ル・ドンはダンのテーゼをさらに発展させ、「歴史上のイエスは、初期の弟子たちが思い出したイエスの記憶であるというダンのテーゼに、彼の歴史記述はまさに基づいている」と述べた。[ web 9 ]ル・ドンによれば、記憶は再構成されるものであり、過去を正確に思い出すものではない。[ web 9 ]彼は、出来事の記憶は、共通の物語や「類型」と関連付けることで促進され、それが記憶の保持と語り方を形作ると主張する。したがって、イエスの伝承は初期教会の神学的発明ではなく、「類型」の型によって語られる記憶に課される制約によって形作られ、屈折されるものだと彼は言っている。[ web 9 ]
パウロ信条にはキリスト神話とその崇拝の要素が含まれており、[ 254 ]フィリピ2 :6-11のキリスト賛歌[ al ]は、イエスを受肉し、その後昇天した天上の存在として描いている。[ 113 ] [ am ]学者たちは、これらをイエスの受肉と昇天が、イエスの死後数年、パウロ書簡の執筆の10年以上前にキリスト教の伝統の一部であったことの証拠と見なしている。[ 19 ] [ 256 ] [ an ]
近年の研究では、イエスの崇敬と敬愛はユダヤ教の文脈にしっかりと位置づけられている。アンドリュー・チェスターは、「パウロにとって、イエスは明らかに天界の人物であり、したがって、メシアとは天界に属する人間または天使であり、同時に地上で特定の限定された役割を担った人物であるというユダヤ教内で既に発展したメシア的カテゴリーに当てはまる」と主張している。[ 260 ]アーマンによれば、パウロはイエスを地上に受肉した天使とみなしていた。[ 19 ] [ ao ] [ ap ]ジェームズ・ワデルによれば、パウロのイエスを天界の人物とみなす考えは、エノク書とそのメシア概念の影響を受けている。[ 264 ] [ web 15 ] [ aq ]
フルタドによれば、パウロと同時代人にとってイエスは人間であり、十字架刑の後、メシアおよび主として崇められた。[ web 1 ]フルタドによれば、「第二神殿時代のユダヤ教の証拠には、『ユダヤ人の大天使イエス』の証拠は一切ない。…代わりに、第二神殿時代のこの名前はすべて歴史上の人物に関するものである。」[ web 1 ]フルタドは、「アレクサンドリアのフィロンは『イエス』という名の天使について言及している」というキャリアの主張を否定し、フィロンはヨシュアという名の祭司と、名前が「昇天」などと解釈できる王族について言及していると述べている。フルタドによれば、ゼカリヤ書にもフィロン書にも「イエスの昇天」は存在しない。[ web 18 ] [ web 19 ]
アーマンは、「キリスト教以前のユダヤ人で、イザヤ書53章(または他の「苦難」の箇所)が将来のメシアを指していると考えていた者はいなかった」と指摘している。[ 275 ]これらのテキストが彼の死後に初めて、彼の苦難を意味のある形で解釈するために用いられるようになったが、[ 275 ]「イザヤは将来のメシアについて語っているわけではなく、1世紀以前のユダヤ人によってメシアを指していると解釈されたことは一度もなかった」[ 276 ]。[ at ]
アーマンは、「神話主義者たちは声高になり、インターネットのおかげでより多くの注目を集めるようになった」と指摘している。[ 13 ]ワールドワイドウェブの誕生から数年(1990年頃)以内に、アール・ドハーティなどの神話主義者たちは、インターネットを通じてより多くの人々に自分たちの主張を提示し始めた。[ bj ]ドハーティは1996年にウェブサイト「The Jesus Puzzle」を作成し、[ web 24 ]一方、インターネット・インフィデルズという組織はウェブサイトで神話主義者の作品を紹介しており[ 433 ]、神話主義はいくつかの人気ニュースサイトでも取り上げられている。[ 434 ]
デレク・マーフィーによれば、ドキュメンタリー映画『神はいなかった』(2005年)と『ツァイトガイスト』(2007年)は、キリスト神話説をより多くの人々に紹介し、インターネット上でこの話題を広く取り上げるきっかけとなった。[ 435 ]ダニエル・グロッタは、「無神論者連合」という組織と、神話主義に関するキャリアーの研究との関係を指摘し、それが「世間の注目」を高めたと述べている。[ bk ]
↑ Gregor, Kamil; Blais, Brian; Hansen, Chrissy M. (2025年3月3日). 「福音書の劇的な年代に照らして再評価されたイエス神話の事前確率」. Journal of Early Christian History . 15 : 1–22 . doi : 10.1080/2222582X.2024.2366767 .
↑ Keith, Chris (2016). "福音書の物語と歴史上のイエス:現在の議論、過去の議論、そして歴史上のイエス研究の目標" (PDF) . Journal for the Study of the New Testament . 38 (4): 426– 455. doi : 10.1177/0142064X16637777 . S2CID 148040373 .
