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ボルチモア | |
|---|---|
| ニックネーム: チャームシティ; [1] B'more; [2]モブタウン[3] | |
| モットー: 「アメリカで最も偉大な都市」[1]「参加しよう」[1]「信じよう」[4] | |
 ボルチモアのインタラクティブマップ | |
| 座標: 39°17′22″N 76°36′55″W / 39.28944°N 76.61528°W / 39.28944; -76.61528 | |
| 国 | アメリカ合衆国 |
| 州 | メリーランド |
| 市 | ボルチモア |
| 歴史的な植民地 | メリーランド州 |
| 郡 | なし（独立都市） |
| 設立 | 1729年8月8日 |
| 法人化 | 1796–1797 |
| 独立都市 | 1851 |
| 名前の由来 | セシル・カルバート、第2代ボルチモア男爵 |
| 政府 | |
| • タイプ | 市長・議会 |
| • 体 | ボルチモア市議会 |
| • 市長 | ブランドン・スコット( D ) |
| • 市議会 | 評議会メンバー
|
| • 代議院 | 代表者
|
| • 州上院 | 州上院議員
|
| エリア [5] | |
| • 独立都市 | 92.05平方マイル（238.41 km 2） |
| • 土地 | 80.95平方マイル（209.65 km 2） |
| • 水 | 11.10平方マイル（28.76 km 2） 12.1% |
| 標高 [6] | 0～480フィート（0～150メートル） |
| 人口 （2020年） | |
| • 独立都市 | 585,708 |
| • 見積もり （2021年）[7] | 576,498 |
| • ランク | 北米83位米国 30位メリーランド州 1位 |
| • 密度 | 7,235.43/平方マイル (2,793.74/km 2 ) |
| • 都会的な [8] | 2,212,038 (米国: 20位) |
| • 都市の密度 | 3,377.5/平方マイル (1,304.1/km 2 ) |
| • メトロ [9] | 2,844,510 (米国: 20位) |
| 異名 | ボルチモア人[10] |
| 国内総生産 [11] [12] | |
| • 独立都市 | 550億ドル（2022年） |
| • ボルチモア（MSA） | 2,410億ドル（2022年） |
| タイムゾーン | UTC−5（東部標準時） |
| • 夏 ( DST ) | UTC−4 ( EDT ) |
| 郵便番号 | 郵便番号[13] |
| 市外局番 | 410、443、667 |
| 議会選挙区 | 2位、7位 |
| GNISフィーチャ ID | 597040 |
| Webサイト | ボルチモア市 |
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ボルチモア[a]は、アメリカ合衆国メリーランド州で最も人口の多い都市である。 2020年の国勢調査では人口585,708人で、米国で30番目に人口の多い都市である。[15]ボルチモアは1851年にメリーランド州憲法[b]によって独立都市に指定され、国内で最も人口の多い独立都市である。2020年現在、ボルチモア都市圏の人口は2,838,327人で、国内で20番目に大きな都市圏である。 [16]ワシントン・ボルチモア統合統計地域（CSA）を合わせると、2020年の人口は9,973,383人で、国内で3番目に大きい。[16]この都市は州内のどの郡にも属しておらず、その行政管轄下にも属していないが、同じ名前を持つ周囲の郡とともにセントラル・メリーランド地域の一部である。 [update]
現在のボルチモアの土地は、古代インディアンの狩猟場として使われていました。1600 年代初頭、サスケハノック族がそこで狩りを始めました。[17]メリーランド州の人々は、ヨーロッパとのタバコ貿易を支援するために1706年にボルチモア港を設立し、1729年にボルチモアの町を設立しました。アメリカ独立戦争中、第二次大陸会議は、イギリス軍に陥落する前にフィラデルフィアから逃げ、1776年12月から1777年2月までウェストボルチモアストリートのヘンリーファイトハウスに会議を移し、ボルチモアが短期間国の首都となることを許可し、1777年3月にフィラデルフィアに戻りました。ボルチモアの戦いは、米英戦争中の重要な戦いで、失敗に終わったイギリス軍のマクヘンリー砦の砲撃で最高潮に達しました。この戦いで、フランシス・スコット・キーは、1931年に国歌に指定された「星条旗」となる詩を書きました。[18] 1861年のプラットストリート暴動の間、この都市はいくつかの暴動の現場となりました。アメリカ南北戦争に関連した最も初期の暴力行為。
国内最古のボルチモア・アンド・オハイオ鉄道は1830年に建設され、中西部やアパラチア地方の生産者が市の港にアクセスできるようにすることで、ボルチモアの交通ハブとしての地位を固めました。ボルチモアのインナー・ハーバーは、米国への移民にとって2番目に多い入国港であり、主要な製造業の中心地でした。[19]主要な製造業、重工業の衰退と鉄道業界の再編の後、ボルチモアはサービス指向の経済へと移行しました。ジョンズ・ホプキンス病院と大学が最大の雇用主です。[20]ボルチモアは、メジャーリーグベースボールのボルチモア・オリオールズと、ナショナル・フットボール・リーグのボルチモア・レイブンズの本拠地です。
ボルチモアの多くの地区には豊かな歴史があります。この都市には、フェルズポイント、フェデラルヒル、マウントバーノンなど、国内で最も古い国家歴史登録財に指定された地区がいくつかあります。ボルチモアは、人口1人あたりの公共の彫像や記念碑の数が国内のどの都市よりも多くなっています。[21]建物の約3分の1（65,000以上）が国家歴史登録財に指定されており、これは米国のどの都市よりも多いです。[22] [23]ボルチモアには、66の国家歴史登録財地区と33の地方歴史地区があります。[22]ボルチモア政府の歴史記録は、ボルチモア市公文書館に所蔵されています。
歴史
入植前
ボルチモア地域には、少なくとも紀元前10千年紀から先住民が居住していた。このとき、パレオ・インディアンが初めてこの地域に定住した。[24]ボルチモアでは、パレオ・インディアンの遺跡1つと、数カ所のアーキアック期およびウッドランド期の考古学的遺跡が確認されており、そのうち4カ所は後期ウッドランド期のものである。[24] 2021年12月、ボルチモア北東部のヘリング・ラン・パークで、5,000年から9,000年前のウッドランド期先住民の遺物が数点発見された。この発見は、1980年代から続いていたボルチモア市の考古学的発見の休止期間の後に行われた。[25]後期ウッドランド期には、ポトマック・クリーク・コンプレックスとして知られる考古学的文化が、ボルチモアから南のラッパハノック川、現在のバージニア州までの地域に存在していた。[26]
語源
市名は、第2代ボルチモア男爵セシル・カルバートにちなんで名付けられました。[27]彼はイギリスの貴族で、アイルランド貴族院議員であり、メリーランド州の創設領主でもあります。[28] [29]カルバート家は、アイルランドのロングフォード州で与えられたイギリスのプランテーション地所であるボルチモア・マナーからボルチモア男爵の称号を得ました。[29] [30]ボルチモアは、アイルランド語の名前であるBaile an Tí Mhóirの英語化であり、「大きな家の町」を意味します。[29]
17世紀
1600年代初頭、ボルチモア周辺にはネイティブアメリカンがほとんど住んでいなかった。ボルチモア郡の北側は、サスケハナ川下流域に住むサスケハノック族の狩猟場として使われていた。このイロコイ語を話す人々は「チェサピーク川の上流支流をすべて支配していた」が、「ポトマック地方のポウハタン族とはあまり接触せず」、南はバージニアにまで広がった。[31] サスケハノック族の圧力を受けて、アルゴンキン語を話すピスカタウェイ族はボルチモア地域のかなり南に留まり、主にポトマック川の北岸、現在のチャールズ郡と南部プリンスジョージズ郡、フォールラインの南の沿岸地域に住んでいた。[32] [33] [34]
ヨーロッパ人によるメリーランドの植民化は、 1634年3月25日に140人の植民者を乗せた商船アーク号がポトマック川のセントクレメント島に到着したことで本格的に始まった。 [35]その後、ヨーロッパ人はさらに北の、現在のボルチモア郡に定住し始めた。[36]メリーランドは植民地であったため、ボルチモアの通りには母国への忠誠を示す名前が付けられ、キング通り、クイーン通り、キングジョージ通り、キャロライン通りなどとなった。[37]今日オールドボルチモアとして知られる最初の郡庁所在地は、現在のアバディーン性能試験場内のブッシュ川沿いにあった。[38] [39] [40]植民者はサスケハノック族と散発的に戦争をした。サスケハノック族の数は主にヨーロッパ人の間で流行した天然痘などの新しい感染症によって減少した。[36] 1661年にデイビッド・ジョーンズはジョーンズフォールズ川の東岸にある、今日ジョーンズタウンとして知られる地域の領有権を主張した。[41]
18世紀
メリーランド植民地議会は、1706年にタバコ貿易のために、旧ウェットストーンポイント（現在のローカストポイント）にボルチモア港を創設した。ジョーンズフォールズの西側にあるボルチモアの町は、メリーランド州知事が「パタプスコ川の北側に町を建設する」ことを許可する法律に署名した1729年8月8日に設立された。測量士は1730年1月12日に町の計画を開始した。1752年までに、町には教会と2軒の酒場を含むわずか27軒の家があった。[37]ジョーンズタウンとフェルズポイントは東に入植されていた。60エーカー（24ヘクタール）の面積を占める3つの入植地は商業の中心地となり、1768年に郡庁所在地に指定された。[42]
最初の印刷機は1765年にニコラス・ハッセルバッハによってこの街に導入され、その機器は後にボルチモア初の新聞であるメリーランド・ジャーナルとボルチモア・アドバタイザーの印刷に使用されました。これらは1773年にウィリアム・ゴダードによって最初に発行されました。[43] [44] [45]
ボルチモアは18世紀に急速に成長し、そのプランテーションはカリブ海の砂糖生産植民地向けに穀物とタバコを生産した。砂糖からの利益はカリブ海でのサトウキビ栽培と、そこのプランターによる食糧輸入を促した。[46]ボルチモアは郡庁所在地であったため、1768年に市と郡の両方にサービスを提供するために裁判所が建設された。その広場は地域の集会や議論の中心であった。
ボルチモアは1763年に公設市場制度を確立した。[47] 1782年に設立された レキシントン・マーケットは、現在アメリカで継続的に営業している公設市場の中で最も古いものの一つである。[48]レキシントン・マーケットは奴隷取引の中心地でもあった。奴隷にされた黒人はダウンタウンの数多くの場所で売られ、その販売はボルチモア・サン紙で宣伝された。[49]タバコとサトウキビはどちらも労働集約型の作物だった。
1774年、ボルチモアはアメリカ合衆国初の郵便局システムを設立し、[50] 1792年には新たに独立した国で最初の水道会社であるボルチモア水道会社を設立した。[51] [52]
ボルチモアはアメリカ独立戦争にも関与した。ジョナサン・プラウマン・ジュニアなどの市の指導者は多くの住民を率いてイギリスの税金に抵抗し、商人たちはイギリスとの貿易を拒否する協定に署名した。[53]第二次大陸会議は1776年12月から1777年2月にかけてヘンリー・ファイト・ハウスで開催され、この期間にボルチモアは事実上アメリカの首都となった。 [54]
ボルチモア、ジョーンズタウン、フェルズポイントは1796年から1797年にかけてボルチモア市として 法人化された。
19世紀
この都市は周囲のボルチモア郡の一部であり続け、1768年から1851年までその郡庁所在地として機能し続け、その後独立した都市となった。[57]
1814年のイギリス軍とのボルチモアの戦いは、アメリカの国歌「星条旗」と、市の公式紋章となった戦いの記念碑の建立に影響を与えた。独特の地域文化が形成され始め、教会や記念碑が点在するユニークなスカイラインが発達した。ボルチモアは、1827年にジョン・クィンシー・アダムズ大統領がボルチモアを訪問した後、「記念碑的な都市」という愛称を得た。夜の催しでアダムズは次のように乾杯した。「ボルチモア:記念碑的な都市--ボルチモアの危険な日々が困難で勝利に満ちたものであったように、安全な日々が繁栄と幸福でありますように。」[ 58] [59]
ボルチモアは1816年にガス灯の使用を開拓し、その後数十年間で人口が急増し、文化とインフラの発展も同時進行した。連邦政府の資金で建設された国道（後にアメリカ国道40号線の一部となる）と民間のボルチモア・アンド・オハイオ鉄道（B. & O.）は、ボルチモアを中西部の主要市場と結び付け、主要な輸送と製造の中心地とした。1820年までに人口は6万人に達し、経済はタバコ農園から製材、造船、繊維生産へと移行した。これらの産業は戦争で恩恵を受けたが、平時にはインフラ開発へとうまく移行した。 [60]
1835年、ボルチモアでは南北戦争前の南部で最悪の暴動の一つが起こり、投資の失敗がボルチモア銀行暴動につながった。[61]この暴動により、この都市は「モブタウン」というあだ名が付けられた。 [62]その後まもなく、1840年にボルチモア市は世界初の歯科大学であるボルチモア歯科外科大学を設立し、 1844年にはボルチモアとワシントンDCを結ぶ世界初の電信線を共有した。
奴隷州であったメリーランド州は、特に南部メリーランド州の3つの郡で脱退に対する支持が限られていたが、メリーランド州議会が55対12で脱退に反対票を投じたため、南北戦争の間も連邦に留まった。その後、1861年に北軍が戦略的にこの都市を占領したことで、メリーランド州はそれ以上脱退を検討しないことになった。[ 63 ] [ 64]北軍の首都ワシントンD.C.は、ボルチモアとメリーランド州と南部連合との通信や通商を妨害するのに好都合な位置にあった。1861年4月19日、北軍兵士がプレジデントストリート駅からカムデンヤードに向かう途中、プラットストリート暴動で脱退派の暴徒と衝突し、ボルチモアは南北戦争で最初の犠牲者の何人かを経験した。
1873年恐慌に続く長期不況のさなか、ボルチモア・アンド・オハイオ鉄道会社は労働者の賃金を下げようとし、市内外でストライキや暴動を引き起こした。ストライキ参加者は州兵と衝突し、10人が死亡、25人が負傷した。[65]ボルチモアでの入植運動は1893年初頭に始まり、エドワード・A・ローレンス牧師が友人のフランク・トンプソンとともにウィナンズの一軒家に下宿し、その後まもなくローレンス・ハウスがウェスト・ロンバード・ストリート814-816番地に設立された。 [66] [67]
