80: 173–179. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021). "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea". Nature. 596 (7873): 543–547. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..543C. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6. ISSN0028-0836. PMC8387238. PMID34433944. The qpGraph analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).
Huxley, Thomas (1870). "On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind". Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. 2 (4): 404–412. doi:10.2307/3014371. JSTOR3014371.
Reyes-Centeno, Hugo; Ghirotto, Silvia; Détroit, Florent; Grimaud-Hervé, Dominique; Barbujani, Guido; Harvati, Katerina (20 May 2014). "Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia"(PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (20): 7248–7253. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7248R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323666111. PMC4034217. PMID24753576.
Windschuttle, Keith; Gillin, Tim (June 2002). "The extinction of the Australian pygmies". Quadrant. 29. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013.
Reports
Communicating Positively: A guide to appropriate Aboriginal terminology(PDF) (Report). NSW Department of Health. May 2004. ISBN0-7347-3542-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
Protsyk, Oleh (2010). The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament: A global overview(PDF) (Report). Geneva: Inter-parliamentary Union – United Nations Development Programme. ISBN978-92-9142-462-7.
Tatz, Colin (14 July 1999). Aboriginal suicide is different: Aboriginal youth suicide in New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand: towards a model of explanation and alleviation (Report). CRC funded reports. Australian Institute of Criminology. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.