Strong paraconsistency is the view that there are possible worlds where contradictions are true, or where some statements are both true and false. Compare weak paraconsistency, the view that true contradictions, and worlds that contain them, are merely a formal tool used to study reasoning.[296]
strongly connected
A relation R is strongly connected (or total) if and only if, for all x and y, either Rxy, or Ryx.[297]
In logic, especially in proof theory, a rule that concerns the manipulation of the components of sequents or deductions without reference to their internal logical structure, such as contraction, weakening, and exchange.
subaltern
In traditional syllogistic logic, a term describing the relationship between two categorical propositions where the truth of the first (the universal) implies the truth of the second (the particular), but not vice versa.[2]
The logical relationship between a universal statement and its corresponding particular statement, where the truth of the universal necessitates the truth of the particular.
In traditional logic, a pair of particular statements (I and O propositions) that cannot both be false together, though both can be true under the square of opposition.
A subset of a language that uses a restricted vocabulary or simpler grammatical structures, often for a specific purpose or domain.
sublogic
A logical system that is a subset of a more comprehensive logic, retaining some but not all of the operations and principles of the larger system.[298]
The act of replacing a variable or expression within a logical formula with another, maintaining logical consistency.
substitution-instance
The well-formed formula which results from a given well-formed formula by replacing one or more of the variables occurring in the well-formed formula throughout by some other well-formed formulas, it being understood that each variable so replaced is replaced by the same well-formed formula wherever it occurs.[72][299]
substitutional quantifier
A type of quantifier interpreted as ranging over expressions or names rather than over objects directly, used in certain theories of reference and meaning.[300]
A way of writing expressions where operators follow their operands, also known as reverse Polish notation, used in some calculators and programming languages for its efficiency.
A task that consists of an infinite sequence of operations completed in a finite amount of time, often discussed in the context of philosophical paradoxes and theoretical physics.
supertrue
A term used in certain theories of truth, such as supervaluational semantics, to describe propositions that remain true across all precisifications or interpretations of vague terms.[301]
supervaluational semantics
A semantic theory designed to handle vagueness by considering multiple precisifications of vague terms, with a proposition deemed supertrue if it is true under all precisifications.[277]
In medieval logic, a relation between an expression and the object or concept that the expression is being used to talk about, where the supposition of the expression need not be its literal reference.
A function from one set to another where every element of the target set is mapped to by at least one element of the domain set, also known as an onto function.
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion, traditionally used in Aristotelian logic to infer relationships between categories.
syllogistic figure
The form of a syllogism, determined by the position of the middle term in its premises, categorized into four figures that structure the syllogistic argument differently.[302]
syllogistic mood
The type of a syllogism, defined by the nature of its premises (universal affirmative, universal negative, particular affirmative, particular negative) and how they combine to form a conclusion.[303]
syllogistic terms
The three terms in a syllogism: the major term (predicate of the conclusion), the minor term (subject of the conclusion), and the middle term (appears in both premises but not in the conclusion). See also barbara.
symmetry
A property of binary relations where if one element is related to another, then the second is related to the first, such as the relation of equality.[304]
Terms that do not stand for objects or have a reference by themselves but contribute to the meaning of expressions in which they occur, such as conjunctions, prepositions, and quantifiers.
The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, distinguishing between correct and incorrect forms of expression.
T
Tarskian hierarchy
A hierarchical structure of languages proposed by Alfred Tarski to avoid paradoxes in semantic theories, where each level of language can only reference levels below it, preventing self-reference.[211]
A theorem stating that truth cannot be consistently defined within the same language it applies to, requiring a meta-language for a definition of truth to avoid paradoxes.
A paradox where, from "the temperature is ninety" and "the temperature is rising", it is concluded that "ninety is rising", which seems invalid but can actually be valid under some formalization schemes.
temporal modal logic
A branch of modal logic that deals with modalities related to time, such as 'always', 'sometimes', and 'never', allowing for reasoning about temporal aspects of propositions.[306]
An approach to logic focusing on the relations between terms in propositions and the inferences that can be drawn from them, characteristic of Aristotelian logic.
A statement or proposition that has been formally proven on the basis of previously established statements or axioms within a logical or mathematical system.
A coherent set of propositions or statements, especially one that forms a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of the natural world or an abstract concept.
A logical system that introduces a third truth value (such as 'unknown', 'indeterminate', or 'both true and false') in addition to the classic binary true and false values.
An instance of a type, such as a particular occurrence of a word or phrase, in contrast to the abstract concept or category it represents.
tolerant
In the theory of vagueness, a predicate is considered tolerant if, and only if, small changes in the relevant underlying properties of an object do not affect the justice with which the predicate applies to it. Thus, the predicate "bald" is tolerant, since one hair more or less does not transform a clear instance of baldness into a clear instance of non-baldness.[123]
tonk
A fictional logical connective introduced to illustrate the importance of preserving inference rules in defining logical operators, showing that arbitrary rules can lead to absurdity.[308][309][10]
In logic, a symbol (⊤) representing the highest or maximal element in a lattice or order, often used to denote a tautology or universally true proposition in propositional logic.
The study of toposes, which are categories that behave like the category of sets and provide a foundation for much of mathematics, allowing for generalized notions of computation and logic.
The smallest transitive relation that contains a given relation, effectively adding the minimum necessary elements to make the original relation transitive.
A property of a relation where if the relation holds between A and B, and between B and C, then it also holds between A and C, ensuring a kind of consistency or continuity in the relation across elements.
A translation is a function from the expressions of one language to the expressions of another language. Translations are typically intended to preserve either the meanings or the truth conditions of the translated expressions.
A concept in modal logic and metaphysics concerning the identity of individuals across different possible worlds, addressing questions of persistence and change.
A law in order theory and mathematics stating that for any two elements in a certain set, exactly one of three relationships (greater than, less than, or equal to) must hold.
The state or quality of being trivial, in logic and mathematics, often referring to statements, propositions, or problems that are oversimplified or of little interest or importance.
A concept in logic and philosophy concerning the property of statements, beliefs, or propositions corresponding to reality or fact, or being in accord with the actual state of affairs.
A function that takes truth values as input and produces a truth value as output, used in logic to model the truth conditions of logical connectives.
truth-functional
Pertaining to an operator or connective in logic whose output truth value depends solely on the input truth values, without regard to the content of the propositions involved.[312]
A predicate that assigns the property of being true to propositions, often discussed in relation to Tarski's semantic conception of truth and the liar paradox.
A table used in logic to show the truth value of a compound statement for every possible combination of truth values of its components, instrumental in analyzing logical expressions.
truth-teller
The converse of the liar paradox, a statement that asserts its own truth, raising questions about self-reference and the nature of truth.[314]
The value indicating the truth or falsity of a proposition or statement, typically represented as true or false in classical logic, but possibly more varied in many-valued logics.
truth-value gap
A situation where a statement or proposition cannot be assigned a traditional truth value of true or false, often due to vagueness or undefined terms.[315]
truth-value glut
A condition in which a statement or proposition is paradoxically both true and false simultaneously, associated with dialetheism and contradictions.[315]
The Tarski schema for defining truth, stating that 'P' is true if and only if P, where 'P' is a placeholder for a proposition and P is the proposition itself.
A logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by asserting the opponent's failure to act consistently with that position, essentially accusing them of hypocrisy.
A function that can be calculated by a Turing machine, representing the class of functions that are computable in principle, according to the Church–Turing thesis.