20世紀
1904年2月7日、ボルチモア大火は30時間で1,500棟以上の建物を破壊し、ダウンタウンの70ブロック以上が焼け落ちた。被害額は1904年のドル換算で1億5000万ドルと推定された。[68]その後2年間で市は再建し、この火災から学んだ教訓により消防設備の基準が向上した。[69]
ボルチモアの弁護士ミルトン・ダシールは、ボルチモア北西部のユートー・プレイス地区へのアフリカ系アメリカ人の転居を禁止する条例を提唱した。彼は、白人が多数派の住宅街区と黒人が多数派の住宅街区を認め、少数派となるような街区の住宅への転居を禁止することを提案した。ボルチモア市議会は条例を可決し、1910年12月20日、民主党の市長J・バリー・マフールの署名により法律となった。[70]ボルチモアの人種隔離条例は、米国で初めてのものであった。他の多くの南部の都市もこれに倣い、独自の人種隔離条例を制定したが、米国最高裁判所はブキャナン対ウォーリー事件（1917年）でこれに反対の判決を下した。[71]
1918年まで、市は周辺郡から新しい郊外地域を併合することで面積を拡大し、この年にはボルチモア郡とアナランデル郡の一部を買収した。[72] 1948年に承認された州憲法修正条項により、併合提案地域の住民の特別投票が必要となり、市の境界の将来的な拡大が事実上阻止された。[73] 路面電車により、住民がダウンタウンに簡単に通勤できるエドモンソンビレッジなどの遠隔地の近隣地域の開発が可能になった。 [74]
南部からの移住と白人の郊外化により、市の黒人人口の相対的な規模は1950年の23.8%から1970年には46.4%に増加した。[75]不動産のブロックバスター手法に後押しされ、最近入植した白人の地域は急速に黒人だけの地域となり、1970年までにほぼ完全に黒人居住地域となった。[76]
1968年のボルチモア暴動は、他の都市での暴動と時を同じくして、 1968年4月4日のマーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニアの暗殺に続いて起こった。治安は1968年4月12日まで回復しなかった。ボルチモア暴動により、市は推定1,000万ドル（2024年の価値で8,800万ドル）の損害を被った。合計12,000人のメリーランド州兵と連邦軍が市内に派遣された。[77] 1974年、教師、市職員、警察官がストライキを実施し、市は再び困難に直面した。[78]
1970年代初頭までに、インナーハーバーとして知られるボルチモアのダウンタウン地区は放置され、放棄された倉庫群が立ち並んでいた。「チャームシティ」というニックネームは、市の評判を改善しようとした1975年の広告主の会合に由来している。[79] [80]この地域の再開発の取り組みは、1976年にオープンしたメリーランド科学センター、ボルチモア世界貿易センター（1977年）、ボルチモアコンベンションセンター（1979年）の建設から始まった。都市型小売店およびレストラン複合施設のハーバープレイスは1980年にウォーターフロントにオープンし、続いてメリーランド州最大の観光地である国立水族館とボルチモア産業博物館が1981年にオープンした。1995年、市はフェデラルヒルにアメリカンビジョナリーアート美術館をオープンした。アメリカでHIV/AIDSが流行していたとき、ボルチモア市保健局の職員ロバート・メールは市長を説得して食糧問題に取り組む委員会を結成した。ボルチモアを拠点とする慈善団体ムーバブル・フィーストは1990年にこの取り組みから生まれた。[81] [82] [83]
1992年、ボルチモア・オリオールズ 野球チームはメモリアル・スタジアムから港に近いダウンタウンにあるオリオール・パーク・アット・カムデン・ヤーズに移転した。1995年10月の教皇ヨハネ・パウロ2世の米国訪問の際、教皇はカムデン・ヤーズで野外ミサを執り行った。3年後、ボルチモア・レイブンズ フットボールチームはカムデン・ヤーズの隣にあるM&Tバンク・スタジアムに移転した。 [84]
ボルチモアでは数十年にわたって殺人率が高く、1993年にピークを迎え、2015年に再びピークを迎えた。 [85] [86]これらの死は黒人コミュニティ内で特に深刻な被害をもたらしている。[87] 2015年4月のフレディ・グレイの死後、市は大規模な抗議活動と国際メディアの注目にさらされ、地元の若者と警察の衝突により非常事態宣言と夜間外出禁止令が出された。[88]
21世紀
ボルチモアでは、2004年にヒッポドローム劇場が再オープンし、[89] 2005年にメリーランド州アフリカ系アメリカ人歴史文化レジナルド・F・ルイス博物館がオープンし、 2012年には国立スラブ博物館が設立されました。2012年4月12日、ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学は、シェイク・ザイード心血管・救命救急タワーとシャーロット・R・ブルームバーグ小児センターを擁する米国最大級の医療施設であるボルチモアのジョンズ・ホプキンス病院の完成を記念する開館式を開催しました。11億ドルを投じた160万平方フィートの施設の入り口で行われたこの式典では、アラブ首長国連邦の初代大統領シェイク・ハリーファ・ビン・ザイード・アル・ナヒヤーンやマイケル・ブルームバーグを含む多くの寄付者を称えました。[90] [91]
2016年9月、ボルチモア市議会は、アンダーアーマーの創業者ケビン・プランクと彼の不動産会社サガモア・デベロップメントが推進する55億ドルのポートコビントン再開発プロジェクトのために、6億6000万ドルの債券取引を承認した。ポートコビントンは、ハーバーポイント開発を上回り、ボルチモア史上最大の増税融資取引となり、国内でも最大級の都市再開発プロジェクトとなった。[92]アンダーアーマーの新本社、店舗、住宅、オフィス、製造スペースを含むウォーターフロント開発は、26,500人の常勤雇用を創出し、年間43億ドルの経済効果をもたらすと予測されている。[93]ゴールドマン・サックスは、この再開発プロジェクトに2億3300万ドルを投資した。[94]
.jpg/500px-Wreckage_from_Key_Bridge_Collapse_(240326-A-SE916-9511).jpg)
2024年3月26日早朝、ボルチモア環状道路の南東部を構成する全長1.6マイル（2.6km）のフランシス・スコット・キー橋がコンテナ船に衝突され、完全に崩落した。米当局は水中の人々を救出しようと大規模な救助活動を開始した。[95] 当時橋の工事中だった8人の建設作業員がパタプスコ川に転落した。[96] 2人が水中から救出され、[97]残りの6人の遺体はすべて5月7日までに発見された。[98]橋の架け替えは2024年5月に見積もられ、2028年秋の完成で費用は20億ドル近くに上るとされた。[99]
地理
ボルチモアはメリーランド州北中部のパタプスコ川沿いにあり、川がチェサピーク湾に注ぐ地点に近い。ボルチモアはピエモント台地と大西洋沿岸平野の間の滝線に位置し、この滝線によってボルチモアは「下町」と「上町」に分けられる。市の標高は港の海抜からピムリコ近くの北西端の標高480フィート (150 m) までである。[6]
2010年の国勢調査によると、市の総面積は92.1平方マイル（239 km 2）で、そのうち80.9平方マイル（210 km 2）が陸地、11.1平方マイル（29 km 2）が水域である。[100]総面積の12.1パーセントが水域である。
ボルチモアはボルチモア郡にほぼ囲まれているが、政治的には独立している。南は アナランデル郡と接している。
都市景観
建築
ボルチモアでは、2 世紀以上にわたる各時代の建築の例や、ベンジャミン・ラトローブ、ジョージ・A・フレデリック、ジョン・ラッセル・ポープ、ミース・ファン・デル・ローエ、IM・ペイなどの建築家の作品が展示されています。
ボルチモアには、建築的に重要なさまざまなスタイルの建物が豊富にあります。ボルチモア大聖堂(1806-1821) は、ベンジャミン ラトローブによる新古典主義のデザインで、米国最古のカトリック大聖堂の 1 つです。1813 年、ロバート ケアリー ロング シニアは、レンブラント ピールのために、米国で初めて博物館として設計された本格的な建造物を建てました。修復されたこの建物は現在、ボルチモア市立博物館、通称ピール博物館となっています。
マッキムフリー スクールはジョン マッキムによって設立され、寄付されました。建物はウィリアム ハワードとウィリアム スモールの設計に基づいて、1822 年に息子のアイザックによって建てられました。この建物は、ギリシャが独立を固めていた当時のギリシャに対する一般の関心と、最近出版されたアテネの古代遺跡の図面に対する学問的な関心を反映しています。
高さ234.25フィート（71.40メートル）のフェニックス・ショット・タワー（1828年）は、南北戦争の頃まで米国で最も高い建物であり、この種の建造物としては数少ない現存する建物の1つである。[101]この建物は外部に足場を使わずに建設された。1851年にRCハットフィールドが設計したサン・アイアン・ビルは、市内初の鉄製の正面を持つ建物であり、ダウンタウンの建物の1世代全体のモデルとなった。 1870年に金融家ジョージ・ブラウンを記念して建てられたブラウン記念長老派教会には、ルイス・コンフォート・ティファニーによるステンドグラスの窓があり、ボルチモア誌によって「この街で最も重要な建物の1つであり、芸術と建築の宝」と評されている。[102] [103]
1845 年に建てられたギリシャ復興様式のロイド ストリート シナゴーグは、米国最古のシナゴーグの 1 つです。1876年にジョン S. ビリングス中佐が設計したジョンズ ホプキンス病院は、機能的な配置と耐火性において当時としては大きな成果でした。
IM ペイのワールド トレード センター(1977) は、高さ 405 フィート (123 メートル) で、世界で最も高い正五角形の建物です。
ハーバーイースト地区には、建設が完了した 2 つの新しいタワーが追加されました。1 つはレッグ メイソンの新しい世界本社となる 24 階建てのタワー、もう 1 つは 21 階建てのフォーシーズンズ ホテル複合施設です。
ボルチモアの街路は格子とスポークのパターンで構成、何万もの長屋が並んでいる。これらの長屋の表面に使用されている材料の組み合わせも、ボルチモアの独特の外観を生んでいる。長屋はレンガとフォームストーンの混合で、後者は1937年にアルバート・ナイトが特許を取得した技術である。ジョン・ウォーターズは30分のドキュメンタリー映画「リトル・キャッスル：フォームストーン現象」でフォームストーンを「レンガのポリエステル」と表現した。[104]メアリー・エレン・ヘイワードとチャールズ・ベルフォーレは「ボルチモア・ロウハウス」で、長屋を「おそらく他のアメリカの都市にはない」ボルチモアを定義する建築形式とみなした。[105] 1790年代半ば、開発業者は英国風のロウハウスの地区全体を建設し始め、19世紀初頭にはこれが市内の主流の住宅タイプとなった。[106]
オリオール パーク アット カムデン ヤーズは、1992 年にオープンしたメジャー リーグの野球場です。レトロなスタイルの野球場として建設されました。国立水族館とともに、カムデン ヤーズは、かつては荒廃した倉庫が立ち並ぶ工業地帯だったインナー ハーバー地区を、バー、レストラン、小売店が立ち並ぶ活気ある商業地区へと再興するのに貢献しました。
国際コンペの結果、ボルチモア大学法学部はドイツの建築会社ベニッシュ・アーキテクテンにデザイン賞を授与し、そのデザインが同校の新校舎に選ばれた。2013年に建物がオープンした後、そのデザインはENRナショナル「ベスト・オブ・ザ・ベスト」賞を含むさらなる栄誉を獲得した。[107]
ボルチモアの新しく改修されたエブリマン劇場は、2013年にボルチモア・ヘリテージから2013年保存賞授賞式で表彰されました。エブリマン劇場は、ボルチモア・ヘリテージの2013年歴史保存賞授賞式の一環として、適応再利用および互換性デザイン賞を受賞します。ボルチモア・ヘリテージは、ボルチモアの非営利の歴史および建築保存組織であり、ボルチモアの歴史的な建物や地域の保存と促進に取り組んでいます。[108]
最も高い建物
近隣地域
ボルチモアは公式には9つの地理的地域に分かれている。北、北東、東、南東、南、南西、西、北西、中央で、各地区はボルチモア警察署によって巡回されている。州間高速道路83号線とチャールズ・ストリートからハノーバー・ストリートとリッチー・ハイウェイまでが東西の境界線、イースタン・アベニューから国道40号線までが南北の境界線となっている。ただし、ボルチモア・ストリートは米国郵政公社の南北境界線となっている。[120]
ボルチモア中心部
ボルチモア中心部は、もともとミドル地区と呼ばれ、[121]インナーハーバーの北、ドルイドヒル公園の端まで広がっています。ボルチモアのダウンタウンは主に商業地区として機能しており、住宅地は限られていましたが、2000年から2010年の間にダウンタウンの人口は130％増加しました。これは、古い商業施設が住宅地に置き換えられたためです。[122]現在でも市の主要な商業エリアとビジネス地区であり、ボルチモアのスポーツ複合施設であるオリオールパークアットカムデンヤーズ、M＆Tバンクスタジアム、ロイヤルファームズアリーナ、インナーハーバーのショップやアトラクションであるハーバープレイス、ボルチモアコンベンションセンター、国立水族館、メリーランドサイエンスセンター、ピアシックスパビリオン、パワープラントライブが含まれます。[120]
メリーランド大学ボルチモア校、メリーランド大学メディカルセンター、レキシントン・マーケットも中央地区にあり、ヒッポドロームや多くのナイトクラブ、バー、レストラン、ショッピングセンター、その他様々なアトラクションも集まっています。[120] [121]ダウンタウンとドルイド・ヒル・パークの間のボルチモア中心部の北部には、市内の多くの文化的機会が集まっています。メリーランド芸術大学、ピーボディ音楽院、ジョージ・ピーボディ図書館、エノック・プラット無料図書館・中央図書館、リリック・オペラ・ハウス、ジョセフ・マイヤーホフ交響楽団ホール、ウォルターズ美術館、メリーランド歴史文化センターとそのエノック・プラット邸、そしていくつかのギャラリーがこの地域にあります。[123]
ノースボルチモア
この地区には、ゴーバンズ（1755年）、ローランドパーク（1891年）、ギルフォード（1913年）、ホームランド（1924年）、ハンプデン、ウッドベリー、オールドゴーチャー（ゴーチャーカレッジの元キャンパス）、ジョーンズフォールズなど、歴史的で有名な地区がいくつかあります。ヨークロード沿いに北に向かうと、チャールズビレッジ、ウェイバリー、マウントワシントンなどの大きな地区があります。ステーションノース芸術娯楽地区もノースボルチモアにあります。[124]
