渡りはエネルギー的に非常に負担が大きく、特に鳥は補給なしで砂漠や海を横断する必要がある。陸鳥の飛行範囲は約2,500 km (1,600マイル)であり、海岸鳥は最大4,000 km (2,500マイル)まで飛ぶことができるが、[ 77 ]オオソリハシシギは最大10,200 km (6,300マイル)のノンストップ飛行が可能である。[ 173 ]一部の海鳥は長距離の渡りを行い、最も長い年間渡りには、北極の繁殖地であるグリーンランドとアイスランドから南極の越冬地まで平均70,900 km (44,100 mi)移動したことが記録されているキョクアジサシ、 81,600 km (50,700 mi)を移動した個体もいる[ 174 ]また、ニュージーランドとチリで営巣し、日本の沖合、アラスカ、カリフォルニア沖の北太平洋の夏の採餌地まで年間64,000 km (39,800 mi)の往復を行うハイイロミズナギドリもいる[ 175 ] 繁殖後に分散し、広範囲を移動するが決まった渡りルートを持たない海鳥もいる。南極海で営巣するアホウドリは、繁殖期の間に極地を一周する旅をすることが多い[ 176 ] 。
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Further reading
All the Birds of the World, Lynx Edicions, 2020.
Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World (17-volume encyclopaedia), Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, 1992–2010. (Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks: ISBN978-84-87334-10-8, etc.).
Lederer, Roger; Carol Burr (2014). Latein für Vogelbeobachter: über 3000 ornithologische Begriffe erklärt und erforscht, aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Susanne Kuhlmannn-Krieg, Verlag DuMont, Köln, ISBN978-3-8321-9491-8.
National Geographic Field Guide to Birds of North America, National Geographic, 7th edition, 2017. ISBN9781426218354
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern Region, National Audubon Society, Knopf.
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Western Region, National Audubon Society, Knopf.
Svensson, Lars (2010). Birds of Europe, Princeton University Press, second edition. ISBN9780691143927
Svensson, Lars (2010). Collins Bird Guide: The Most Complete Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe, Collins, 2nd edition. ISBN978-0007268146
External links
Avian Biology
Birdlife International – Dedicated to bird conservation worldwide; has a database with about 250,000 records on endangered bird species.
North American Birds for KidsArchived 9 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Ornithology
Sora – Searchable online research archive; Archives of the following ornithological journals The Auk, Condor, Journal of Field Ornithology', North American Bird Bander, Studies in Avian Biology, Pacific Coast Avifauna, and the Wilson Bulletin.
The Internet Bird Collection – A free library of videos of the world's birds
The Institute for Bird Populations, California
List of field guides to birds, from the International Field Guides database
RSPB bird identifierArchived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine – Interactive identification of all UK birds
Are Birds Really Dinosaurs? — University of California Museum of Paleontology.
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