A symbol used in logic () to denote syntactic entailment or provability, indicating that the statement or set of statements to the right is a logical consequence of the statements to the left within a given formal system.
type
1.(In type theory.) A category or class of entities that share certain characteristics, used in logic and mathematics to distinguish between different kinds of objects, expressions, or variables, preventing certain kinds of logical paradoxes.
A framework in mathematical logic and computer science that uses types to classify expressions and objects, aiming to avoid paradoxes like Russell's paradox by organizing objects into hierarchies or levels and restricting operations to objects of the same type.
A function that operates on a single input or argument, common in mathematics and logic for representing operations like negation or the absolute value function.
A rule of inference in predicate logic that allows for the derivation of a specific statement about an individual from a general statement that applies to all members of a category.
A rule of inference in predicate logic that allows for the generalization of a statement to all members of a category if the statement is shown to hold for an arbitrary but specific individual.
universal proposition
A statement in logic that asserts something about all members of a certain category, typically formulated using a universal quantifier.
The set of all objects, individuals, or values that are relevant in a particular logical or mathematical discussion, serving as the domain over which quantifiers range.
An argument that is either invalid in its logical form or contains at least one false premise, and therefore does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion.
use
In philosophy, particularly in the analysis of language, "use" refers to the actual application of a word or a phrase in a sentence to convey meaning. In the use-mention distinction, "use" involves employing words to refer to things, actions, qualities, or concepts in the world. For example, in the sentence "I enjoy reading books," the word "books" is used to refer to objects that can be read; it is not merely mentioned.
V
vacuous quantifier
A vacuous quantifier is one that doesn't bind any variables, such as the second quantifier in .[316]
vagueness
The characteristic of terms, concepts, or propositions that lack clear boundaries or precision in meaning, leading to indeterminate or borderline cases.[37]
1.A deductive argument whose structure ensures that if all the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true, demonstrating logical validity.
3.In proof-theoretic semantics, a formula that is either an explicit rule of inference of a system, or that does not allow one to prove anything that could not be proved using the explicit rules of inference.[317]
The Latin word for "or", used in logic as a name for ∨, the descending wedge symbol. The symbol is used to denote a disjunction that is inclusive, meaning at least one of the disjuncts must be true for the whole expression to be true.
The verity (or "degree of truth") of a statement is the semantic value of that statement within degree-theoretic semantics, which assigns degrees between 0 and 1 to statements.[321]
Verum (Latin for "true") is another name for the symbol,[322] which represents a primitive, necessarily true statement, and is sometimes considered a nullaryconnective.
A principle against definitions or arguments that are circular, ensuring that the thing being defined is not used in its own definition or premise in a way that presupposes its conclusion.
The property of a logical system where if a statement is semantically valid (true under all interpretations), then there is a proof of the statement within the system.[323]
weak counterexample
Within intuitionistic logic and intuitionistic mathematics, a weak counterexample is a situation in which we have no positive evidence for the (intuitionistic) truth of some instance of the law of excluded middle, .[324][325]
A principle in intuitionistic logic stating that for any proposition P, either P is provable or not-P is provable, but not necessarily both, reflecting a more nuanced view of truth than the classical law of excluded middle.
A form of mathematical induction that only assumes the truth of the statement for the immediately preceding case to prove its truth for any natural number, as opposed to strong induction, which assumes the statement for all smaller numbers.
A form of negation in some non-classical logics where the negation of a proposition does not assert the truth of the opposite proposition but rather the absence of truth of the original proposition.
weak paraconsistency
Weak paraconsistency is the view that true contradictions, and worlds that contain them, are merely a formal tool used to study reasoning. Compare strong paraconsistency, the view that there are possible worlds where contradictions are true, or where some statements are both true and false.[296]
A rule in both propositional and predicate logic allowing the addition of propositions to a derivation without affecting its validity, reflecting the idea that if something follows from a set of premises, it also follows from any larger set of premises.
A string of symbols in a formal language that follows the syntactic rules of the language, making it a meaningful or grammatically correct expression within the context of that system.
wff
Short for well-formed formula. Pronounced "woof",[326][327][328][329] or sometimes "wiff",[330][331][332] "weff",[333][334] or "whiff".[335] (All sources supported "woof". The sources cited for "wiff", "weff", and "whiff" gave these pronunciations as alternatives to "woof". Gensler[326] gives "wood" and "woofer" as examples of how to pronounce the vowel in "woof".) Plural "wffs".[326]
A paradox involving an infinite sequence of sentences, each of which states that all following sentences in the sequence are false. Unlike the liar paradox, it does not rely on self-reference, raising questions about the nature of paradoxes and infinity.
A series of paradoxes proposed by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea to challenge the coherence of the concepts of plurality, motion, and the continuum, including the famous paradoxes of Achilles and the tortoise, and the dichotomy.
12345"Square of Opposition | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Schechter, Eric (2020-10-06), "Chapter 26 Abelian logic", Classical and Nonclassical Logics, Princeton University Press, pp.437–440, doi:10.1515/9780691220147-026, ISBN978-0-691-22014-7, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Paoli, Francesco; Spinks, Matthew; Veroff, Robert (2008-10-01). "Abelian Logic and the Logics of Pointed Lattice-Ordered Varieties". Logica Universalis. 2 (2): 209–233. doi:10.1007/s11787-008-0034-2. ISSN1661-8300.
↑Butchart, Sam; Rogerson, Susan (2014). "On the Algebraizability of the Implicational Fragment of Abelian Logic". Studia Logica. 102 (5): 981–1001. doi:10.1007/s11225-013-9515-2. hdl:1959.3/365633. ISSN0039-3215. JSTOR43649671.
123456789Cook, Roy T. (2009-03-20). A Dictionary of Philosophical Logic. doi:10.1515/9780748631971. ISBN978-0-7486-3197-1.
12"Elements of Logic 38". www3.nd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
123"Standard Form Categorical Propositions: Quantity, Quality, and Distribution". philosophy.lander.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
12Cook, Roy T. (2005). "What's Wrong with Tonk(?)". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 34 (2): 221. doi:10.1007/s10992-004-7805-x. ISSN0022-3611. JSTOR30226839.
↑Bennett, Karen; Zimmerman, Dean W. (2012-10-25). Oxford Studies in Metaphysics volume 7. OUP Oxford. p.86. ISBN978-0-19-163357-7.
↑Howson, Colin (2005-10-11). Logic with Trees: An Introduction to Symbolic Logic. Routledge. p.159. ISBN978-1-134-78550-6.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, Franz (2013-03-14). Handbook of Philosophical Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. p.339. ISBN978-94-017-0460-1.
↑"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
↑"Definition of ANTILOGISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2024-04-29.
↑Ladd-Franklin, C. F. (1928). "The Antilogism". Mind. 37 (148): 532–534. doi:10.1093/mind/XXXVII.148.532. ISSN0026-4423. JSTOR2249740.
↑Giordani, Alessandro; Malinowski, Jacek (2020-11-19). Logic in High Definition: Trends in Logical Semantics. Springer Nature. p.55. ISBN978-3-030-53487-5.
↑Banerjee, Mohua; Sreejith, A. V. (2023-02-22). Logic and Its Applications: 10th Indian Conference, ICLA 2023, Indore, India, March 3–5, 2023, Proceedings. Springer Nature. p.189. ISBN978-3-031-26689-8.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Woods, John (2008-03-10). British Logic in the Nineteenth Century. Elsevier. p.561. ISBN978-0-08-055701-4.
↑Vanderveken, Daniel (2005-06-23). Logic, Thought and Action. Springer Science & Business Media. p.275. ISBN978-1-4020-3167-0.