サウスボルチモア
サウスボルチモアは工業と住宅が混在する地域で、インナーハーバーの下、旧ボルチモア・アンド・オハイオ鉄道のカムデン線の線路とダウンタウンのラッセル通りの東に位置する「オールドサウスボルチモア」半島で構成されています。文化的、民族的、社会経済的に多様なウォーターフロントエリアで、同じ名前の大きな公園の周りにはローカストポイントやリバーサイドなどの地区があります。 [125]インナーハーバーのすぐ南にある歴史的なフェデラルヒル地区には、多くの働く専門家、パブ、レストランがあります。半島の端には歴史的なフォートマクヘンリーがあり、1798年に星型の胸壁を囲んでいた古いアメリカ陸軍病院が取り壊されて第一次世界大戦の終結以来、国立公園になっています。[126]
ハノーバーストリート橋の向こう側にはチェリーヒルなどの住宅地がある。[127]
ボルチモア北東部
ノースイーストは主に住宅地で、モーガン州立大学の本拠地であり、北と東の境界は1919年の市境、南はシンクレア・レーン、アードマン・アベニュー、プラスキ・ハイウェイ、西はアラメダに囲まれている。また、この市のくさび形の33番街には、 1839年にダウンタウンに設立された米国で3番目に古い現役の公立中等学校であるボルチモア・シティ・カレッジ高校がある。 [128]ロック・レイヴン・ブールバードの向かいには、ボルチモア・コルツ、ボルチモア・オリオールズ、ボルチモア・レイブンズの本拠地である旧メモリアル・スタジアムがあり、現在はYMCAの運動施設と住宅の複合施設になっている。[129] [130]モンテベロ湖はボルチモア北東部にある。[121]
イーストボルチモア
シンクレア・レーンとアードマン・アベニューの下、オーリンズ・ストリートの上に位置するイースト・ボルチモアは、主に住宅街で構成されています。イースト・ボルチモアのこのエリアには、ジョンズ・ホプキンス病院、ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学医学部、ブロードウェイにあるジョンズ・ホプキンス小児センターがあります。注目すべき地区には、アーミステッド・ガーデン、ブロードウェイ・イースト、バークレー、エルウッド・パーク、グリーンマウント、マックエルダリー・パークなどがあります。[121]
このエリアは『ホミサイド・イン・ザ・ストリート』、『ザ・コーナー』、『ザ・ワイヤー』の撮影場所となった。[131]
ボルチモア南東部
サウスイーストボルチモアはフェイエット通りの下流に位置し、西はインナーハーバーとパタプスコ川北西支流、東は1919年の市境、南はパタプスコ川に接しており、工業と住宅が混在する地域である。「ボルチモア最高の裏庭」であるパターソンパーク[132]やハイランドタウン芸術地区、ジョンズホプキンスベイビュー医療センターはサウスイーストボルチモアにある。ザ・ショップス・アット・カントン・クロッシングは2013年にオープンした。[133]カントン地区はボルチモアの最高のウォーターフロント沿いにある。その他の歴史的な地区には、フェルズポイント、パターソンパーク、ブッチャーズヒル、ハイランドタウン、グリークタウン、ハーバーイースト、リトルイタリー、アッパーフェルズポイントなどがある。[121]
ボルチモア北西部
ノースウェスタンは、北と西は郡境、南はグウィンズフォールズパークウェイ、東はピムリコロードに囲まれており、ピムリコ競馬場、シナイ病院、NAACP本部がある。その近隣地域はほとんどが住宅地で、ノーザンパークウェイによって分断されている。この地域は第二次世界大戦後以来、ボルチモアのユダヤ人コミュニティの中心地となっている。著名な近隣地域には、ピムリコ、マウントワシントン、チェスウォルド、パークハイツなどがある。[134]
ウェストボルチモア
ウェストボルチモアはダウンタウンとマーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア・ブールバードの西にあり、グウィンズフォールズ・パークウェイ、フリーモント・アベニュー、ウェストボルチモア・ストリートに囲まれている。オールドウェストボルチモア歴史地区には、ハーレムパーク、サンドタウン・ウィンチェスター、ドルイドハイツ、マディソンパーク、アプトンの各地区が含まれる。[135] [136]もともと主にドイツ人の地区であったオールドウェストボルチモアは、19世紀後半までに、市の黒人人口のかなりの割合が住むようになった。[135]
ここは市内の黒人コミュニティにとって最大の地区となり、文化、政治、経済の中心地となった。[135] コッピン州立大学、モンドーミン・モール、エドモンドソン・ビレッジがこの地区にある。この地域の犯罪問題は、ザ・ワイヤーなどのテレビ番組の題材となっている。[137]サンドタウン・ハビタット・フォー・ヒューマニティやアプトン計画委員会などの地元組織は、西ボルチモアの以前は荒廃していた地域の一部を清潔で安全なコミュニティに着実に変えてきている。[138] [139]
ボルチモア南西部
ボルチモア南西部は、西はボルチモア郡境、北はウェストボルチモア通り、東はマーティン・ルーサー・キング・ジュニア・ブールバードとラッセル通り/ボルチモア・ワシントン・パークウェイ（メリーランド州道295号線）に囲まれている。ボルチモア南西部の著名な地区には、ピッグタウン、キャロルトンリッジ、リッジリーズディライト、リーキンパーク、バイオレットビル、レイクランド、モレルパークなどがある。[121]
ウィルケンズ通りとケイトン通り[121]にあるセントアグネス病院は、隣接するカーディナルギボンズ高校とともにこの地区にあり、かつてはベーブ・ルースの母校であるセントメアリーズ工業学校の跡地である。 [要出典]ボルチモアのこの区間には、 1806年にオールドフレデリックロードに沿って建設が始まり、フレデリックロードを通ってメリーランド州エリコットシティまで郡内に続いていた歴史的な国道の始まりが通っていた。[要出典]この地区の他の側には、市内最大の公園の1つであるキャロルパーク、植民地時代のマウントクレアマンション、そして独立戦争前に市内からアレクサンドリア、バージニア州、ポトマック川沿いのジョージタウンへ向かう主要道路として遡るワシントン大通りがある。[要出典]
近隣のコミュニティ
ボルチモアは、以下のコミュニティと隣接しています。これらはすべて、国勢調査指定の非法人地域です。
気候
_-_Baltimore_Area,_MD(ThreadEx).svg/500px-Monthly_Climate_Normals_(1991-2020)_-_Baltimore_Area,_MD(ThreadEx).svg.png)
ボルチモアは、ケッペンの気候区分では湿潤亜熱帯気候（Cfa）に属し、夏は暑く、冬は涼しく、年間降水量は夏にピークを迎える。[140] [141]ボルチモアは、米国農務省の植物耐寒性ゾーン7bと8aに属している。 [142]夏は通常暖かく、日中に雷雨が降ることもある。最も暖かい7月の平均気温は80.3 °F（26.8 °C）である。冬は肌寒いから穏やかまでだが、降雪も散発的で、1月の平均気温は35.8 °F（2.1 °C）である。[143]ただし、気温は50 °F（10 °C）に達することが多く、北極気団がこの地域に影響を与えると、時折20 °F（-7 °C）を下回ることもある。[143] Voxによると、冬は夏よりも急速に温暖化している。[141]
春と秋は穏やかで、降水日数で見ると春が最も雨の多い季節です。夏は暑く湿気が多く、7月の平均気温は80.7 °F (27.1 °C) です。[143]暑さと湿気の組み合わせにより、時折雷雨が発生します。夏の午後、内陸部に熱気が上昇すると、チェサピーク湾からの南東の湾風がよく発生します。この風と市街地の UHI が相互作用して、南西からの卓越風が空気の質を深刻に悪化させる可能性があります。[144] [145]晩夏から初秋にかけて、ハリケーンの進路またはその残骸が、市が典型的な沿岸の高潮地域から遠く離れているにもかかわらず、ボルチモアのダウンタウンで洪水を引き起こす可能性があります。[146]
季節ごとの平均降雪量は19インチ（48 cm）です。[147]降雪量は年によって大きく異なり、わずかな積雪しかない季節もあれば、大規模なノーイースターが数回発生する季節もあります。[c]市街地ヒートアイランド（UHI）が市街地に比べて少なく、またチェサピーク湾の影響も受けているため、ボルチモア都市圏の郊外や内陸部は市街地や沿岸の町よりも、特に夜間は涼しいのが普通です。そのため、北部および西部の郊外では冬の降雪量が多く、一部の地域では冬に平均30インチ（76 cm）以上の積雪があります。[149]
首都圏で雨雪線が形成されることは珍しくありません。[150] この地域では、低層から中層の大気で暖かい空気が冷たい空気に置き換わるため、冬になると凍結雨やみぞれが数回発生します。東から風が吹くと、冷たい空気が西側の 山にせき止められ、その結果、凍結雨やみぞれが発生します。
メリーランド州全体と同様に、ボルチモアも気候変動の影響が拡大するリスクにさらされている。歴史的に、洪水は家屋を破壊し、特に低所得者層の黒人が多数を占める地域では死者を出し、ボルチモアの水道システムがすでに荒廃していることから、下水の逆流を引き起こしてきた。[151]
極端な気温は、1934年2月9日と1899年2月10日の−7 °F (−22 °C) [d]から、2011年7月22日の108 °F (42 °C) までの範囲です。 [152] [153]平均して、気温が100 °F (38 °C) 以上になる日は年間3日、90 °F (32 °C) 以上になる日は43日、最高気温が氷点下にならない日は9日あります。[143]
生のグラフ データを表示または編集します。
人口統計
人口
ボルチモアの人口は1950年の米国国勢調査で949,708人に達し、ピークを迎えた。それ以降、10年ごとの国勢調査では人口が減少しており、2020年の国勢調査では585,708人となっている。2011年、当時のステファニー・ローリングス・ブレイク市長は、市のサービスを改善して市を離れる人の数を減らし、成長を刺激するために移民の権利を保護する法律を可決することで、市の人口を増やすことが目標の1つであると述べた。 [163]ボルチモアはサンクチュアリシティに指定されている。[164] 2019年、当時のジャック・ヤング市長は、ボルチモアは移民関税執行局（ICE）の捜査官による移民捜査には協力しないと述べた。 [165]
ボルチモア市の人口は2010年の620,961人から2020年には585,708人に減少し、5.7%の減少となった。2020年、ボルチモアは米国の他のどの大都市よりも多くの人口を失った。[166] [7] [167]
2000年の国勢調査以来、主に東ボルチモア、ダウンタウン、中央ボルチモアでジェントリフィケーションが進行しており、国勢調査区域の14.8%で市全体よりも高い割合で所得増加と住宅価格上昇が見られた。ジェントリフィケーションが進む地域の多くは、低所得世帯から高所得世帯への転換が見られた白人が中心の地域だが、すべてではない。これらの地域は、既存のジェントリフィケーション地域の拡大、またはインナーハーバー、ダウンタウン、ジョンズホプキンス大学ホームウッドキャンパス周辺での活動を反映している。[168]東ボルチモアの一部の地域では、ヒスパニック系の人口が増加し、非ヒスパニック系の白人と非ヒスパニック系の黒人の人口はともに減少している。[169]
ボルチモアはニューヨーク市に次いで、米国で2番目に人口10万人に到達した都市であった。[170] [171] 1820年から1850年の米国国勢調査では、ボルチモアは2番目に人口の多い都市であったが、[171] [172] 1860年にフィラデルフィアと当時独立したブルックリンに追い抜かれ、さらに1870年にはセントルイスとシカゴに追い抜かれた。 [173]ボルチモアは1980年の国勢調査まで、すべての国勢調査で米国の人口上位10都市に入っていた。[174]第二次世界大戦後、ボルチモアの人口は100万人に近づいたが、1950年の国勢調査後に人口が減少し始めた。
特徴
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2010年の国勢調査では[update]、ボルチモアの人口は黒人が63.7%、白人が29.6% （ドイツ人6.9% 、イタリア人5.8% 、アイルランド人4% 、アメリカ人2%、ポーランド人2% 、ギリシャ人0.5% ）、アジア人が2.3% （韓国人0.54% 、インド人0.46% 、中国人0.37%、フィリピン人0.36 % 、ネパール人0.21% 、パキスタン人0.16% ）、ネイティブアメリカンとアラスカ先住民が0.4%であった。人種全体では、人口の4.2%がヒスパニック、ラテン系、またはスペイン系（エルサルバドル人1.63%、メキシコ人1.21% 、プエルトリコ人0.63% 、ホンジュラス人0.6% ）である。[15]
2020年の国勢調査によると、2016年から2020年までの居住者の8.1%は外国生まれの人でした。[175]女性は人口の53.4%を占めています。年齢の中央値は35歳で、18歳未満が22.4%、18歳から64歳が65.8%、65歳以上が11.8%でした。[15]
ボルチモアにはカリブ系アメリカ人の人口が多く、その最大のグループはジャマイカ人とトリニダード人である。ボルチモアのジャマイカ人コミュニティは主にパークハイツ地区に集中しているが、何世代にもわたる移民はボルチモア南東部にも住んでいる。[181]
2005年には、約30,778人（6.5％）がゲイ、レズビアン、バイセクシュアルであると自認していました。[182] 2012年にメリーランド州で同性婚が合法化され、2013年1月1日に発効しました。[183]
収入と住宅
2016年から2020年の間、世帯収入の中央値は52,164ドル、一人当たり収入の中央値は32,699ドルで、全国平均はそれぞれ64,994ドル、35,384ドルでした。[175] 2009年の世帯収入の中央値は42,241ドル、一人当たり収入の中央値は25,707ドルでしたが、全国平均は世帯当たり53,889ドル、一人当たり28,930ドルでした。[15]
2009年には人口の23.7%が貧困ライン以下の生活を送っていたが、全国平均は13.5%であった。[15] 2020年の国勢調査では、ボルチモア住民の20%が貧困状態にあったが、全国平均は11.6%であった。[175]
ボルチモアの住宅は、同規模の沿岸大都市としては比較的安価である。2022年12月時点のボルチモアの住宅の平均販売価格は209,000ドルで、2012年の95,000ドルから上昇している。[184] [185] 2000年代後半の住宅価格暴落にもかかわらず、全国的な傾向に沿って、ボルチモアの住民は依然として家賃の緩やかな上昇に直面しており、2010年夏には3％上昇した。[186] 2016年から2020年までの所有者居住住宅ユニットの平均価格は242,499ドルであった。[175]
