分子証拠によると、テナガザルの系統は1800万~1200万年前に類人猿の系統から分岐し、オランウータン(オランウータン亜科)[ b ]の系統は他の類人猿から約1200万年前に分岐した。テナガザルの祖先を明確に記録した化石はなく、テナガザルはこれまで知られていない東南アジアのヒト上科の集団に起源を持つ可能性があるが、化石の原始オランウータンは、約1000万年前のインドのシヴァピテクスとトルコのグリフォピテクスによって代表される可能性がある。[ 31 ]
連続する(あるいは資料によってはほぼ連続する)人類の進化上の祖先の頭蓋骨、[ c ] 「現代」のホモ・サピエンスまで* Mya – 百万年前、kya – 千年前
ヒト科動物の脳の大きさと歯の大きさ
人類は最終的に他の霊長類よりもはるかに大きな脳を発達させました。現代人では典型的には1,330 cm 3 (81 cu in)で、チンパンジーやゴリラの脳のほぼ 3 倍の大きさです。[ 154 ]二足歩行の結果として脳が小さかったアウストラロピテクス・アナメンシスとアルディピテクスとの停滞期の後、 [ 155 ]脳の大型化のパターンはホモ・ハビリスから始まりました。ホモ・ハビリスの脳は600 cm 3 (37 cu in)で、チンパンジーの脳よりわずかに大きかったのです。この進化はホモ・エレクトスで800~1,100 cm 3 (49~67 cu in)まで続き、ネアンデルタール人では最大で1,200~1,900 cm 3 (73~116 cu in)に達し、現代のホモ・サピエンスよりも大きくなりました。この脳の増大は出生後の脳の成長期に現れ、他の類人猿をはるかに凌駕した(異時性)。また、 200万年前から始まった幼少期の人間の社会学習や言語習得の期間を延長することも可能にした。脳の大型化は、カロリー密度が高く入手困難な食物への依存によるものかもしれない。[ 156 ]
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Heather M. Garvinc
Myra F. Laird
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Further reading
Alexander, Richard D. (1990). How Did Humans Evolve? Reflections on the Uniquely Unique Species(PDF). Special Publication. Ann Arbor: Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. pp.1–38. LCCN90623893. OCLC22860997. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
Bellwood, Peter (2022). The Five-Million-Year Odyssey: The Human Journey from Ape to Agriculture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-19757-9.
Enard, Wolfgang; Przeworski, Molly; Fisher, Simon E.; etal. (August 22, 2002). "Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language". Nature. 418 (6900): 869–872. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..869E. doi:10.1038/nature01025. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CB89-A. ISSN0028-0836. PMID12192408. S2CID4416233.
Flinn, Mark V.; Geary, David C.; Ward, Carol V. (2005). "Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms races: Why humans evolved extraordinary intelligence"(PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 26 (1): 10–46. Bibcode:2005EHumB..26...10F. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.005. ISSN1090-5138. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
Galinon-Melenec, Béatrice (2015). "From "Traces" and "Human Trace" to "Human–Trace Paradigm"". In Parrend, Pierre; Bourgine, Paul; Collet, Pierre (eds.). First Complex systems Digital Campus World E-Conference. Tempe, Arizona: Springer.
Gibbons, Ann (2006). The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestors. New York: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-51226-8. LCCN2005053780. OCLC61652817.
Heizmann, Elmar P. J.; Begun, David R. (November 2001). "The oldest Eurasian hominoid"(PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 41 (5): 463–481. Bibcode:2001JHumE..41..463H. doi:10.1006/jhev.2001.0495. ISSN0047-2484. PMID11681862. S2CID21230992.
Hill, Andrew; Ward, Steven (1988). "Origin of the hominidae: The record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 31 (59): 49–83. Bibcode:1988AJPA...31S..49H. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505. ISSN0002-9483.
