According to Vietnamese legends, the Hồng Bàng dynasty of the Hùng kings, first established in 2879 BC, is considered the first state established in Vietnam (then known as Xích Quỷ and later Văn Lang).[49] Văn Lang was established by Lạc Việt tribes,[50] who were likely a confederacy of multilingual Austroasiatic and Kra-Dai speakers who occupied the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam.[51][52]
In 257 BC, the last Hùng king was defeated by Thục Phán. He consolidated the Lạc Việt and Âu Việt tribes, who came from southern China,[53] to form the Âu Lạc, proclaiming himself An Dương Vương.[54]
In 179 BC, a Chinese general named Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà) defeated An Dương Vương and consolidated Âu Lạc into Nanyue.[44] However, Nanyue was itself incorporated into the empire of the Chinese Han dynasty in 111 BC after the Han–Nanyue War.[23][55] Through Han rule, Confucianism was introduced into the region and came to influence Vietnamese societal norms and governance.[56] For the next thousand years, what is now northern Vietnam remained mostly under Chinese rule.[57][58][59] Early independence movements, such as those of the Trưng Sisters and Lady Triệu,[60] were temporarily successful,[61] though the region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty between AD 544 and 602.[62][63][64] By the early 10th century, northern Vietnam had gained autonomy, but not sovereignty, under the Khúc family.[65]
Vietnam is also home to 1,438 species of freshwater microalgae, constituting 9.6% of all microalgae species, as well as 794 aquatic invertebrates and 2,458 species of sea fish.[229] In recent years, 13 genera, 222 species, and 30 taxa of flora have been newly described in Vietnam.[229] Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant muntjac, and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's pheasant.[232] In the late 1980s, a small population of Javan rhinoceros was found in Cát Tiên National Park. However, the last individual of the species in Vietnam was reportedly shot in 2010.[233] In agricultural genetic diversity, Vietnam is one of the world's twelve original cultivar centres. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species.[229] The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone and has established 126 conservation areas, including 30 national parks.[229]
In Vietnam, wildlife poaching has become a major concern. In 2000, a non-governmental organisation (NGO), Education for Nature – Vietnam, was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.[234] In the years that followed, another NGO called GreenViet was formed by Vietnamese youngsters for the enforcement of wildlife protection. Through collaboration between the NGOs and local authorities, many local poaching syndicates were crippled by their leaders' arrests.[234] A study released in 2018 revealed Vietnam is a destination for the illegal export of rhinoceros horns from South Africa due to the demand for them as a medicine and a status symbol.[235][236]
↑「Viet Nam」という綴り、またはベトナム語の正書法に従った完全なベトナム語表記「 Việt Nam」は、地元メディアや政府系メディアで英語で使用されることがあります。「Viet Nam」は、実際にはベトナム政府、国連、国際標準化機構によって標準化された国名として正式に指定され、承認されています。他の綴りも参照してください。
↑ Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022 [ 2022 年の土地面積統計の承認と発表] (PDF) (決定 3048/QĐ-BTNMT) (ベトナム語)。天然資源環境省 (ベトナム)。 2023 年 10 月 18 日。
1 2 3 Brindley, Erica Fox (2015). Ancient China and the Yue Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE . Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 「Yue」という用語は、今日でもベトナムの国名(越南、つまり「ベトナムの南」)に残っている。ベトナム人は「南のベトナム」と解釈した可能性が高く、中国人は「ベトナムの南」と解釈した可能性が高い。
1 2 3 An Chi (2002 年 6 月 10 日)。 「Chuyện Đông chuyện Tây」[東洋と西洋の問題]。Kiến thức ngày nay [今日の知識] (426)。An Chi (2006)として再版されました。 「Tại sao ta không tự gọi mình là người Keo (Giao)?」[自分たちのことを Keo (Giao) 族と呼ばないのはなぜですか? ]。Chuyện Đông chuyện Tây (ベトナム語)。 p. 154〜158の157。Vua Gia Long ở trong một cái thế muốn hòa hoãn nên đã chấp nhận quốc hiệu "Việt Nam" nhưng cả nhà vua lẫn dân chúng đều có thể mặc nhiên hiểu rằng Việt Nam là "nước Nam của người Việt" chứ không phải "vùng đất phia Nam đất Việt"。
↑ Kelley, Liam C.; Hong, Hai Dinh (2021), "Competing Imagined Ancestries: The Lạc Việt, the Vietnamese, and the Zhuang", in Gillen, Jamie; Kelley, Liam C.; Le, Ha Pahn (eds.), Vietnam at the Vanguard: New Perspectives Across Time, Space, and Community , Springer Singapore, pp. 88– 107, ISBN978-9-81165-055-0
↑ Nguyễn Thế Anh (2002). "The Formulation of the National Discourse in 1940–45 Vietnam". Journal of International and Area Studies . 9 (1): 57– 75. JSTOR 43107057 .