ボルチモアのホームレス人口は着実に増加しており、2011年には4,000人を超えた。特に若年層のホームレスの増加が著しかった。[187]
平均寿命
2015年、ボルチモアの平均寿命は74～75歳で、米国の平均78～80歳と比べて低い。14の地域では平均寿命が北朝鮮よりも低かった。ダウンタウン/セトンヒルの平均寿命はイエメンと同等だった。[188]
宗教
2015年、ボルチモアの成人の25%は無宗教であると報告した。ボルチモアの成人人口の50%はプロテスタントである。[h] カトリックは2番目に多い宗教であり、人口の15%を占め、ユダヤ教（3%）、イスラム教（2%）がそれに続く。約1%が他のキリスト教宗派に属している。[189] [190] [191]
言語
2010年、ボルチモアの5歳以上の住民の91%（526,705人）が自宅で英語のみを話していた。約4%（21,661人）がスペイン語を話していた。アフリカの言語、フランス語、中国語などの他の言語を話す人は人口の1%未満である。[192]
経済
かつては主に工業都市であり、経済基盤は鉄鋼加工、海運、自動車製造（ゼネラルモーターズボルチモア組立工場）、運輸に集中していたが、産業空洞化を経験し、住民は数万の低技能・高賃金の仕事を失った。[193]ボルチモアは現在、低賃金のサービス経済に依存しており、市内の雇用の31％を占めている。[194] [195] 20世紀初頭、ボルチモアは米国有数のライウイスキーと麦わら帽子の製造業者であった。また、ペンシルベニアからパイプラインで運ばれてきた原油の精製でも主導的役割を果たした。[196] [197] [198]
2018年3月、ボルチモアの失業率は5.8%でした。[199] 2012年には、ボルチモア住民の4分の1、ボルチモアの子供の37%が貧困状態でした。[200] 2012年にスパローズポイントの主要製鉄所が閉鎖されたことは、雇用と地域経済にさらなる影響を与えると予想されています。[201] 2013年には、毎日207,000人の労働者がボルチモア市に通勤しました。[202] ボルチモアのダウンタウンは、2,910万平方フィートのオフィススペースがあり、ボルチモア市とその地域の主要な経済資産です。テクノロジー部門は急速に成長しており、ボルチモア都市圏は、CBREテックタレントレポートで、米国の50都市圏の中で、高い成長率とテクノロジー専門家の数で8位にランクされています。[203] 2013年、フォーブスはボルチモアをアメリカの「新しいテクノロジーホットスポット」の4位にランク付けしました。[204]
市内にはジョンズ・ホプキンス病院がある。ボルチモアにある他の大企業にはアンダーアーマー、[205] 、 BRTラボラトリーズ、コーディッシュカンパニー、[206]、 レッグ・メイソン、マコーミック・アンド・カンパニー、T.ロウ・プライス、ロイヤルファームズなどがある。[207]アメリカン・シュガー・リファイニングが所有する砂糖精製所はボルチモアの文化的象徴の一つである。ボルチモアを拠点とする非営利団体にはルーテル・サービス・イン・アメリカやカトリック救援サービスなどがある。
2013年半ばの時点で、ボルチモア地域の雇用のほぼ4分の1は科学、技術、工学、数学の分野でした。これは、市内に大学や大学院が多数あることが一因です。メンテナンスや修理の専門家もこの数に含まれています。[208]
ポート
この地域の国際商業の中心地は、ボルチモア世界貿易センターです。ここにはメリーランド港湾局と主要海運会社の米国本部があります。ボルチモアは、全米の港湾の中で、貨物の総額で9位、貨物トン数で13位にランクされています。2014年に港を通過した貨物の総量は2,950万トンで、2013年の3,030万トンから減少しました。2014年に港を通過した貨物の価値は525億ドルで、2013年の526億ドルから減少しました。ボルチモア港は、年間30億ドルの賃金と給与を生み出し、14,630人の直接雇用と108,000人の港湾労働に関連する雇用を支えています。2014年、港は3億ドル以上の税収を生み出しました。[209]
この港は 50 社以上の海運会社が利用しており、年間 1,800 隻近くの寄港がある。全米の港の中で、ボルチモアは自動車、小型トラック、農業機械、建設機械の取り扱いで第 1 位、輸入林産物、アルミニウム、砂糖の取り扱いで第 2 位である。また、石炭輸出では第 2 位である。ボルチモア港のクルーズ産業は、複数の航路で年間を通じてクルーズを提供しており、500 人以上の雇用を支え、メリーランド州の経済に年間 9,000 万ドル以上の利益をもたらしている。メリーランド港湾局は、旧製鉄所の南端を海上ターミナルに改造する計画で、主に自動車やトラックの輸送と、パナマ運河拡張プロジェクトの完了後にボルチモアにやってくると予想される新規ビジネスに利用される予定であり、港の成長は続いている。[209]
観光
ボルチモアは、その歴史と魅力により、人気の観光地となっている。2014年には、2,450万人の観光客が訪れ、52億ドルを消費した。[210]ボルチモア観光局が運営するボルチモアビジターセンターは、インナーハーバーのライトストリートにある。市内の観光の多くはインナーハーバー周辺に集中しており、国立水族館はメリーランド州で最も人気のある観光地である。ボルチモア港の修復により、この街は「船の街」となり、いくつかの歴史的な船やその他のアトラクションが展示され、一般に公開されている。インナーハーバーの先端には、南北戦争時代の最後の船であるUSSコンステレーションが停泊している。潜水艦USSトースクは、海軍の潜水記録（10,000回以上）を保持している。そして、1941年12月7日の日本軍の攻撃の際に真珠湾にいた最後の生き残ったアメリカ軍艦である沿岸警備隊のカッターWHEC-37であり、戦闘中に日本軍の零戦と交戦した。[211]
また、何十年もの間チェサピーク湾の入り口の目印となっていた灯台船 チェサピークや、チェサピーク湾に現存する最古のスクリューパイル灯台であるセブンフットノル灯台も停泊している。この灯台はかつてパタプスコ川の河口とボルチモアの入り口の目印となっていた。これらの名所はすべて、ボルチモアの歴史的船舶組織によって所有され、維持されている。インナーハーバーは、メリーランド州の「親善大使」船であるプライドオブボルチモアIIの母港でもある。この船は有名なボルチモアクリッパー船を復元したものである。[211]
その他の観光地としては、オリオール・パーク・アット・カムデン・ヤーズ、M&Tバンク・スタジアム、ピムリコ競馬場などのスポーツ施設、フォート・マクヘンリー、マウント・バーノン、フェデラル・ヒル、フェルズ・ポイント地区、レキシントン・マーケット、ホースシュー・カジノ、そしてウォルターズ美術館、ボルチモア産業博物館、ベーブ・ルース生誕地・博物館、メリーランド科学センター、B&O鉄道博物館などの博物館があります。
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インナーハーバーにあるボルチモアビジターセンター -
インナーハーバーのビジターセンター近くの噴水 -
インナーハーバーからの夕日の眺め -
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ボルチモアには、世界最大級の水族館のひとつである国立水族館があります。
文化
.png/500px-Washington_Monument_(Baltimore).png)
ボルチモアは歴史的に労働者階級の港町であり、「近隣の街」とも呼ばれる。ボルチモアは72の指定歴史地区[212]で構成され、伝統的に異なる民族グループが居住している。今日最も有名なのは港沿いの3つのダウンタウンである。インナーハーバーはホテル、ショップ、博物館があるため観光客が頻繁に訪れる。フェルズポイントはかつて船乗りのお気に入りの娯楽スポットだったが、現在は改装され高級化している（映画「めぐり逢えたら」にも登場した）。リトルイタリーは他の2つの間に位置し、ボルチモアのイタリア系アメリカ人コミュニティの拠点であり、米国下院議長ナンシー・ペロシが育った 場所でもある。
Further inland, Mount Vernon is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city. It is home to a distinctive Washington Monument, set atop a hill in a 19th-century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades. Baltimore has a significant German American population,[213] and was the second-largest port of immigration to the United States behind Ellis Island in New York and New Jersey. Between 1820 and 1989, almost 2 million who were German, Polish, English, Irish, Russian, Lithuanian, French, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Italian came to Baltimore, mostly between 1861 and 1930. By 1913, when Baltimore was averaging forty thousand immigrants per year, World War I closed off the flow of immigrants. By 1970, Baltimore's heyday as an immigration center was a distant memory. There was a Chinatown dating back to at least the 1880s, which consisted of 400 Chinese residents. A local Chinese-American association remains based there, with one Chinese restaurant as of 2009.
Beer making thrived in Baltimore from the 1800s to the 1950s, with over 100 old breweries in the city's past.[214] The best remaining example of that history is the old American Brewery Building on North Gay Street and the National Brewing Company building in the Brewer's Hill neighborhood. In the 1940s the National Brewing Company introduced the nation's first six-pack. National's two most prominent brands, were National Bohemian Beer colloquially "Natty Boh" and Colt 45. Listed on the Pabst website as a "Fun Fact", Colt 45 was named after running back #45 Jerry Hill of the 1963 Baltimore Colts and not the .45 caliber handgun ammunition round. Both brands are still made today, albeit outside of Maryland, and served all around the Baltimore area at bars, as well as Orioles and Ravens games.[215] The Natty Boh logo appears on all cans, bottles, and packaging. Merchandise featuring him can be found in shops in Maryland, including several in Fells Point.
Each year the Artscape takes place in the city in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, close to the Maryland Institute College of Art. Artscape styles itself as the "largest free arts festival in America".[citation needed] Each May, the Maryland Film Festival takes place in Baltimore, using all five screens of the historic Charles Theatre as its anchor venue. Many movies and television shows have been filmed in Baltimore. Homicide: Life on the Street was set and filmed in Baltimore, as well as The Wire. House of Cards and Veep are set in Washington, D.C. but filmed in Baltimore.[216]