↑Cintula, Petr; Noguera, Carles (2022-01-01). Logic and Implication: An Introduction to the General Algebraic Study of Non-classical Logics. Springer Nature. p.451. ISBN978-3-030-85675-5.
↑Hartman, Robert S. (2011-12-15). The Structure of Value: Foundations of Scientific Axiology. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p.300. ISBN978-1-7252-3067-5.
↑Lowe, E. J.; Rami, A. (2014-12-05). Truth and Truth-making. Routledge. p.40. ISBN978-1-317-49268-9.
↑Gensler, Harry J.; Spurgin, Earl W. (2008-08-22). Historical Dictionary of Ethics. Scarecrow Press. p.168. ISBN978-0-8108-6271-5.
↑Tennant, Neil (2023), "Logicism and Neologicism", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Shapiro, Stewart; Wainwright, William J. (2005-02-10). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic. Oxford University Press, USA. p.181. ISBN978-0-19-514877-0.
↑Hale, Bob; Wright, Crispin (2003). The Reason's Proper Study: Essays Towards a Neo-Fregean Philosophy of Mathematics. Clarendon Press. p.17. ISBN978-0-19-926632-6.
↑Lagerlund, Henrik (2022), "Medieval Theories of the Syllogism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Mabbott, J. D. (1939). "Two Notes on Syllogism". Mind. 48 (191): 326–337. doi:10.1093/mind/XLVIII.191.326. ISSN0026-4423. JSTOR2250441.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Pelletier, Francis Jeffry; Woods, John (2012-12-31). Logic: A History of its Central Concepts. Newnes. p.427. ISBN978-0-08-093170-8.
↑Omori, Hitoshi; Wansing, Heinrich (2020-01-01). New Essays on Belnap-Dunn Logic. Springer Nature. p.7. ISBN978-3-030-31136-0.
↑Mares, Edwin (2024-02-15). The Logic of Entailment and its History. Cambridge University Press. p.46. ISBN978-1-009-37531-3.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Wansing, Heinrich (2013-06-29). What is Negation?. Springer Science & Business Media. p.72. ISBN978-94-015-9309-0.
↑Restall, Greg (2002-09-11). An Introduction to Substructural Logics. Routledge. p.340. ISBN978-1-135-11131-1.
↑Mares, Edwin D. (2004-02-26). Relevant Logic: A Philosophical Interpretation. Cambridge University Press. p.92. ISBN978-0-521-82923-6.
123Sorensen, Roy (2023), "Vagueness", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-22
↑Alxatib, Sam; Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (June 2011). "The Psychology of Vagueness: Borderline Cases and Contradictions". Mind & Language. 26 (3): 287–326. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.2011.01419.x.
↑Shafer-Landau, Russ (1995). "Vagueness, Borderline Cases and Moral Realism". American Philosophical Quarterly. 32 (1): 83–96. ISSN0003-0481. JSTOR20009807.
↑Bones, Inga (2020-09-22), "What Is Vagueness?", How to Swim in Sinking Sands, Brill mentis, pp.12–56, doi:10.30965/9783957437549_003, ISBN978-3-95743-754-9, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Wright, G. H. von (2018-05-31). Philosophical Logic: Philosophical Papers. Cornell University Press. p.135. ISBN978-1-5017-1731-4.
↑Oliveira, Anjolina G. de (2012). The Functional Interpretation of Logical Deduction. World Scientific. p.217. ISBN978-981-4360-96-8.
↑Rusza, Imre (2013-04-17). Modal Logic with Descriptions. Springer Science & Business Media. p.128. ISBN978-94-017-2294-0.
↑Saxonia, Albertus de (2002). Albert of Saxony's Twenty-Five Disputed Questions on Logic: A Critical Edition of His Quaestiones Circa Logicam (in Latin). BRILL. p.29. ISBN978-90-04-12513-1.
↑Beklemishev, Lev D. (2000-04-01). Provability, Computability and Reflection. Elsevier. p.7. ISBN978-0-08-095731-9.
↑Klima, Gyula (2009). John Buridan. Oxford University Press, USA. p.329. ISBN978-0-19-517622-3.
↑Linnebo, Øystein (2018). "The Julius Caesar Problem". Thin objects: an abstractionist account. Vol.1. Oxford: Oxford university press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199641314.003.0009. ISBN978-0-19-964131-4.
↑Greimann, Dirk (2003). "What is Frege's Julius Caesar Problem?". Dialectica. 57 (3): 261–278. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.2003.tb00271.x. ISSN0012-2017. JSTOR42971497.
↑Heck, Richard G. (2011-09-29). Frege's Theorem. OUP Oxford. p.107. ISBN978-0-19-969564-5.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Pelletier, Francis Jeffry; Woods, John (2012-12-31). Logic: A History of its Central Concepts. Newnes. p.437. ISBN978-0-08-093170-8.
↑Sion, Avi (2010-05-17). The Logic of Causation: Definition, Induction and Deduction of Deterministic Causality. Avi Sion. p.58. ISBN978-2-9700091-3-9.
↑Bowen, Paul D. (1983-10-01). "Causation in classical physics". Synthese. 57 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/BF01064064. ISSN1573-0964.
↑Simon, Herbert A. (2012-12-06). Models of Discovery: and Other Topics in the Methods of Science. Springer Science & Business Media. p.52. ISBN978-94-010-9521-1.
↑Rescher, Nicholas (1968), "Chronological Logic", in Rescher, Nicholas (ed.), Topics in Philosophical Logic, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp.196–228, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3546-9_12, ISBN978-94-017-3546-9, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Gensler, Harry J. (2010). The A to Z of Logic. Rowman & Littlefield. p.233. ISBN978-0-8108-7596-8.
↑Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. p.106. ISBN978-0-19-164834-2.
↑Goldfarb, Warren D. (2003-01-01). Deductive Logic. Hackett Publishing. p.94. ISBN978-0-87220-660-1.
↑Frigg, Roman (2022-06-28). Models and Theories: A Philosophical Inquiry. Taylor & Francis. p.55. ISBN978-1-000-60953-0.
↑Nat, Arnold vander (2010-03-05). Simple Formal Logic: With Common-Sense Symbolic Techniques. Routledge. p.325. ISBN978-1-135-21870-6.
↑Banks, Sinclair (2019-03-01). The Solution to an Injustice in Trials: A fallacy unmasked. Sinclair Banks. p.364. ISBN978-0-578-46220-2.
↑Stanlick, Nancy A.; Strawser, Michael J. (2015-03-05). Asking Good Questions: Case Studies in Ethics and Critical Thinking. Hackett Publishing. p.68. ISBN978-1-58510-755-1.
↑Bogdan, R. (2012-12-06). Local Induction. Springer Science & Business Media. p.122. ISBN978-94-011-9799-1.
↑Menzel, Christopher (2023), "Possible Worlds", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Hansen, Casper Storm (2021), "Classical Mathematics and Plenitudinous Combinatorialism", Founding Mathematics on Semantic Conventions, Synthese Library, vol.446, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.9–27, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88534-2_2, ISBN978-3-030-88533-5, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Kim, Jaegwon (1986). "Possible Worlds and Armstrong's Combinatorialism". Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 16 (4): 595–612. doi:10.1080/00455091.1986.10717138. ISSN0045-5091. JSTOR40231493.
↑Tomassi, Paul (2013-05-13). Logic. Routledge. p.39. ISBN978-1-134-70591-7.
↑"Introduction to Logic - Chapter 2". intrologic.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
12"Introduction to Propositional Logic". www.cs.odu.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Nute, Donald (2012-12-06). Topics in Conditional Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN978-94-009-8966-5.