↑ "Lời tuyên bố truyền thanh của Thủ tướng Chánh phủ ngày 16-7-1955 về hiệp định Genève và vấn đề thống nhất đất nước"; 「Tuyên ngôn của Chánh phủ Quốc gia Việt Nam ngày 9-8-1955 về vấn đề thống nhất lãnh thổ」。Con đường Chính nghĩa: Độc lập、Dân chủ (ベトナム語)。 Vol. II.サイゴン: Sở Báo chí Thông tin、Phủ Tổng thống。 1956 年。11 ~ 13ページ。
↑ "Quốc hội thông qua Nghị quyết về việc sắp xếp đơn vị hành chính cấp tỉnh, từ ngày 12/6, cả nước còn 34タン、タン PHố」。ベトナム国会(ベトナム語)。 2025 年 6 月 12 日。2025年 6 月 12 日のオリジナルからアーカイブ。2025 年6 月 12 日に取得。
12Nguyen, Thuy (2022). "Exploiting Ideology and Making Higher Education Serve Vietnam's Authoritarian Regime". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 55 (4): 83–104. doi:10.1525/cpcs.2022.1819231.
↑Steven Saxonberg (2013). Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism: Regime Survival in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam. Cambridge University Press. p.97. ISBN978-1-139-61998-1. This make Vietnam rather similar to Poland as a country that never succeeded in establishing totalitarian rule.
↑Morris, Stephen J. (1 May 2005). "The War We Could Have Won". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
↑"VIET NAM – UN ACT". Un Act. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
↑"Women, children and babies: human trafficking to China is on the rise". Asia News. 11 July 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
↑"Vietnam's Human Trafficking Problem Is Too Big to Ignore". The Diplomat. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
↑"Fisheries Country Profile: Vietnam". Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. June 2018. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
↑"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025". WIPO. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
↑Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads. World Intellectual Property Organization. p.19. doi:10.34667/tind.58864. ISBN978-92-805-3797-0. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
↑"Global Innovation Index". INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
↑General Statistics Office (2019). Kết quả Toàn bộ Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở năm 2019 (Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census). Statistical Publishing House. ISBN978-604-75-1532-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
↑Taylor, K. W. (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. p.51. ISBN978-0-521-87586-8.
↑Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (17 April 2019). The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia. Routledge. pp.187, 192. ISBN978-1-317-35449-9. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
↑Thống Nhất. "Nhà trường chọn 1 trong 7 thứ tiếng làm ngoại ngữ 1". Hànộimới. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
↑Nguyễn, Tuệ (8 March 2021). "Vì sao tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức là ngoại ngữ 1 trong trường phổ thông?". Thanh Niên. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
↑Ngọc Diệp (4 March 2021). "Tiếng Hàn, tiếng Đức được đưa vào chương trình phổ thông, học sinh được tự chọn". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
↑Phạm, Mai (20 April 2022). "Các trường hợp được miễn thi ngoại ngữ kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPT 2022"[Exemption from the foreign language test in the high school graduation exam]. VietnamPlus. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
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