Baltimore has cultural museums in many areas of study. The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum are internationally renowned for their collections of art. The Baltimore Museum of Art has the largest holding of works by Henri Matisse in the world.[217] The American Visionary Art Museum has been designated by Congress as America's national museum for visionary art.[218] The National Great Blacks In Wax Museum is the first African American wax museum in the country, featuring more than 150 life-size and lifelike wax figures.[51]
Cuisine
Baltimore is known for its Maryland blue crabs, crab cake, Old Bay Seasoning, pit beef, and the "chicken box". The city has many restaurants in or around the Inner Harbor. The most known and acclaimed are the Charleston, Woodberry Kitchen, and the Charm City Cakes bakery featured on the Food Network's Ace of Cakes. The Little Italy neighborhood's biggest draw is the food. Fells Point also is a foodie neighborhood for tourists and locals and is where the oldest continuously running tavern in the country, "The Horse You Came in on Saloon", is located.[219]
Many of Baltimore's upscale restaurants are found in Harbor East. Five public markets are located across Baltimore. The Baltimore Public Market System is the oldest continuously operating public market system in the United States.[220] Lexington Market is one of the longest-running markets in the world and the longest running in the country, having been around since 1782. The market continues to stand at its original site. Baltimore is the last place in America where one can still find arabbers, vendors who sell fresh fruits and vegetables from a horse-drawn cart that goes up and down neighborhood streets.[221] Food- and drink-rating site Zagat ranked Baltimore second in a list of the 17 best food cities in the US in 2015.[222]
Local dialect
Baltimore city, along with its surrounding regions, is home to a unique local dialect known as the Baltimore dialect. It is part of the larger Mid-Atlantic American English group and is noted to be very similar to the Philadelphia dialect.[223][224]
The so-called "Bawlmerese" accent is known for its characteristic pronunciation of its long "o" vowel, in which an "eh" sound is added before the long "o" sound (/oʊ/ shifts to [ɘʊ], or even [eʊ]).[225] It adopts Philadelphia's pattern of the short "a" sound, such that the tensed vowel in words like "bath" or "ask" does not match the more relaxed one in "sad" or "act".[223]
Baltimore native John Waters parodies the city and its dialect extensively in his films. Most are filmed in Baltimore, including the 1972 cult classic Pink Flamingos, as well as Hairspray and its Broadway musical remake.
Performing arts
Baltimore has four state-designated arts and entertainment districts: The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts and Entertainment District, Station North Arts and Entertainment District, Highlandtown Arts District, and the Bromo Arts & Entertainment District.[226][227][228]
The Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts, a non-profit organization, produces events and arts programs as well as managing several facilities. It is the official Baltimore City Arts Council. BOPA coordinates Baltimore's major events, including New Year's Eve and July 4 celebrations at the Inner Harbor, Artscape, which is America's largest free arts festival, Baltimore Book Festival, Baltimore Farmers' Market & Bazaar, School 33 Art Center's Open Studio Tour, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Parade.[229]
The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra is an internationally renowned orchestra, founded in 1916 as a publicly funded municipal organization. Its most recent music director was Marin Alsop, a protégé of Leonard Bernstein's. Centerstage is the premier theater company in the city and a regionally well-respected group. The Lyric Opera House is the home of Lyric Opera Baltimore, which operates there as part of the Patricia and Arthur Modell Performing Arts Center. Shriver Hall Concert Series, founded in 1966, presents classical chamber music and recitals featuring nationally and internationally recognized artists.[230]
The Baltimore Consort has been a leading early music ensemble for over twenty-five years. The France-Merrick Performing Arts Center, home of the restored Thomas W. Lamb-designed Hippodrome Theatre, has afforded Baltimore the opportunity to become a major regional player in the area of touring Broadway and other performing arts presentations. Renovating Baltimore's historic theatres has become widespread throughout the city. Renovated theatres include the Everyman, Centre, Senator, and most recently Parkway Theatre. Other buildings have been reused. These include the former Mercantile Deposit and Trust Company bank building, which is now The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company Theater.
Baltimore has a wide array of professional (non-touring) and community theater groups. Aside from Center Stage, resident troupes in the city include The Vagabond Players, the oldest continuously operating community theater group in the country, Everyman Theatre, Single Carrot Theatre, and Baltimore Theatre Festival. Community theaters in the city include Fells Point Community Theatre and the Arena Players Inc., which is the nation's oldest continuously operating African American community theater.[231] In 2009, the Baltimore Rock Opera Society, an all-volunteer theatrical company, launched its first production.[232]
Baltimore is home to the Pride of Baltimore Chorus, a three-time international silver medalist women's chorus, affiliated with Sweet Adelines International. The Maryland State Boychoir is located in the northeastern Baltimore neighborhood of Mayfield.
Baltimore is the home of non-profit chamber music organization Vivre Musicale. VM won a 2011–2012 award for Adventurous Programming from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and Chamber Music America.[233]
The Peabody Institute, located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, is the oldest conservatory of music in the United States.[234] Established in 1857, it is one of the most prestigious in the world,[234] along with Juilliard, Eastman, and the Curtis Institute. The Morgan State University Choir is also one of the nation's most prestigious university choral ensembles.[235] The city is home to the Baltimore School for the Arts, a public high school in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore. The institution is nationally recognized for its success in preparation for students entering music (vocal/instrumental), theatre (acting/theater production), dance, and visual arts.