↑Egré, Paul; Rott, Hans (2021), "The Logic of Conditionals", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-29
12Beall, Jeffrey C. (2010). Logic: the basics (1. publed.). London: Routledge. pp.17, 57. ISBN978-0-203-85155-5.
1234Lemmon, E. J. (1971-09-30). Beginning Logic. CRC Press. pp.47–48, 53, 69–70, 187. ISBN978-0-412-38090-7.
12Allen, Colin; Hand, Michael (2001-01-16). Logic Primer, second edition. MIT Press. pp.53, 99. ISBN978-0-262-30396-5.
↑Moreland, J. P.; Craig, William Lane (2009-09-20). Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview. InterVarsity Press. p.54. ISBN978-0-8308-7649-5.
↑Iemhoff, Rosalie; Moortgat, Michael; Queiroz, Ruy de (2019-06-23). Logic, Language, Information, and Computation: 26th International Workshop, WoLLIC 2019, Utrecht, The Netherlands, July 2-5, 2019, Proceedings. Springer. p.248. ISBN978-3-662-59533-6.
↑Elgin, Samuel Z. (2021-02-01). "Counterfactual Logic and the Necessity of Mathematics". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 50 (1): 97–115. doi:10.1007/s10992-020-09563-8. ISSN1573-0433.
↑Boghossian, Paul Artin; Peacocke, Christopher (2000). New Essays on the a Priori. Oxford University Press. p.202. ISBN978-0-19-924126-2.
12Smith, Peter (2007-07-26). An Introduction to Gödel's Theorems. Cambridge University Press. pp.10, 331. ISBN978-0-521-85784-0.
↑Baker, Alan (2020), "Counterpossibles in Mathematical Practice: The Case of Spoof Perfect Numbers", in Sriraman, Bharath (ed.), Handbook of the History and Philosophy of Mathematical Practice, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.1–27, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19071-2_24-1, ISBN978-3-030-19071-2, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑"The Sheffer Stroke | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑"Compactness | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-03-22.
↑Priest, Graham (2000-10-12). Logic: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. p.4. ISBN978-0-19-289320-8.
123Schroeder-Heister, Peter (2024), "Proof-Theoretic Semantics", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Iacona, Andrea (2021-05-10). LOGIC: Lecture Notes for Philosophy, Mathematics, and Computer Science. Springer Nature. p.77. ISBN978-3-030-64811-4.
↑Hájek, Petr; Pudlák, Pavel (2017-03-02). Metamathematics of First-Order Arithmetic. Cambridge University Press. p.166. ISBN978-1-107-16841-1.
↑Leblanc, Hugues; Mendelson, Elliott; Orenstein, A. (2013-04-17). Foundations: Logic, Language, and Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p.93. ISBN978-94-017-1592-8.
↑Almeida, Michael J. (27 February 2012). The Metaphysics of Perfect Beings. Routledge. ISBN978-1-135-89462-7.
↑Wellwood, Alexis (2019-09-26). The Meaning of More. Oxford University Press. p.157. ISBN978-0-19-252681-6.
↑Garrett, Brian (2022-02-21). Time, Identity and the Self: Essays on Metaphysics. Springer Nature. p.175. ISBN978-3-030-85517-8.
↑Restall, Greg (2002-09-11). An Introduction to Substructural Logics. Routledge. p.65. ISBN978-1-136-79930-3.
↑Horsten, Leon; Pettigrew, Richard (2014-09-25). The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophical Logic. Bloomsbury Publishing. p.213. ISBN978-1-4725-2273-3.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Wansing, Heinrich (2013-06-29). What is Negation?. Springer Science & Business Media. p.26. ISBN978-94-015-9309-0.
↑Plato, Jan von (2013). Elements of Logical Reasoning. Cambridge University Press. p.47. ISBN978-1-107-03659-8.
↑Manzano, Maria (1996-03-29). Extensions of First-Order Logic. Cambridge University Press. p.80. ISBN978-0-521-35435-6.
↑Hurd, Joe; Melham, Tom (2005-08-29). Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics: 18th International Conference, TPHOLs 2005, Oxford, UK, August 22-25, 2005, Proceedings. Springer. p.36. ISBN978-3-540-31820-0.
↑Rieger, Adam; Young, Gareth (2020-01-01). Dialetheism and its Applications. Springer Nature. p.63. ISBN978-3-030-30221-4.
↑Gabbay, Dov M.; Woods, John (2007-08-13). The Many Valued and Nonmonotonic Turn in Logic. Elsevier. p.98. ISBN978-0-08-054939-2.
↑Edixhoven, Bas; Couveignes, Jean-Marc (2011-06-20). Computational Aspects of Modular Forms and Galois Representations: How One Can Compute in Polynomial Time the Value of Ramanujan's Tau at a Prime (AM-176). Princeton University Press. p.97. ISBN978-0-691-14201-2.
↑Johnson, R. H.; Ohlbach, H. J.; Gabbay, Dov M.; Woods, John (2002-09-11). Handbook of the Logic of Argument and Inference: The Turn Towards the Practical. Elsevier. p.90. ISBN978-0-08-053291-2.
↑Eiter, Thomas; Krennwallner, Thomas (2012-08-18). Reasoning Web - Semantic Technologies for Advanced Query Answering: 8th International Summer School 2012, Vienna, Austria, September 3-8, 2012. Proceedings. Springer. p.167. ISBN978-3-642-33158-9.
↑"Natural Deduction | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Braüner, Torben (2004). "Two Natural Deduction Systems for Hybrid Logic: A Comparison". Journal of Logic, Language and Information. 13 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1023/A:1026187215321. ISSN0925-8531. JSTOR40180365.
12Garson, James (2024), "Modal Logic", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Kamareddine, Fairouz (1995). "A Type Free Theory and Collective/Distributive Predication". Journal of Logic, Language and Information. 4 (2): 85–109. doi:10.1007/BF01048616. ISSN0925-8531. JSTOR40180063.
↑de Vries, Hanna (2017). "Two kinds of distributivity". Natural Language Semantics. 25 (2): 173–197. doi:10.1007/s11050-017-9133-z. ISSN0925-854X. JSTOR26636691.
↑Suppes, Patrick; Hill, Shirley (2012-04-30). First Course in Mathematical Logic. Courier Corporation. pp.23–26. ISBN978-0-486-15094-9.
↑Kirk, Donna (2023-03-22). "2.2. Compound Statements". Contemporary Mathematics. OpenStax.
12Omodeo, Eugenio G.; Policriti, Alberto (2017-01-27). Martin Davis on Computability, Computational Logic, and Mathematical Foundations. Springer. p.384. ISBN978-3-319-41842-1.
↑Bimbo, Katalin (2014-08-20). Proof Theory: Sequent Calculi and Related Formalisms. CRC Press. p.193. ISBN978-1-4665-6466-4.
↑Church, Alonzo (1996). Introduction to Mathematical Logic. Princeton University Press. p.166. ISBN978-0-691-02906-1.
↑Igarashi, Yoshihide; Altman, Tom; Funada, Mariko; Kamiyama, Barbara (2014-05-27). Computing: A Historical and Technical Perspective. CRC Press. p.127. ISBN978-1-4822-2741-3.
↑De Rijke, Maarten (1998). "A System of Dynamic Modal Logic". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 27 (2): 109–142. doi:10.1023/A:1004295308014. ISSN0022-3611. JSTOR30227100.