↑ TC Schmidt (2025). Josephus and Jesus: New Evidence for the One Called Christ . Oxford University Press . p. 9,145-147,149-151,188. ISBN9780191957697。
↑ Price, Robert M. (2009). "DM Murdock (Acharya S.)著『 Christ in Egypt: The Horus-Jesus Connection』の書評。Stellar House Publishing。rmp Reviews 。 2010年8月4日取得。
↑ Gray, Patrick (2016年4月19日). Paul as a Problem in History and Culture: The Apostle and His Critics through the Centuries (ドイツ語). Baker Academic. p. 85. ISBN9781493403332。
↑ Pfoh, Emanuel (2012). 「イエスと神話的精神:認識論的問題」。Thomas L. Thompson (編)『 「これは大工ではないか?」:イエス像の歴史性に関する問題』 Thomas S. Verenna、Equinox、pp. 80–81。ISBN978-1-84553-986-3福音書に描かれているイエスの人物像の歴史性を堅持する主な理由は、歴史的証拠に主眼があるのではなく、むしろ現代の神学的必要性から生じている。
↑ハンセン、クリストファー M. (2019–2020). 「書評: イエスの歴史性を問う: 哲学的分析が歴史的言説を解明する理由」マクマスター神学・宣教ジャーナル21 : 75–79 .
↑ AV アンドレーエフ (2015)。「イエスサ・クリスタ対ソヴィエツコム宗教主義の議論」Иискуссия об историчности Иисуса Христа в советском религиоведении[ソ連の宗教研究におけるイエス・キリストの歴史性に関する議論] (PDF)。聖ティホン正教会大学の新聞(ロシア語) 。 2015年6月12日取得。
↑ゴロロブ G. 「ボゴスロビエ・イ・ナシオナルニー・ヴォプロス」Богословие и национальный вопрос[神学と民族問題](ロシア語)。グメル図書館。 2015年6月12日取得。
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123Larry Hurtado (December 2, 2017 ), Why the "Mythical Jesus" Claim Has No Traction with Scholars
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↑Ehrman, Bart D. (September 28, 2015). "Early Christian Docetism". The Bart Ehrman Blog. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
12Duignan, Brian (2016), Religionsgeschichtliche Schule, Encyclopedia Britannica
12Kurt Rudolph (1987), Religionsgeschichtliche Schule, Encyclopedia of Religion
↑Lataster, Raphael (December 18, 2014). "Did historical Jesus really exist? The evidence just doesn't add up". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
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↑April DeConinck (2007), The Fourth Quest for the Historical Jesus?
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↑James F. McGrath (2007), What's Wrong With Penal Substitution?
12Stephen Westerholm (2015), The New Perspective on Paul in Review, Direction, Spring 2015 · Vol. 44 No. 1 · pp. 4–15
↑Ehrman, Bart D. (June 7, 2014). "Christ as an Angel in Paul". The Bart Ehrman Blog. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
↑Larry Huratdo (December 11, 2017 ), On Accurate Representation of Texts
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Further reading
Mainstream methodology
Journals
Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus, BRILL
Surveys
Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E., eds. (2011), Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols), BRILL, ISBN9789004210219
Evans, Craig A., ed. (2014), The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus, Routledge
Eerdmans Historical Jesus Studies Collection (5 vols.)
History
Weaver, Walter P. (1999), The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900–1950, A&C Black
Criteria for Authenticity
Porter, Stanley E. (2004), Criteria for Authenticity in Historical-Jesus Research, Bloomsbury, ISBN978-0567043603
Charlesworth, James H.; Rhea, Brian; Pokorny, Petr, eds. (2014), Jesus Research: New Methodologies and Perceptions—The Second Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Princeton 2007, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
Demise of Authenticity and call for Memory Studies
Keith, Chris; Le Donne, Anthony, eds. (2012), Jesus, Criteria, and the Demise of Authenticity, Bloomsbury Publishing
Kirk, Alan (2018), Memory and the Jesus Tradition, Bloomsbury Publishing
Criticism
James Dunn (2005), A New Perspective on Jesus: What the Quest for the Historical Jesus Missed, Baker Academic
Earl Doherty (1999), The Jesus Puzzle; republished (2009) as Jesus: Neither God nor Man—The Case for a Mythical Jesus; online
John W. Loftus; Robert M. Price, eds. (November 18, 2021). Varieties of Jesus Mythicism: Did He Even Exist?. Hypatia Press. ISBN978-1839191589.
Robert M. Price (2003), The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man
Robert M. Price (2011), The Christ-Myth Theory and Its Problems
Price, Robert M. (2018). Bart Ehrman Interpreted. Pitchstone Publishing.
Thompson, Thomas L.; Verenna, Thomas S., eds. (2012). "Is this Not the Carpenter?": The Question of the Historicity of the Figure of Jesus. Equinox. ISBN978-1-84553-986-3.
Brodie, Thomas L. (2012). Beyond the Quest for the Historical Jesus: Memoir of a Discovery. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN978-1-9075-3458-4.
Carrier, Richard (2014). On the Historicity of Jesus: Why We Might Have Reason for Doubt. Sheffield Phoenix Press. ISBN978-1-909697-35-5.