In 1981, Baltimore hosted the first International Theater Festival, the first such festival in the country. Executive producer Al Kraizer staged 66 performances of nine shows by international theatre companies, including from Ireland, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Israel.[236] The festival proved to be expensive to mount, and in 1982 the festival was hosted in Denver, called the World Theatre Festival,[237] at the Denver Center for Performing Arts, after the city had asked Kraizer to organize it.[238]
In June 1986, the 20th Theatre of Nations, sponsored by the International Theatre Institute, was held in Baltimore, the first time it had been held in the U.S.[239]
Sports
Baseball
Baltimore has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of Babe Ruth in 1895. The original 19th century Baltimore Orioles were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team, which was active from 1903 to 1914. After playing one season in 1915 as the Richmond Climbers, the team returned the following year to Baltimore, where it played as the Orioles until 1953.[citation needed]
The team currently known as the Baltimore Orioles has represented Major League Baseball locally since 1954 when the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore. The Orioles advanced to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983, winning three times (1966, 1970 and 1983), while making the playoffs all but one year (1972) from 1969 through 1974.[240]
In 1995, local player (and later Hall of Famer) Cal Ripken Jr. broke Lou Gehrig's streak of 2,130 consecutive games played, for which Ripken was named Sportsman of the Year by Sports Illustrated magazine.[citation needed] Six former Orioles players, including Ripken (2007), and two of the team's managers have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Since 1992, the Orioles' home ballpark has been Oriole Park at Camden Yards, which has been hailed as one of the league's best since it opened.[241]
Football
Prior to a National Football League team moving to Baltimore, there had been several attempts at a professional football team prior to the 1950s, which were blocked by the Washington team and its NFL friends. Most were minor league or semi-professional teams. The first major league to base a team in Baltimore was the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), which had a team named the Baltimore Colts. The AAFC Colts played for three seasons in the AAFC (1947, 1948, and 1949), and when the AAFC folded following the 1949 season, moved to the NFL for a single year (1950) before going bankrupt.
In 1953, the NFL's Dallas Texans folded. Its assets and player contracts were purchased by an ownership team headed by Baltimore businessman Carroll Rosenbloom, who moved the team to Baltimore, establishing a new team also named the Baltimore Colts. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Colts were one of the NFLs more successful franchises, led by Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Johnny Unitas who set a then-record of 47 consecutive games with a touchdown pass. The Colts advanced to the NFL Championship twice (1958 & 1959) and Super Bowl twice (1969 & 1971), winning all except Super Bowl III in 1969. After the 1983 season, the team left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984, where they became the Indianapolis Colts.
The NFL returned to Baltimore when the former Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens in 1996. Since then, the Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and 2012, seven AFC North division championships (2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019 and 2023), and appeared in five AFC Championship Games (2000, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2023).[242]
Baltimore also hosted a Canadian Football League franchise, the Baltimore Stallions for the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Following the 1995 season, and ultimate end to the Canadian Football League in the United States experiment, the team was sold and relocated to Montreal.
Other teams and events
The first professional sports organization in the United States, The Maryland Jockey Club, was formed in Baltimore in 1743. Preakness Stakes, the second race in the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, has been held every May at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore since 1873.
College lacrosse is a common sport in the spring, as the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has won 44 national championships, the most of any program in history. In addition, Loyola University won its first men's NCAA lacrosse championship in 2012.
The Baltimore Blast are a professional arena soccer team that play in the Major Arena Soccer League at the SECU Arena on the campus of Towson University. The Blast have won nine championships in various leagues, including the MASL. A previous entity of the Blast played in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1980 to 1992, winning one championship. The Baltimore Kings, a Baltimore Blast affiliate,[243] joined MASL 3 in 2021 to begin play in 2022.[244]
FC Baltimore 1729 was a semi-professional soccer club in the NPSL league, with the goal of bringing a community-oriented competitive soccer experience to Baltimore. Their inaugural season started on May 11, 2018, and they played their home games at CCBC Essex Field. Baltimore City F.C. is an Eastern Premier Soccer League club that plays since 2023 at Middle Branch Fitness Center in Cherry Hill.
The Baltimore Blues were a semi-professional rugby league club which began competition in the USA Rugby League in 2012.[245] The Baltimore Bohemians were an American soccer club which competed in the USL Premier Development League, the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. Their inaugural season started in the spring of 2012.
The Baltimore Grand Prix debuted along the streets of the Inner Harbor section of the city's downtown on September 2–4, 2011. The event played host to the American Le Mans Series on Saturday and the IndyCar Series on Sunday. Support races from smaller series were also held, including Indy Lights. After three consecutive years, on September 13, 2013, it was announced that the event would not be held in 2014 or 2015 due to scheduling conflicts.[246]
The athletic equipment company Under Armour is also based in Baltimore. Founded in 1996 by Kevin Plank, a University of Maryland alumnus, the company's headquarters are located in Tide Point, adjacent to Fort McHenry and the Domino Sugar factory. The Baltimore Marathon is the flagship race of several races. The marathon begins at Camden Yards and travels through many diverse neighborhoods of Baltimore, including the scenic Inner Harbor waterfront area, historic Federal Hill, Fells Point, and Canton, Baltimore. The race then proceeds to other important focal points of the city such as Patterson Park, Clifton Park, Lake Montebello, the Charles Village neighborhood, and the western edge of downtown. After winding through 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) of Baltimore, the race ends at virtually the same point at which it starts.
The Baltimore Brigade were an Arena Football League team based in Baltimore that, from 2017 to 2019, played at Royal Farms Arena. In 2019, the team ceased operations along with the rest of the league.
Parks and recreation
Baltimore has over 4,900 acres (1,983 ha) of parkland.[247] The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks manages the majority of parks and recreational facilities in the city, including Patterson Park, Federal Hill Park, and Druid Hill Park.[248] The city is home to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812. As of 2015[update], The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, ranks Baltimore 40th among the 75-largest U.S. cities.[247]
Law, government, and politics
Baltimore is an independent city, and not part of any county. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a county-level entity. The United States Census Bureau uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes.
Baltimore has been a Democratic stronghold for over 150 years, with Democrats dominating every level of government. In virtually all elections, the Democratic primary is the real contest.[249] As of the 2020 elections, registered Democrats outnumbered registered Republicans by almost 10-to-1.[250] No Republican has been elected to the City Council since 1939. The city's last Republican mayor, Theodore McKeldin, left office in 1967. No Republican candidate since then has received 25 percent or more of the vote. In the 2016 and 2020 mayoral elections, the Republicans were pushed into third place by write-in and independent candidates, respectively. The last Republican candidate for president to win the city was Dwight Eisenhower in his successful reelection bid in 1956.
The city hosted the first six Democratic National Conventions, from 1832 through 1852, and hosted the DNC again in 1860, 1872, and 1912.[251]
Voter registration
City government
Mayor
Brandon Scott is the current mayor of Baltimore. He was elected in 2020 and took office on December 8, 2020.
Scott succeeded Jack Young, who took office on May 2, 2019. Young had been the president of the Baltimore City Council when Mayor Catherine Pugh was accused of a self-dealing book-sales arrangement. He became acting mayor on April 2 when she took a leave of absence, then mayor upon her resignation.[253][254]
Pugh, a Democrat, won the 2016 mayoral election with 57.1% of the vote and took office on December 6, 2016.[255]
Stephanie Rawlings-Blake assumed the office of Mayor on February 4, 2010, when predecessor Dixon's resignation became effective.[256] Rawlings-Blake had been serving as City Council President at the time. She was elected to a full term in 2011, defeating Pugh in the primary election and receiving 84% of the vote.[257]
Sheila Dixon became the first female mayor of Baltimore on January 17, 2007. As the former City Council President, she assumed the office of Mayor when former Mayor Martin O'Malley took office as Governor of Maryland.[258] On November 6, 2007, Dixon won the Baltimore mayoral election. Mayor Dixon's administration ended less than three years after her election, the result of a criminal investigation that began in 2006 while she was still City Council President. She was convicted on a single misdemeanor charge of embezzlement on December 1, 2009. A month later, Dixon made an Alford plea to a perjury charge and agreed to resign from office; Maryland, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.[259][260]
Baltimore City Council
Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as Question P, restructured the city council in November 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), backed the effort.[261]
Baltimore City Council is made up of 14 single-member districts and one elected at-large council president.[262][263]
Law enforcement
The Baltimore City Police Department is the current primary law enforcement agency serving Baltimore citizens. It was founded 1784 as a "Night City Watch" and day Constables system and later reorganized as a City Department in 1853, with a later reorganization under State of Maryland supervision in 1859, with appointments made by the Governor of Maryland after a period of civic and elections violence with riots in the later part of the decade. Campus and building security for the city's public schools is provided by the Baltimore City Public Schools Police, established in the 1970s.
In the four-year span of 2011 to 2015, 120 lawsuits were brought against Baltimore police for alleged brutality and misconduct. The Freddie Gray settlement of $6.4 million exceeds the combined total settlements of the 120 lawsuits, as state law caps such payments.[264]
Maryland Transportation Authority Police under the Maryland Department of Transportation, originally established as the "Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Police" when opened in 1957, is the primary law enforcement agency on the Fort McHenry Tunnel Thruway on I-95 and the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway, which goes underneath the northwestern branch of Patapsco River, and Interstate 395, which has three ramp bridges crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River that are under MdTA jurisdiction, and have limited concurrent jurisdiction with the Baltimore Police Department under a memorandum of understanding.
Law enforcement on the fleet of transit buses and transit rail systems serving Baltimore is the responsibility of the Maryland Transit Administration Police, which is part of the Maryland Transit Administration of the state Department of Transportation. The MTA Police also share jurisdiction authority with the Baltimore City Police, governed by a memorandum of understanding.[265]
As the enforcement arm of the Baltimore circuit and district court system, the Baltimore City Sheriff's Office, created by state constitutional amendment in 1844, is responsible for the security of city courthouses and property, service of court-ordered writs, protective and peace orders, warrants, tax levies, prisoner transportation and traffic enforcement. Deputy Sheriffs are sworn law enforcement officials, with full arrest authority granted by the constitution of Maryland, the Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission and the Sheriff of Baltimore.[266]
The United States Coast Guard, operating out of their shipyard and facility (since 1899) at Arundel Cove on Curtis Creek, (off Pennington Avenue extending to Hawkins Point Road/Fort Smallwood Road) in the Curtis Bay section of southern Baltimore City and adjacent northern Anne Arundel County. The U.S.C.G. also operates and maintains a presence on Baltimore and Maryland waterways in the Patapsco River and Chesapeake Bay. "Sector Baltimore" is responsible for commanding law enforcement and search & rescue units as well as aids to navigation.
Crime
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Baltimore is considered one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.[267] Experts say an emerging gang presence and heavy recruitment of adolescent boys into these gangs, who are statistically more likely to get serious charges reduced or dropped, are major reasons for the sustained crime crises in the city.[268][269] Overall reported crime dropped by 60% from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s, but homicides and gun violence remain high and far exceed the national average.[270]
The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996, with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995. Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record ratio set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S. cities behind St. Louis and ahead of Detroit. Of Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015, 321 (93.3%) of the victims were African-American.[270]
Drug use and deaths by drug use, particularly drugs used intravenously, such as heroin, are a related problem which has impaired Baltimore for decades. Among cities greater than 400,000, Baltimore ranked 2nd in its opiate drug death rate in the United States. The DEA reported that 10% of Baltimore's population – about 64,000 people – are addicted to heroin, most of which is trafficked into the city from New York.[271][272][273][274][275]
In 2011, Baltimore police reported 196 homicides, the lowest number in the city since 197 homicides in 1978, and far lower than the peak homicide count of 353 slayings in 1993. City leaders at the time credited a sustained focus on repeat violent offenders and increased community engagement for the continued drop, reflecting a nationwide decline in crime.[276][277]
In August 2014, Baltimore's new youth curfew law went into effect. It prohibits unaccompanied children under age 14 from being on the streets after 9 p.m. and those aged 14–16 from being out after 10 p.m. during the week and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. The goal is to keep children out of dangerous places and reduce crime.[278]
Crime in Baltimore reached another peak in 2015 when the year's tally of 344 homicides was second only to the record 353 in 1993, when Baltimore had about 100,000 more residents. The killings in 2015 were on pace with recent years in the early months of 2015, but skyrocketed after the unrest and rioting of late April following the killing of Freddie Gray by police. In five of the next eight months, killings topped 30–40 per month. Nearly 90 percent of 2015's homicides resulted from shootings, renewing calls for new gun laws. In 2016, there were 318 murders in the city.[279] This total marked a 7.56 percent decline in homicides from 2015.