↑Boolos, George S.; Burgess, John P.; Jeffrey, Richard C. (2002-03-04). Computability and Logic. Cambridge University Press. pp.73–74. ISBN978-0-521-00758-0.
↑Feferman, Solomon (1957). Formal Consistency Proofs and Interpretability of Theories. University of California, Berkeley. p.21.
↑Blondel, Vincent D.; Megretski, Alexandre (2009-04-11). Unsolved Problems in Mathematical Systems and Control Theory. Princeton University Press. p.305. ISBN978-1-4008-2615-5.
↑Kiyoki, Yasushi (2004). Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases XV. IOS Press. p.202. ISBN978-1-58603-396-5.
↑Boniolo, G. (2007-04-25). On Scientific Representations: From Kant to a New Philosophy of Science. Springer. p.60. ISBN978-0-230-20657-1.
↑Stone, John David (1981). "Meaninglessness and Paradox: Some Remarks on Goldstein's Paper". Linguistics and Philosophy. 4 (3): 423–429. doi:10.1007/BF00304404. ISSN0165-0157. JSTOR25001063.
↑Horn, Laurence R.; Wansing, Heinrich (2022), "Negation", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Nolt, John (2021), "Free Logic", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Pavlović, Edi; Gratzl, Norbert (2021-02-01). "A More Unified Approach to Free Logics". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 50 (1): 117–148. doi:10.1007/s10992-020-09564-7. ISSN1573-0433.
↑Metakides, G.; Nerode, A. (1996-06-13). Principles of Logic and Logic Programming. Elsevier. p.130. ISBN978-0-08-053964-5.
12Giovannini, Eduardo N.; Schiemer, Georg (2021-12-01). "What are Implicit Definitions?". Erkenntnis. 86 (6): 1661–1691. doi:10.1007/s10670-019-00176-5. ISSN1572-8420.
↑Winnie, John A. (1965). "Theoretical Terms and Partial Definitions". Philosophy of Science. 32 (3/4): 324–328. doi:10.1086/288056. ISSN0031-8248. JSTOR186527.
↑"Propositional Logic | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Newmeyer, Frederick J. (2017-12-04). English Aspectual Verbs. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p.65. ISBN978-3-11-081845-1.
↑Radford, Andrew (2020-10-15). An Introduction to English Sentence Structure. Cambridge University Press. p.348. ISBN978-1-108-83954-9.
↑"Rudolf Carnap > H. Tolerance, Metaphysics, and Meta-Ontology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Blossier, Thomas; Bouscaren, Elisabeth (2010). "Finitely Axiomatizable Strongly Minimal Groups". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 75 (1): 25–50. doi:10.2178/jsl/1264433908. ISSN0022-4812. JSTOR25676766.
↑Ivanov, Alexandre (May 1999). "FINITELY AXIOMATIZABLE THEORIES (Siberian School of Algebra and Logic)". Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society. 31 (3): 373. doi:10.1112/S0024609397244164.
↑Ebbinghaus, H.-D.; Flum, J.; Thomas, Wolfgang (2013-03-14). Mathematical Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. p.174. ISBN978-1-4757-2355-7.
↑Priest, Graham, ed. (2008), "First Degree Entailment", An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is, Cambridge Introductions to Philosophy (2ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.142–162, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511801174.011, ISBN978-0-511-80117-4, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Omori, Hitoshi; Wansing, Heinrich (2017-12-01). "40 years of FDE: An Introductory Overview". Studia Logica. 105 (6): 1021–1049. doi:10.1007/s11225-017-9748-6. ISSN1572-8730.
↑Åkerman, Jonas (2013). "Forced-March Sorites Arguments and Linguistic Competence". Dialectica. 67 (4): 403–426. doi:10.1111/1746-8361.12038. ISSN0012-2017. JSTOR42971334.
↑Hyde, Dominic; Raffman, Diana (2018), "Sorites Paradox", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-28
12Ashworth, E. J. (2012-12-06). Language and Logic in the Post-Medieval Period. Springer Science & Business Media. p.128. ISBN978-94-010-2226-2.
12Gabbay, Dov M.; Woods, John (2008-03-14). Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic. Elsevier. p.475. ISBN978-0-08-056085-4.
12Hochschild, Joshua P.; Nevitt, Turner C.; Wood, Adam; Borbély, Gábor (2023-04-27). Metaphysics Through Semantics: The Philosophical Recovery of the Medieval Mind: Essays in Honor of Gyula Klima. Springer Nature. p.265. ISBN978-3-031-15026-5.
↑Hodges, Wilfrid; Väänänen, Jouko (2019), "Logic and Games", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2019ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Halbach, Volker; Visser, Albert (2014), "The Henkin Sentence", in Manzano, María; Sain, Ildikó; Alonso, Enrique (eds.), The Life and Work of Leon Henkin, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.249–263, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09719-0_17, ISBN978-3-319-09718-3, retrieved 2024-04-28
↑Boolos, George S.; Burgess, John P.; Jeffrey, Richard C. (2002-03-04). Computability and Logic. Cambridge University Press. p.236. ISBN978-0-521-00758-0.
↑Ghilardi, Silvio; Pagani, Elena (2021-03-01). "Higher-Order Quantifier Elimination, Counter Simulations and Fault-Tolerant Systems". Journal of Automated Reasoning. 65 (3): 425–460. doi:10.1007/s10817-020-09578-5. hdl:2434/766980. ISSN1573-0670.
↑Hofweber, Thomas (2022-12-08). "The Case Against Higher-Order Metaphysics". Metaphysics Collaborative. 5 (1): 29–50. doi:10.5334/met.83.
↑Williamson, Timothy (1999). "On the Structure of Higher-Order Vagueness". Mind. 108 (429): 127–143. doi:10.1093/mind/108.429.127. ISSN0026-4423. JSTOR2659905.
↑Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. p.183. ISBN978-0-19-164834-2.
↑Cook, Roy T. (2007-11-27). The Arché Papers on the Mathematics of Abstraction. Springer Science & Business Media. p.355. ISBN978-1-4020-4265-2.
↑Cresswell, Julia (2010-09-09). Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. OUP Oxford. p.128. ISBN978-0-19-954793-7.
↑Miles, Murray (2003-01-01). Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy. University of Toronto Press. p.644. ISBN978-0-8020-8531-3.
↑"implicit definition". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Hall, Geoffrey (2021-02-01). "Indefinite extensibility and the principle of sufficient reason". Philosophical Studies. 178 (2): 471–492. doi:10.1007/s11098-020-01441-y. ISSN1573-0883.
↑Priest, Graham (2013). "Indefinite Extensibility—Dialetheic Style". Studia Logica. 101 (6): 1263–1275. doi:10.1007/s11225-013-9532-1. hdl:11343/282970. ISSN0039-3215. JSTOR43649610.
↑Bacon, John B.; Detlefsen, Michael; McCarty, David Charles (2013-09-05). Logic from A to Z: The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Glossary of Logical and Mathematical Terms. Routledge. p.54. ISBN978-1-134-97104-6.
↑Goodman, Michael F. (1993). First Logic. University Press of America. p.222. ISBN978-0-8191-8888-5.
↑Heil, John (2021-10-06). First-Order Logic: A Concise Introduction. Hackett Publishing. p.288. ISBN978-1-64792-010-4.
↑Copi, Irving; Cohen, Carl; Flage, Daniel (2016-12-08). Essentials of Logic. Taylor & Francis. p.309. ISBN978-1-315-38901-1.
12Vilkko, Risto; Hintikka, Jaakko (2006). "Existence and Predication from Aristotle to Frege". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 73 (2): 359–377. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00622.x. ISSN0031-8205. JSTOR40040975.