Hoagland, Hudson (1964). "Science and the New Humanism". Science. 143 (3602): 111–114. Bibcode:1964Sci...143..111H. doi:10.1126/science.143.3602.111. PMID17781189.
Ijdo, Jacob W.; Baldini, Antonio; Ward, David C.; etal. (October 15, 1991). "Origin of human chromosome 2: An ancestral telomere-telomere fusion". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (20): 9051–9055. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9051I. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051. ISSN0027-8424. PMC52649. PMID1924367. – two ancestral ape chromosomes fused to give rise to human chromosome 2
Jones, Steve; Martin, Robert D.; Pilbeam, David, eds. (1994) [1992]. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Foreword by Richard Dawkins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-32370-3. LCCN92018037. OCLC444512451. (This book contains very useful, information-dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history.)
Kawabata, Hiroshi; Kaifu, Yousuke (2020). Lost in Evolution: Exploring Humanity's Path in Asia. Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture. ISBN978-4-86658-133-0. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
Leakey, Richard E.; Lewin, Roger (1992). Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human. New York: Doubleday. ISBN978-0-385-41264-3. LCCN92006661. OCLC25373161.
Lewin, Roger (1997). Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins (2nded.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0-226-47651-3. LCCN97000972. OCLC36181117.
Morwood, Mike; van Oosterzee, Penny (2007). A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia. New York: Smithsonian Books / HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-089908-0. LCCN2006052267. OCLC76481584.
Shreeve, James (1995). The Neandertal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins. New York: William Morrow & Co.ISBN978-0-688-09407-2. LCCN95006337. OCLC32088673.
Stringer, Chris B. (2011). The Origin of Our Species. London: Allen Lane. ISBN978-1-84614-140-9. LCCN2011489742. OCLC689522193.
Stringer, Chris B.; Andrews, Peter (2005). The Complete World of Human Evolution. London / New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-05132-0. LCCN2004110563. OCLC224377190.
Stringer, Christopher; McKie, Robin (1997). African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity. New York: Henry Holt & Co.ISBN978-0-8050-2759-4. LCCN96037718. OCLC36001167.
Sykes, Rebecca Wragg (2020). Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art. London: Bloomsbury Sigma. ISBN978-1-4729-3749-0.
Tattersall, Ian (2008). The Fossil Trail: How We Know What We Think We Know About Human Evolution (2nded.). Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-536766-9. LCCN2008013654. OCLC218188644.
van Oosterzee, Penny (1999). Dragon Bones: The Story of Peking Man. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin Australia. ISBN978-1-86508-123-6. LCCN00300421. OCLC45853997.
Walker, Alan; Shipman, Pat (1996). The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN978-0-297-81670-6. OCLC35202130.
Weiss, Mark L.; Mann, Alan E. (1985). Human Biology and Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective (4thed.). Boston: Little, Brown & Co.ISBN978-0-316-92894-6. LCCN85000158. OCLC11726796. (This book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history.)
Wells, Spencer (2003) [Originally published 2002; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press]. The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey (Random House trade paperbacked.). New York: Random House. ISBN978-0-8129-7146-0. LCCN2003066679. OCLC53287806.
External links
"Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins" by Allison Hopper, Scientific American (July 5, 2021).
"The evolution of man". BBC Science & Nature. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
"Bones, Stones and Genes: The Origin of Modern Humans" (Video lecture series). Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2015.
"Evolution Figures: Chapter 25". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Retrieved May 6, 2015. – Illustrations from the book Evolution (2007)
"Human Evolution". Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
"Human Evolution Timeline". ArchaeologyInfo.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
"Human Trace" video (2015) Normandy University UNIHAVRE, CNRS, IDEES, E.Laboratory on Human Trace Unitwin Complex System Digital Campus UNESCO.
Lambert, Tim (Producer) (June 24, 2015). First Peoples. London: Wall to Wall Television. OCLC910115743. Retrieved July 18, 2015.