In an interview with The Guardian on November 2, 2017,[280] David Simon, himself a former police reporter for The Baltimore Sun, ascribed the most recent surge in murders to the high-profile decision by Baltimore state's attorney, Marilyn Mosby, to charge six city police officers following the death of Freddie Gray after he was paralyzed during a "rough-ride" in a police van while in police custody in April 2015, dying from the injury a week later. "What Mosby basically did was send a message to the Baltimore police department: 'I'm going to put you in jail for making a bad arrest.' So officers figured it out: 'I can go to jail for making the wrong arrest, so I'm not getting out of my car to clear a corner,' and that's exactly what happened post-Freddie Gray."[280]
In Baltimore, "arrest numbers have plummeted from more than 40,000 in 2014, the year before Gray's death and the charges against the officers, to about 18,000 [as of November 2017]. This happened as homicides soared from 211 in 2014 to 344 in 2015 – an increase of 63%."[280] Simon's HBO miniseries We Own This City aired in April 2022 and covered many of the events surrounding the death of Freddie Gray and the work slowdown by the Baltimore Police Department during that time period.
In the six years between 2016 and 2022, Baltimore tallied 318, 342, 309, 348, 335, 338, and 335 homicides, respectively.[281] In 2023, Baltimore saw a 20% drop in homicides to 263.[282]
Baltimore City Fire Department
Baltimore is protected by the over 1,800 professional firefighters of the Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD). It was founded in December 1858 and began operating the following year. Replacing several warring independent volunteer companies since the 1770s and the confusion resulting from a riot involving the "Know-Nothing" political party two years before, the establishment of a unified professional fire fighting force was a major advance in urban governance. The BCFD operates out of 37 fire stations located throughout the city and has a long history and sets of traditions in its various houses and divisions.
State government
Since the legislative redistricting in 2002, Baltimore has had six legislative districts located entirely within its boundaries, giving the city six seats in the 47-member Maryland Senate and 18 in the 141-member Maryland House of Delegates.[283][284] During the previous 10-year period, Baltimore had four legislative districts within the city limits, but four others overlapped the Baltimore County line.[285] As of January 2011[update], all of Baltimore's state senators and delegates were Democrats.[283]
State agencies
Federal government
Two of the state's eight congressional districts include portions of Baltimore: the 2nd, represented by Dutch Ruppersberger and the 7th, represented by Kweisi Mfume. Both are Democrats. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of Baltimore in Congress since John Boynton Philip Clayton Hill represented the 3rd District in 1927, and has not represented any of Baltimore since the Eastern Shore-based 1st District lost its share of Baltimore after the 2000 census. It was represented by Republican Wayne Gilchrest at the time.
Maryland's senior United States senator, Ben Cardin, is from Baltimore. He is one of three people in the last four decades to have represented the 3rd District before being elected to the United States Senate. Paul Sarbanes represented the 3rd from 1971 until 1977, when he was elected to the first of five terms in the Senate. Sarbanes was succeeded by Barbara Mikulski, who represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until handing it to John Sarbanes upon his election to the Senate in 2007.[286]
The Postal Service's Baltimore Main Post Office is located at 900 East Fayette Street in the Jonestown area.[288]
The national headquarters for the United States Social Security Administration is located in Woodlawn, just outside of Baltimore.
Education
Colleges and universities
Baltimore is the home of numerous places of higher learning, both public and private. 100,000 college students from around the country attend Baltimore City's 10 accredited two-year or four-year colleges and universities.[289][290] Among them are:
Private
- Johns Hopkins University
- Loyola University Maryland
- Maryland Institute College of Art
- St. Mary's Seminary and University
- Notre Dame of Maryland University
- The Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University
Public
- Baltimore City Community College
- Coppin State University
- Morgan State University
- University of Baltimore
- University of Maryland, Baltimore
Primary and secondary schools
The city's public schools are managed by Baltimore City Public Schools,[292] and include: Carver Vocational-Technical High School, the first African American vocational high school and center that was established in the state of Maryland; Digital Harbor High School, one of the secondary schools that emphasizes information technology, Lake Clifton Eastern High School, which is the largest school campus in Baltimore in physical size, the historic Frederick Douglass High School, which is the second oldest African American high school in the United States;[293] Baltimore City College, the third-oldest public high school in the nation,[294] and Western High School, the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.[295]
Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute share the nation's second-oldest high school football rivalry.[296]
Transportation
Baltimore has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 30.7 percent of Baltimore households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 28.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Baltimore averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[297]
Roads and highways
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Baltimore's highway growth has done much to influence the development of the city and its suburbs. The first limited-access highway serving Baltimore was the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which opened in stages between 1950 and 1954. Maintenance of it is split: the half closest to Baltimore is maintained by the state of Maryland, and the half closest to Washington by the National Park Service. Trucks are only permitted to use the northern part of the parkway. Trucks (tractor-trailers) continued to use U.S. Route 1 (US 1) until Interstate 95 (I-95) between Baltimore and Washington opened in 1971.
The Interstate highways serving Baltimore are I-70, I-83 (the Jones Falls Expressway), I-95, I-395, I-695 (the Baltimore Beltway), I-795 (the Northwest Expressway), I-895 (the Harbor Tunnel Thruway), and I-97. The city's mainline Interstate highways—I-95, I-83, and I-70—do not directly connect to each other, and in the case of I-70 end at a park and ride lot just inside the city limits, because of freeway revolts in Baltimore. These revolts were led primarily by Barbara Mikulski, a former United States senator for Maryland, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan.
There are two tunnels traversing Baltimore Harbor within the city limits: the four-bore Fort McHenry Tunnel (opened in 1985 and serving I-95) and the two-bore Harbor Tunnel (opened in 1957 and serving I-895). Until its collapse in March 2024, the Baltimore Beltway crossed south of Baltimore Harbor over the Francis Scott Key Bridge.
The first interstate highway built in Baltimore was I-83, called the Jones Falls Expressway (first portion built in the early 1960s). Running from the downtown toward the northwest (NNW), it was built through a natural corridor over the Jones Falls River, which meant that no residents or housing were directly displaced. A planned section from what is now its southern terminus to I-95 was abandoned. Its route through parkland received criticism.
Planning for the Baltimore Beltway antedates the creation of the Interstate Highway System. The first portion completed was a small strip connecting the two sections of I-83, the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway and the Jones Falls Expressway.
The only U.S. Highways in the city are US 1, which bypasses downtown, and US 40, which crosses downtown from east to west. Both run along major surface streets, US 40 utilizes a small section of a freeway cancelled in the 1970s in the west side of the city, originally intended for Interstate 170. State routes in the city travel along surface streets, with the exception of Maryland Route 295, which carries the Baltimore–Washington Parkway.
The Baltimore City Department of Transportation (BCDOT) is responsible for several functions of the road transportation system in Baltimore, including repairing roads, sidewalks, and alleys; road signs; street lights; and managing the flow of transportation systems.[298] In addition, the agency is in charge of vehicle towing and traffic cameras.[299][300]
BCDOT maintains all streets within the Baltimore. These include all streets that are marked as state and U.S. highways and portions of I-83 and I-70 within Baltimore's city limits. The only highways in the city that are not maintained by BCDOT are I-95, I-395, I-695, and I-895, which are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority.[301]
Transit systems
Public transit
Public transit in Baltimore is mostly provided by the Maryland Transit Administration (abbreviated "MTA Maryland") and Charm City Circulator. MTA Maryland operates a comprehensive bus network, including many local, express, and commuter buses, a light rail network connecting Hunt Valley in the north to BWI Airport and Glen Burnie in the south, and a subway line between Owings Mills and Johns Hopkins Hospital.[302] A proposed rail line, known as the Red Line, which would link the Social Security Administration's headquarters in Woodlawn to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in East Baltimore, was cancelled in June 2015 by former Governor Larry Hogan. In June 2023, Governor Wes Moore announced the relaunch of the Red Line project.[303]
The Charm City Circulator (CCC), a shuttle bus service operated by First Transit for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, began operating in the downtown area in January 2010. Funded partly by a 16 percent increase in the city's parking fees, the Circulator provides free bus service seven days a week, picking up passengers every 15–25 minutes at designated stops during service hours.[304][305] The Charm City Circulator consists of four routes, the Green Route runs from City Hall to Johns Hopkins Hospital via Fells Point, the Purple Route runs from 33rd Street to Federal Hill, the Orange Route runs between Hollins Market and Harbor East, and the Banner Route runs from the Inner Harbor to Fort McHenry.[306]
Baltimore has a water taxi service, operated by Baltimore Water Taxi. The water taxi's six routes provide service throughout the city's harbor, and was purchased by Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank's Sagamore Ventures in 2016.[307]
In June 2017, the BaltimoreLink bus network redesign was launched. The BaltimoreLink redesign consisted of a dozen high frequency, color-coded routes branded CityLink, running every 10 to 15 minutes through downtown Baltimore, along with changes to local and express bus service, rebranded LocalLink and ExpressLink.[308]
Intercity rail
Baltimore is a top destination for Amtrak along the Northeast Corridor. Baltimore's Penn Station is one of the busiest in the country. As of 2014, Penn Station was ranked the seventh-busiest rail station in the United States by number of passengers served each year.[309] The building sits on a raised "island" of sorts between two open trenches, one for the Jones Falls Expressway and the other for the tracks of the Northeast Corridor (NEC). The NEC approaches from the south through the two-track, 7,660 feet (2,330 m) Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel, which opened in 1873 and whose 30 mph (50 km/h) limit, sharp curves, and steep grades make it one of the NEC's worst bottlenecks. The NEC's northern approach is the 1873 Union Tunnel, which has one single-track bore and one double-track bore.
Just outside the city, Baltimore/Washington International (BWI) Thurgood Marshall Airport Rail Station is another stop. Amtrak's Acela Express, Palmetto, Carolinian, Silver Star, Silver Meteor, Vermonter, Crescent, and Northeast Regional trains are the scheduled passenger train services that stop in the city. MARC commuter rail service connects the city's two main intercity rail stations, Camden Station and Penn Station, with Washington, D.C.'s Union Station as well as stops in between. The MARC consists of 3 lines; the Brunswick, Camden and Penn. On December 7, 2013, the Penn Line began weekend service.[310]
Airports
Baltimore is served by two airports, both operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which is part of the Maryland Department of Transportation.[311] Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport, generally known as "BWI", lies about 10 miles (16 km) to the south of Baltimore in neighboring Anne Arundel County. The airport is named after Thurgood Marshall, a Baltimore native who was the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. In terms of passenger traffic, BWI is the 22nd busiest airport in the United States.[312] As of 2014, BWI is the largest, by passenger count, of three major airports serving the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area. It is accessible by I-95 and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway via Interstate 195, the Baltimore Light Rail, and Amtrak and MARC Train at BWI Rail Station.
Baltimore is also served by Martin State Airport, a general aviation facility, to the northeast in Baltimore County. Martin State Airport is linked to downtown Baltimore by Maryland Route 150 (Eastern Avenue) and by MARC Train at its own station.