↑Maienborn, Claudia; Heusinger, Klaus; Portner, Paul (2019-02-19). Semantics - Interfaces. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p.501. ISBN978-3-11-058984-9.
↑"Liar Paradox | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Genesereth, Michael; Kao, Eric (2022-12-06). Introduction to Logic. Springer Nature. p.40. ISBN978-3-031-01798-8.
↑"Substructural Logics and Residuated Lattices", Residuated Lattices: An Algebraic Glimpse at Substructural Logics, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol.151, Elsevier, 2007, pp.75–139, doi:10.1016/s0049-237x(07)80007-3, ISBN978-0-444-52141-5, retrieved 2024-04-27
12Bezhanishvili, Nick; Löbner, Sebastian; Schwabe, Kerstin; Spada, Luca (2011-07-18). Logic, Language, and Computation: 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009, Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009. Revised Selected Papers. Springer Science & Business Media. p.64. ISBN978-3-642-22302-0.
↑Martin, Robert M. (2004-05-14). Introducing Symbolic Logic. Broadview Press. p.12. ISBN978-1-55111-635-8.
12Russell, Gillian; Blake-Turner, Christopher (2023), "Logical Pluralism", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Beall, J. C.; Restall, Greg (2006). Logical pluralism. Oxford: New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-928841-0. OCLC60793942.
12Reicher, Maria (2022), "Nonexistent Objects", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑"Abstractionism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Hanazawa, Masazumi (1990). "ON AXIOM SCHEMATA APPLICABLE TO THE FORMULAE WITH ɛ-SYMBOLS". Tsukuba Journal of Mathematics. 14 (1): 91–98. doi:10.21099/tkbjm/1496161321. ISSN0387-4982. JSTOR43686680.
↑Chang, Chin-Liang; Lee, Richard Char-Tung (2014-06-28). Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving. Academic Press. p.35. ISBN978-0-08-091728-3.
↑Das, Subrata (2013-12-14). Computational Business Analytics. CRC Press. p.31. ISBN978-1-4398-9073-8.
12Menzel, Christopher (2024), "The Possibilism-Actualism Debate", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Armour-Garb, Bradley; Stoljar, Daniel; Woodbridge, James (2023), "Deflationism About Truth", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
123Dean, Walter; Naibo, Alberto (2024), "Recursive Functions", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Divers, John (2004). "Agnosticism about Other Worlds: A New Antirealist Programme in Modality". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 69 (3): 660–685. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2004.tb00522.x. ISSN0031-8205. JSTOR40040771.
↑Fallon, Francis; Hyman, Gavin (2020-11-05). Agnosticism: Explorations in Philosophy and Religious Thought. Oxford University Press. p.33. ISBN978-0-19-885912-3.
↑Jacquette, Dale (2008-04-15). A Companion to Philosophical Logic. John Wiley & Sons. p.236. ISBN978-1-4051-4994-5.
↑Soames, Scott (2009-03-09). Philosophical Essays, Volume 2: The Philosophical Significance of Language. Princeton University Press. p.5. ISBN978-1-4008-3318-4.
↑"Logical Consequence, Model-Theoretic Conceptions | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-28.
↑Blackburn, Simon (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press. p.311. ISBN978-0-19-873530-4.
↑Margaris, Angelo (1990-01-01). First Order Mathematical Logic. Courier Corporation. p.143. ISBN978-0-486-66269-5.
↑Stoll, Robert Roth (1979-10-01). Set Theory and Logic. Courier Corporation. p.239. ISBN978-0-486-63829-4.
↑Robles, Gemma (2008). "The Basic Constructive Logic for Negation-Consistency". Journal of Logic, Language and Information. 17 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1007/s10849-007-9056-z. ISSN0925-8531. JSTOR41217804.
↑Robles, Gemma (2008). "EXTENSIONS OF THE BASIC CONSTRUCTIVE LOGIC FOR NEGATION-CONSISTENCY B Kc4 DEFINED WITH A FALSITY CONSTANT". Logique et Analyse. 51 (201): 57–80. ISSN0024-5836. JSTOR44084882.
↑Robles, Gemma (April 2008). "The Basic Constructive Logic for Negation-Consistency". Journal of Logic, Language and Information. 17 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1007/s10849-007-9056-z. ISSN0925-8531.
↑""Chapter 5" | Logic: Deductive and Inductive | Carveth Read, M.A. | Lit2Go ETC". etc.usf.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑"Logic and Categorical Claims". faculty.fiu.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Ballarin, Roberta (2023), "Modern Origins of Modal Logic", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Kment, Boris (2021), "Varieties of Modality", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Berleur, Jacques; Clement, Andrew; Sizer, Richard; Whitehouse, Diane (2013-11-11). The Information Society: Evolving Landscapes. Springer Science & Business Media. p.392. ISBN978-1-4757-4328-9.
↑"JML Reference Manual: Predicates and Specification Expressions". www.cs.ucf.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑"Part One: Numbers and Quantifiers". Indiana University Press: 26–105. 1973. ISBN978-0-253-04940-7.
↑Troiani, Vanessa; Peelle, Jonathan E.; Clark, Robin; Grossman, Murray (Jan 2009). "Is it logical to count on quantifiers? Dissociable neural networks underlying numerical and logical quantifiers". Neuropsychologia. 47 (1): 104–111. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.015. ISSN0028-3932. PMC2637397. PMID18789346.
12Hodges, Wilfrid (2022), "Tarski's Truth Definitions", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-26
↑"Context and the Attitudes". academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557950.003.0003. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Linsky, Leonard (1972). "Two Concepts of Quantification". Noûs. 6 (3): 224–239. doi:10.2307/2214771. ISSN0029-4624. JSTOR2214771.
↑Vague Objects and Vague Identity. Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science. Vol.33. 2014. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7978-5. ISBN978-94-007-7977-8.
↑Barnes, Elizabeth (2010). "Ontic Vagueness: A Guide for the Perplexed". Noûs. 44 (4): 601–627. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2010.00762.x. ISSN0029-4624. JSTOR40959694.
↑Woodbridge, James A.; Armour-Garb, Bradley (2005). Sorensen, Roy (ed.). "Semantic Pathology and the Open Pair". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 71 (3): 695–703. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2005.tb00482.x. ISSN0031-8205. JSTOR40040896.
↑Goldstein, Laurence (2009). "A Consistent Way with Paradox". Philosophical Studies. 144 (3): 377–389. doi:10.1007/s11098-008-9215-3. ISSN0031-8116. JSTOR27734452.
↑Van Nieuwenborgh, Davy; Heymans, Stijn; Vermeir, Dirk (2005), "An Ordered Logic Program Solver", in Hermenegildo, Manuel V.; Cabeza, Daniel (eds.), Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, vol.3350, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp.128–142, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30557-6_11, ISBN978-3-540-24362-5, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Buccafurri, Francesco; Leone, Nicola; Scarcello, Francesco (1996-01-01). "On the expressive power of ordered logic". AI Communications. 9 (1): 4–13. doi:10.3233/AIC-1996-9101. ISSN0921-7126.
↑Blamey, Stephen (2002), "Partial Logic", in Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, F. (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp.261–353, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0458-8_5, ISBN978-90-481-5927-7, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Barba, Juan (1993). "A Modal Reduction for Partial Logic". Journal of Philosophical Logic. 22 (4): 429–435. doi:10.1007/BF01052534. ISSN0022-3611. JSTOR30227069.
