公教育の確立に伴い、公立学校向けの標準化されたカリキュラムと、生徒の進捗状況を評価するための標準化されたテストが導入されました。現代の例としては、英語を母語としない人の英語能力を評価するために世界的に使用されているテストである外国語としての英語テスト(Test of English as a Foreign Language)や、 15歳の生徒が読解、数学、科学の分野でどのように成績を収めるかに基づいて世界中の教育システムを評価する国際学習到達度調査(PISA)などがあります。同様の変化は教師にも影響を与え、公立学校で教えるための資格要件など、教師の研修を指導および監督するための制度や規範が確立されました。[ 206 ]
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