Pedestrians and bicycles
Baltimore has a comprehensive system of bicycle routes in the city. These routes are not numbered, but are typically denoted with green signs displaying a silhouette of a bicycle upon an outline of the city's border, and denote the distance to destinations, much like bicycle routes in the rest of the state. The roads carrying bicycle routes are also labelled with either bike lanes, sharrows, or Share the Road signs. Many of these routes pass through the downtown area. The network of bicycle lanes in the city continues to expand, with over 140 miles (230 km) added between 2006 and 2014.[313] Alongside bike lanes, Baltimore has also built bike boulevards, starting with Guilford Avenue in 2012.
Baltimore has three major trail systems within the city. The Gwynns Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the I-70 Park and Ride, passing through Gwynns Falls Park and possessing numerous branches. There are also many pedestrian hiking trails traversing the park. The Jones Falls Trail runs from the Inner Harbor to the Cylburn Arboretum. It is undergoing expansion. Long-term plans call for it to extend to the Mount Washington Light Rail Stop, and possibly as far north as the Falls Road stop to connect to the Robert E. Lee boardwalk north of the city. It will incorporate a spur alongside Western Run. The two aforementioned trails carry sections of the East Coast Greenway through the city.
The Herring Run Trail runs from Harford Road east, to its end beyond Sinclair Lane, utilizing Herring Run Park. Long-term plans call for its extension to Morgan State University and north to points beyond. Other major bicycle projects include a protected cycle track installed on both Maryland Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue, expected to become the backbone of a downtown bicycle network. Installation for the cycletracks is expected in 2014 and 2016, respectively.
In addition to the bicycle trails and cycletracks, Baltimore has the Stony Run Trail, a walking path that will eventually connect from the Jones Falls north to Northern Parkway, utilizing much of the old Ma and Pa Railroad corridor inside the city. In 2011, the city undertook a campaign to reconstruct many sidewalk ramps in the city, coinciding with mass resurfacing of the city's streets. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Baltimore the 14th-most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[314]
Port of Baltimore
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The port was founded in 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near Locust Point as the port of entry for the tobacco trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later on becoming leader in the construction of clipper ships.[315]
After Baltimore's founding, mills were built behind the wharves. The California Gold Rush led to many orders for fast vessels. Many overland pioneers also relied upon canned goods from Baltimore. After the Civil War, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with Brazil. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for immigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made the port a major transshipment point.[316]: 17, 75 The port has major roll-on/roll-off facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling.[317]
Water taxis operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Ehrlich participated in naming the port after Helen Delich Bentley during the 300th anniversary of the port.[318]
In 2007, Duke Realty Corporation began a new development near the Port of Baltimore, named the Chesapeake Commerce Center. This new industrial park is located on the site of a former General Motors plant. The total project comprises 184 acres (0.74 km2) in eastern Baltimore City, and the site will yield 2,800,000 square feet (260,000 m2) of warehouse/distribution and office space. Chesapeake Commerce Center has direct access to two major Interstate highways (I-95 and I-895) and is located adjacent to two of the major Port of Baltimore terminals. The Port of Baltimore is one of two seaports on the U.S. East Coast with a 50-foot (15 m) dredge to accommodate the largest shipping vessels.[319]
Along with cargo terminals, the port also has a passenger cruise terminal, which offers year-round trips on several lines, including Royal Caribbean's Grandeur of the Seas and Carnival's Pride. Overall five cruise lines have operated out of the port to the Bahamas and the Caribbean, while some ships traveled to New England and Canada. The terminal has become an embarkation point where passengers have the opportunity to park and board next to the ship visible from Interstate 95.[320]
Passengers from Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey make up a third of the volume, with travelers from Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and other regions accounting for the rest.[321]
Environment
Baltimore's Inner Harbor, known for its skyline waterscape and its tourist-friendly areas, was horribly polluted. The waterway was often filled with garbage after heavy rainstorms, failing its 2014 water quality report card. The Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore took steps to remediate the waterways, in hopes that the harbor would be fishable and swimmable once again.
Trash interceptors
Baltimore has four water wheel trash interceptors for removing garbage in area waterways. One is at the mouth of Jones Falls in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, dubbed "Mr. Trash Wheel".[322] Another, "Professor Trash Wheel" was added at Harris Creek in the Canton neighborhood in 2016,[323][324] with "Captain Trash Wheel" following at Mason Creek in 2018[325] and "Gwynnda, the Good Wheel of the West" at the mouth of the Gwynns Falls in 2021.[326] A February 2015 agreement with a local waste-to-energy plant is believed to make Baltimore the first city to use reclaimed waterway debris to generate electricity.[327]
Other water pollution control
In August 2010, the National Aquarium assembled, planted, and launched a floating wetland island designed by Biohabitats in Baltimore's Inner Harbor.[328] Hundreds of years ago, Baltimore's harbor shoreline would have been lined with tidal wetlands. Floating wetlands provide many environmental benefits to water quality and habitat enhancement, which is why the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore has included them in their Healthy Harbor Initiative pilot projects.[329] Biohabitats also developed a concept to transform a dilapidated wharf into a living pier that cleans Harbor water, provides habitat and is an aesthetic attraction. Currently under design, the top of the pier will become a constructed tidal wetland.[330]
Other projects to improve water quality include the Blue Alleys project, expanded street sweeping, and stream restoration.[322]
Air quality and pollution
Since 1985 the Wheelabrator incinerator, formerly known as the Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co., has operated as a waste-to-energy incinerator. The incinerator is a significant source of air pollution to nearby neighborhoods. Several environmental groups, such as the Environmental Integrity Project, and the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, have been successful in advocating for reinforced pollution monitoring. According to Shashawnda Campbell, the incinerator is "the city's single largest standing source of air pollution".[331]
Media
Baltimore's main media outlet since 2010 is The Baltimore Sun which was sold by its Baltimore owners in 1986 to the Times Mirror Company,[332] and then bought by the Tribune Company in 2000.[333] Since the sale, The Baltimore Sun prints some local news along with regional and national articles. The Baltimore News-American, another long-running paper that competed with the Sun, ceased publication in 1986.[334]
The city is home to the Baltimore Afro-American, an influential African American newspaper founded in 1892.[335][336]
In 2006, The Baltimore Examiner was launched to compete with The Sun. It was part of a national chain that includes The San Francisco Examiner and The Washington Examiner. In contrast to the paid subscription Sun, The Examiner was a free newspaper funded solely by advertisements. Unable to turn a profit and facing a deep recession, The Baltimore Examiner ceased publication on February 15, 2009.[337]
Despite being located 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C., Baltimore is a major media market in its own right, with all major English language television networks represented in the city. WJZ-TV 13 is a CBS owned and operated station, and WBFF 45 (Fox) is the flagship of Sinclair Broadcast Group, the largest station owner in the country. Other major television stations in Baltimore include WMAR-TV 2 (ABC), WBAL-TV 11 (NBC), WUTB 24 (TBD), WBFF-DT2 45.2 (MyNetworkTV), WNUV 54 (CW), and WMPB 67 (PBS). Baltimore is also served by low-power station WMJF-CD 39 (Ion), which transmits from the campus of Towson University.
Nielsen ranked Baltimore as the 27th-largest television market in 2009.[338] Arbitron's Fall 2010 rankings identified Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market.[339]
Notable people
- Spiro Agnew, 39th U.S. vice president under Richard Nixon
- Eubie Blake, jazz pianist and composer
- Muggsy Bogues, former professional basketball player
- Julie Bowen, actress
- Christine Michel Carter, author and marketing strategist
- Tom Clancy, author of the Ryanverse book series
- Elijah Cummings, former U.S. Congressman and civil rights activist
- Gervonta Davis, professional boxer and four-time world champion in two weight classes
- Temi Fagbenle, WNBA player
- Cass Elliot, born Ellen Naomi Cohen, singer and member of the Mamas & the Papas
- Daniel Coit Gilman, founding president of Johns Hopkins University
- Stavros Halkias, stand-up comedian
- Kyle Harrison, professional lacrosse player and first black Tewaaraton Award recipient
- David Hasselhoff, actor, producer, and businessman
- Billie Holiday, singer of jazz, swing and pop music
- Johns Hopkins, entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, and namesake of Johns Hopkins University
- Francis Scott Key, lawyer, poet, and anti-abolitionist
- Laura Lippman, journalist and novelist
- Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court justice
- H. L. Mencken, journalist, essayist, satirist, cultural critic, and scholar of American English
- Joe Metheny, serial killer and cannibal
- Ric Ocasek, rock musician and lead singer of the Cars
- Bob Parsons, Entrepreneur, billionaire, and philanthropist; founded the GoDaddy group of companies
- Nancy Pelosi, former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
- Michael Phelps, swimmer and all-time leader in Olympic medals
- Edgar Allan Poe, poet
- Emily Post, author of etiquette books
- Lance Reddick, actor and musician
- Babe Ruth, professional baseball player and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee
- Tupac Shakur, musician, actor, poet and activist
- Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor
- Jada Pinkett Smith, actress, singer, and businesswoman
- M. Carey Thomas, educator, suffragist, and linguist
- Anne Tyler, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
- John Waters, filmmaker
- D. Watkins, screenwriter, author, public intellectual
- Biddy Wood, journalist and jazz promoter
- Frank Zappa, rock musician
International relations
Baltimore has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International.[340][341] Baltimore's own Sister City Committees recognize nine of these sister cities, which are shaded yellow and marked with a dagger (†):[342]
Three additional sister cities have "emeritus status":[340]
See also
- Baltimore Development Corporation
- Baltimore in fiction
- Baltimore National Heritage Area
- Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy (Book on the history of the Appalachian migrants' move into the city in the 20th century)
- History of the Germans in Baltimore, Maryland
- USS Baltimore, 6 ships
- Category:Cemeteries in Baltimore
Baltimore portal
Explanatory notes
- ^ /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər[14]
- ^ The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.
- ^ Officially, seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from 0.7 in (1.8 cm) in 1949–50 to 77.0 in (196 cm) in 2009–10. See North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.[147] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.[148]
- ^ Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ For more information, see ThreadEx
- ^ a b From 15% sample
- ^ Including Evangelical Protestants (19%), Mainline Protestants (16%) and Historically Black Protestants (15%).[189]
References
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General bibliography
- Brooks, Neal A. & Eric G. Rockel (1979). A History of Baltimore County. Towson, Maryland: Friends of the Towson Library.
- Crenson, Matthew A. (2017). Baltimore: A Political History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Dorsey, John, & James D. Dilts (1997). A Guide to Baltimore Architecture. Third Edition. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. (First edition published in 1973.) ISBN 0-87033-477-8.
- Hall, Clayton Coleman (1912). Baltimore: Its History and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Vol. 1.
- Orser, Edward W. (1994). Blockbusting in Baltimore: the Edmonston Village Story. University Press of Kentucky.
- Scharf, J. Thomas (1879). History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. Baltimore: John B. Piet. Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3.
- Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.
- Townsend, Camilla (2000). Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America: Guyaquil, Ecuador, and Baltimore, Maryland. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-78167-9.
- Wroth, Lawrence C. (1922). A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776. Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore.
- Wroth, Lawrence C. (1938). The Colonial Printer. Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press.
Further reading
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
- Malka, Adam (April 2018). The Men of Mobtown; Policing Baltimore in the Age of Slavery and Emancipation (Hardcover). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-3629-0.
External links
Baltimore, Maryland at Wikipedia's sister projects
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Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Official website
- Baltimore City Council
- Visit Baltimore – official Destination Marketing Organization
- Baltimore City Public Schools
- Baltimore Development Corporation
- Baltimore City Maps, historic maps at the Sheridan Libraries.
- Papenfuse: Atlases and Maps of Baltimore City and County, 1876–1915 & Block Maps, April 2005
- The Wall Street Journal: Baltimore Demographics, 2015.