↑Jäger, Gerhard (2005-08-26). Anaphora and Type Logical Grammar. Springer Science & Business Media. p.27. ISBN978-1-4020-3904-1.
↑Lecomte, Alain (2011-03-22). Meaning, Logic And Ludics. World Scientific. p.99. ISBN978-1-908978-24-0.
↑Kamath, Pritish (2015). Communication complexity of permutation-invariant functions (Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/99861.
↑Bobzien, Susanne; Duncombe, Matthew (2023), "Dialectical School", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Lucas, J. R. (2002-09-11). Conceptual Roots of Mathematics. Routledge. p.80. ISBN978-1-134-62227-6.
↑Ben-Menahem, Yemima (2022-06-13). Rethinking the Concept of Law of Nature: Natural Order in the Light of Contemporary Science. Springer Nature. p.157. ISBN978-3-030-96775-8.
↑Allan, Keith (2010-04-06). Concise Encyclopedia of Semantics. Elsevier. p.931. ISBN978-0-08-095969-6.
↑Epstein, Richard L. (2018-11-05). Propositional Logics 3rd edition. Advanced Reasoning Forum. p.66. ISBN978-0-9834521-7-1.
↑Hackstaff, L. H. (2012-12-06). Systems of Formal Logic. Springer Science & Business Media. p.199. ISBN978-94-010-3547-7.
↑Flaminio, Tommaso; Rivieccio, Umberto (September 2022). "Prelinearity in (quasi-)Nelson logic". Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 445: 66–89. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2022.03.021. ISSN0165-0114.
↑Codara, Pietro; D'Antona, Ottavio M.; Marra, Vincenzo (2007). "Propositional Gödel Logic and Delannoy Paths". FUZZ-IEEE 2007, IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Imperial College, London, UK, 23–26 July, 2007, Proceedings. IEEE. pp.1–5. doi:10.1109/FUZZY.2007.4295542. ISBN978-1-4244-1209-9.
↑Sannella, Donald; Tarlecki, Andrzej (2012-01-05). Foundations of Algebraic Specification and Formal Software Development. Springer Science & Business Media. p.53. ISBN978-3-642-17336-3.
↑Zalta, E. (2012-12-06). Abstract Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics. Springer Science & Business Media. p.30. ISBN978-94-009-6980-3.
↑"Truth, Prosentential Theory of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy". Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Visser, Albert; Zoethout, Jetze (June 2019). "Provability logic and the completeness principle". Annals of Pure and Applied Logic. 170 (6): 718–753. arXiv:1804.09451. doi:10.1016/j.apal.2019.02.001. ISSN0168-0072.
↑Weber, Zach (2021-10-21). Paradoxes and Inconsistent Mathematics. Cambridge University Press. p.114. ISBN978-1-108-83441-4.
↑Başkent, Can; Ferguson, Thomas Macaulay (2020-01-01). Graham Priest on Dialetheism and Paraconsistency. Springer Nature. p.355. ISBN978-3-030-25365-3.
↑Beall, Jeffrey C. (2017). Logic: the basics (2nded.). London New York: Routledge. p.61. ISBN978-1-138-85227-3.
↑Smullyan, Raymond M. (1993). Recursion Theory for Metamathematics. Oxford University Press. p.47. ISBN978-0-19-508232-6.
↑Khlentzos, Drew (2021), "Challenges to Metaphysical Realism", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑"Actualism > The Simplest Quantified Modal Logic (SQML) (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Summer 2020 Edition)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑"Elements of Logic 37". www3.nd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
↑Hugly, Philip; Sayward, C. (2012-12-06). Intensionality and Truth: An Essay on the Philosophy of A.N. Prior. Springer Science & Business Media. p.177. ISBN978-94-009-0293-0.
↑Murphey, Murray (2011-12-23). The Development of Quine's Philosophy. Springer Science & Business Media. p.196. ISBN978-94-007-2423-5.
↑Lassaigne, Richard; Rougemont, Michel de (2012-12-06). Logic and Complexity. Springer Science & Business Media. p.116. ISBN978-0-85729-392-3.
↑Ellis, Gerard (1995-07-21). Conceptual Structures: Applications, Implementation and Theory: Third International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS '95, Santa Cruz, CA, USA, August 14 - 18, 1995. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p.21. ISBN978-3-540-60161-6.
↑Wang, Hao (2014-09-22). Popular Lectures on Mathematical Logic. Courier Corporation. p.74. ISBN978-0-486-17104-3.
12Marti, Genoveva (2016), "Sense and reference", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1ed.), London: Routledge, doi:10.4324/9780415249126-x038-1, ISBN978-0-415-25069-6, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Hinman, Peter G. (2018-10-08). Fundamentals of Mathematical Logic. CRC Press. p.441. ISBN978-1-4398-6427-2.
↑Craig, Edward (1998). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. p.808. ISBN978-0-415-18710-7.
↑Kremer, Philip; Rivello, Edoardo (2023), "The Revision Theory of Truth", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Chapman, Siobhan (2002-11-01). Philosophy for Linguists: An Introduction. Routledge. p.30. ISBN978-1-134-62457-7.
↑Corcoran, John; Hamid, Idris Samawi (2022), "Schema", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-27
↑Thalheim, Bernhard (1996-09-25). Conceptual Modeling - ER '96: 15th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Cottbus, Germany, October 7 - 10, 1996. Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. p.62. ISBN978-3-540-61784-6.
↑Pacholski, Leszek; Tiuryn, Jerzy (1995-07-18). Computer Science Logic: 8th Workshop, CSL '94, Kazimierz, Poland, September 25 - 30, 1994. Selected Papers. Springer Science & Business Media. p.106. ISBN978-3-540-60017-6.
↑Textor, Mark (2010-09-13). Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Frege on Sense and Reference. Routledge. p.45. ISBN978-1-136-93054-6.
↑Tarski, Alfred (1944). "The Semantic Conception of Truth: and the Foundations of Semantics". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 4 (3): 341–376. doi:10.2307/2102968. ISSN0031-8205. JSTOR2102968.
↑Boundas, Constantin V. (2007-06-19). Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophies. Edinburgh University Press. p.241. ISBN978-0-7486-2929-9.
↑Epstein, R. L. (2013-11-11). The Semantic Foundations of Logic Volume 1: Propositional Logics. Springer Science & Business Media. p.31. ISBN978-94-009-0525-2.
↑Giaquinto, Marcus (2002-06-06). The Search for Certainty: A Philosophical Account of Foundations of Mathematics: A Philosophical Account of Foundations of Mathematics. Clarendon Press. p.256. ISBN978-0-19-158817-4.
↑Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004). The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. p.503. ISBN978-1-4051-0679-5.
↑MacBride, Fraser; Marion, Mathieu; Frápolli, María José; Edgington, Dorothy; Elliott, Edward; Lutz, Sebastian; Paris, Jeffrey (2023), "Frank Ramsey", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-29
↑Bar-Elli, Gilead (2013-02-06). The Sense of Reference: Intentionality in Frege. Walter de Gruyter. p.3. ISBN978-3-11-081303-6.
↑Barros, J. Acacio de; Montemayor, Carlos (2019-09-19). Quanta and Mind: Essays on the Connection between Quantum Mechanics and Consciousness. Springer Nature. p.206. ISBN978-3-030-21908-6.
↑"Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Basics of Logics". www.emse.fr. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
↑"6. Semantics of Propositional Logic — Logic and Proof 3.18.4 documentation". leanprover.github.io. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
↑Chowdhary, K.R. (2020). Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence. pp.31–34. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7. ISBN978-81-322-3970-3.
12Philosophy of Logic. Elsevier. 2006-11-29. pp.259, 1038. ISBN978-0-08-046663-7.
↑Simmons, Keith (2018-05-24). Semantic Singularities: Paradoxes of Reference, Predication, and Truth. Oxford University Press. p.6. ISBN978-0-19-250919-2.
↑Büchi, J. R.; Siefkes, D. (2006-11-14). Decidable Theories: Vol. 2: The Monadic Second Order Theory of All Countable Ordinals. Springer. p.7. ISBN978-3-540-46946-9.
↑Bostock, David (1997). Intermediate logic. Oxford: New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. p.81. ISBN978-0-19-875141-0.
↑Yang, Syraya Chin-mu (Aug 2011), "A universally free modal logic", Proceedings of the 11th Asian Logic Conference, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp.159–180, doi:10.1142/9789814360548_0010, ISBN978-981-4360-53-1, retrieved 2025-10-14
↑Wright, Crispin (2021). The Riddle of Vagueness. Oxford University Press. p.139. ISBN978-0-19-927733-9.
↑"Number game - Paradoxes, Fallacies | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
↑Pironet, Fabienne; Spruyt, Joke (2023), "Sophismata", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2023ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-26
↑Piecha, Thomas; Schroeder-Heister, Peter (2015-10-24). Advances in Proof-Theoretic Semantics. Springer. p.242. ISBN978-3-319-22686-6.
↑Boolos, George (1998). Logic, Logic, and Logic. Harvard University Press. p.52. ISBN978-0-674-53767-5.
↑Ross, Timothy J. (2005-04-08). Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p.163. ISBN978-0-470-86076-2.
↑Placek, Tomasz (2013-03-09). Mathematical Intuitionism and Intersubjectivity: A Critical Exposition of Arguments for Intuitionism. Springer Science & Business Media. p.81. ISBN978-94-015-9315-1.
↑Martin, Robert M. (1997-03-31). Scientific Thinking. Broadview Press. p.35. ISBN978-1-55111-130-8.
↑Maienborn, Claudia; Heusinger, Klaus von; Portner, Paul (2012-12-19). Semantics. Volume 3. Walter de Gruyter. p.2438. ISBN978-3-11-025338-2.
12Rieger, Adam; Young, Gareth (2020-01-01). Dialetheism and its Applications. Springer Nature. p.120. ISBN978-3-030-30221-4.
↑Suppes, Patrick (2012-07-12). Introduction to Logic. Courier Corporation. p.110. ISBN978-0-486-13805-3.
↑Dvurecenskij, Anatolij (2013-06-29). Gleason's Theorem and Its Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. p.74. ISBN978-94-015-8222-3.
↑Jansana, Ramon (2022), "Algebraic Propositional Logic", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-06-14
↑Halbach, Volker; Horsten, Leon (2013-04-30). Principles of Truth. Walter de Gruyter. p.52. ISBN978-3-11-033272-8.
↑Salles, Sagid (2021-03-12). Vagueness as Arbitrariness: Outline of a Theory of Vagueness. Springer Nature. p.102. ISBN978-3-030-66781-8.
↑Johnsonbaugh, Richard (2009). Discrete Mathematics. Prentice Hall. p.156. ISBN978-0-13-159318-3.
↑Ferguson, Thomas Macaulay; Priest, Graham (2016-06-23), "syntactic consequence", A Dictionary of Logic, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780191816802.001.0001, ISBN978-0-19-181680-2, retrieved 2024-03-23
↑Mares, Edwin (2024), "Relevance Logic", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-26
↑Boghossian, Paul; Peacocke, Christopher (2000-10-26). New Essays on the A Priori. Clarendon Press. p.247. ISBN978-0-19-152907-8.
↑Kahane, Howard; Hausman, Alan; Boardman, Frank (2020-12-18). Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction. Hackett Publishing. p.50. ISBN978-1-62466-936-1.
↑Oberste-Vorth, Ralph W.; Lawrence, Bonita A. (2012). Bridge to Abstract Mathematics. American Mathematical Soc. p.93. ISBN978-0-88385-779-3.
↑Haack, Susan (1978-07-27). Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-29329-7.
↑Jr, Henry E. Kyburg (1990-11-15). Science and Reason. Oxford University Press. p.21. ISBN978-0-19-536274-9.
12Logic Without Gaps or Gluts. Synthese Library. Vol.458. 2022. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94624-1. ISBN978-3-030-94623-4.
↑"Peter Suber, "Predicate Logic Terms and Symbols"". legacy.earlham.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
↑Schroeder-Heister, Peter (2024), "Proof-Theoretic Semantics", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-22
↑Leblanc, Hugues (1973). Truth, syntax and modality: proceedings of the Temple University Conference on Alternative Semantics. Studies in logic and the foundations of mathematics. Conference on Alternative Semantics, Temple University, Association for symbolic logic. Amsterdam: North-Holland. p.297. ISBN978-0-7204-2269-6.
↑Aussenac-Gilles, Nathalie; Hahmann, Torsten; Galton, Antony; Hedblom, Maria M., eds. (2023-12-21). Formal Ontology in Information Systems. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. Vol.377. IOS Press. p.42. doi:10.3233/faia377. ISBN978-1-64368-468-0.
↑Lin, Tsau Y., ed. (2005). Foundations of data mining and knowledge discovery. Studies in computational intelligence. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. p.92. ISBN978-3-540-26257-2.
↑Walters, Lee; Hawthorne, John P. (2021). Conditionals, paradox, and probability: themes from the philosophy of Dorothy Edgington. Oxford New York (N.Y.): Oxford University press. p.239. ISBN978-0-19-178107-0.
↑Polkowski, Lech T. (2023). "Logic: Reference Book for Computer Scientists". Intelligent Systems Reference Library. 245: 180. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42034-4. ISBN978-3-031-42033-7. ISSN1868-4394.
↑van Atten, Mark (2020), "Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2024-04-22
↑"Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer > Weak Counterexamples (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
123Gensler, Harry (2002-09-11). Introduction to Logic. Routledge. p.35. ISBN978-1-134-58880-0.
↑Hall, Cordelia; O'Donnell, John (2013-04-17). Discrete Mathematics Using a Computer. Springer Science & Business Media. p.44. ISBN978-1-4471-3657-6.
↑Agler, David W. (2013). Symbolic Logic: Syntax, Semantics, and Proof. Rowman & Littlefield. p.41. ISBN978-1-4422-1742-3.
↑Simpson, R. L. (2008-03-17). Essentials of Symbolic Logic - Third Edition. Broadview Press. p.14. ISBN978-1-77048-495-5.
↑Laderoute, Karl (2022-10-24). A Pocket Guide to Formal Logic. Broadview Press. p.59. ISBN978-1-77048-868-7.
↑Maurer, Stephen B.; Ralston, Anthony (2005-01-21). Discrete Algorithmic Mathematics, Third Edition. CRC Press. p.625. ISBN978-1-56881-166-6.
↑Martin, Robert M. (2002-05-06). The Philosopher's Dictionary - Third Edition. Broadview Press. p.323. ISBN978-1-77048-215-9.
↑ Date, Christopher (2008-10-14).リレーショナルデータベース辞典、拡張版. Apress. p. 211. ISBN978-1-4302-1042-9。
↑ Date, CJ (2015-12-21). The New Relational Database Dictionary: Terms, Concepts, and Examples . O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 241. ISBN978-1-4919-5171-2。
↑ Simpson, RL (1998-12-10). Essentials of Symbolic Logic . Broadview Press. p. 12. ISBN978-1-55111-250-3。