継続して運営されている最古の大学のリスト

ボローニャ大学はイタリアのボローニャにあり、1088年に設立され、現在も継続して運営されている世界最古の大学である^[1]。

イタリアのナポリにあるナポリ大学フェデリコ2世は、シチリア王時代の1224年にフリードリヒ2世によって設立され、現在も継続して運営されている世界最古の国立大学です。^[2]^[3]

これは、世界で 継続して運営されている最古の現存する大学のリストです。

このリストに含まれるかどうかは、教育機関が学術歴史家によって使用される大学の伝統的な定義に初めて適合した日付によって決定されます^[注1]^{[指定] 。ただし、その時期以前に別の種類の機関として存在していた可能性もあります。}^[4]この定義では、「大学」という用語を、ヨーロッパで発展し、前近代世界の他の高等教育機関とは異なる形態をとる独特の構造的および法的特徴を持つ機関に限定しています。これらの機関は現在では一般に大学と呼ばれることもありますが。

このリストに掲載されるには、大学はヨーロッパで1500年以前に設立されているか、国や地域で中世ヨーロッパをモデルにした最古の大学でなければならない。また、その歴史を通じて組織の継続性が保たれ、現在も運営されている必要がある。そのため、13世紀初頭に設立され^[5]、1793年のフランス革命で廃止された^[6]パリ大学などの初期の大学は除外されている。ルイ・リアール法によりナポレオンのフランス大学制度が解体された後、1896年に誕生した現代のパリ大学のように、新たな基盤をもって再登場する大学もある。

「大学」という言葉はラテン語の universitas magistrorum et scholariumに由来しており、これはおおよそ「教師と学者のコミュニティ」を意味します。イタリアのボローニャにあるボローニャ大学は、1088年頃に教育が始まり、12世紀後半に大学として組織されましたが、現在も継続して運営されている世界最古の大学であり、^[1]高等教育と学位授与機関という意味で最初の大学です。^[7]^[8]^[1]多くの中世の大学の起源は、6世紀には早くも登場し、中世盛期に大学として正式に設立される前に数百年にわたって運営されていたカトリックの大聖堂学校または修道院学校にまで遡ることができます。^[9]

古代ギリシャ、アフリカ、古代ペルシャ、古代ローマ、ビザンチン、古代中国、古代インド、イスラム世界などの古代の高等教育機関は、現代の大学の起源となった中世ヨーロッパの大学とは文化的、歴史的、構造的、法的に異なるため、このリストには含まれていません。^{[注 2]}^{[注 3]}^[12]これらには、それぞれ857年、864年、970年にモスクとして設立され、ヨーロッパの大学が設立される前にマドラサに発展したアルカラウィーイン大学、エズジトゥーナ大学、アルアズハル大学が含まれており、これらは世界で継続して運営されている最古の高等教育機関となっています。これらの大学は、それぞれ1963年、1956年、1961年に大学になりました。

中世の起源

大学という機関は歴史的に中世社会に根ざしており、中世社会に影響を与え、形成してきました。学術歴史家ヴァルター・リュッグは次のように主張しています。^[12]

大学はヨーロッパの機関であり、実際、ヨーロッパを代表する機関です。この主張にはさまざまな理由があります。大学は、教員と教職員の共同体として、行政上の自治権、カリキュラム（学習課程）や研究目標の決定と実施、公的に認められた学位の授与などの一定の権利を与えられており、教皇制下のキリスト教のヨーロッパであった中世ヨーロッパの創造物です[...]。

現代の広がり

近世以降、大学は中世ラテン西方から世界中に広がり、最終的には他のすべての高等教育機関に取って代わり、あらゆる場所で高等教育の卓越した機関となった。その過程は次の時系列で起こった。^[13]

南ヨーロッパと西ヨーロッパ（11世紀または12世紀から）
中央ヨーロッパと北ヨーロッパ（14世紀または15世紀以降）
アメリカ大陸（16世紀以降）
オーストラリア（19世紀以降）
アジアとアフリカ（19世紀または20世紀以降）。ただし、17世紀にサント・トーマス大学が設立されたフィリピンは除きます。

1500年以前に大学として設立された

このリストには、1500年以前に設立され、それ以降も制度の継続性を維持している中世の大学が含まれています（存在しなくなった大学だけでなく、新設とみなされる機関に合併または分離した大学も除きます）。これらの大学のいくつかは短期間閉鎖されています。たとえば、シエナ大学はナポレオン戦争中の1805年から1815年まで閉鎖され、チェコ共和国とポーランドの大学はナチス占領下の1938年から1945年まで閉鎖されました。

大学の設立は、学者によれば、大学の定義を初めて満たした時点から始まる。ボローニャ大学やオックスフォード大学のように、大学として設立される前に個々の学校で教育を行っていた歴史を持つ大学や、大学になる前に別の形で存在していた大学の場合、以下のリストの日付は、大学が設立した日付よりも後になる。^[14]

1500年以降に現在も運営されている国または地域別最古の大学

ヨーロッパ諸国の大半には、1500 年までに大学が存在していました。多くの大学は、学校や大学などの教育機関に設立されました。これらの教育機関は、かなり以前に設立されていた可能性がありますが、設立当初は大学として分類されていませんでした。これは通常、その機関の注記に記載されています。一部の国 (特に米国とその文化の影響を受けた国) では、通常は大学と呼ばれる学位授与高等教育機関をカレッジと呼んでいます。この場合、通常大学と見なされる最古の機関と、実際に大学と呼ばれた最古の機関 (異なる場合) の両方が示されています。世界の多くの地域で、最初に存在した大学は他の場所に拠点を置く機関 (多くの場合、地元のカレッジの系列を介したロンドン大学) でした。これが最初に地元に設立された大学と異なる場合は、両方が示されています。

アフリカ

アジア

Europe

While Europe had 143 universities in 1789, the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars took a heavy toll, reducing the number to 83 by 1815. The universities of France were abolished^[6] and over half of the universities in both Germany and Spain were destroyed. By the mid 19th century, Europe had recovered to 98 universities.^[103]

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

In the United States, the colonial colleges awarded degrees from their foundation, but none were formally named as universities prior to the American Revolution, leading to various claims to be the first university in the United States. The earliest Canadian institutions were founded as colleges, without degree awarding powers, and gained degree granting authority and university status later.

Oceania

Notes

^ "The statement that all universities are descended either directly or by migration from these three prototypes [Oxford, Paris, and Bologna] depends, of course, on one's definition of a university. And I must define a university very strictly here. A university is something more than a center of higher education and study. One must reserve the term "university" for—and I'm quoting Rashdall here—'a scholastic guild, whether of masters or students, engaged in higher education and study," which was later defined, after the emergence of universities, as "studium generale'."^[4]
^ "No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the Middle Ages, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with medieval universities in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances."^[10]
^ "Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere."^[11]
^ The Court of Cassation of Belgium ruled 26 November 1846, that this new Catholic University of Louvain founded in Mechlin in 1834 does not have any links with the Old University of Louvain founded in 1425 and abolished in 1797 and can not be regarded as continuing it: "The Catholic University of Louvain can not be regarded as continuing the old University of Louvain", in, Table générale alphabétique et chronologique de la Pasicrisie Belge contenant la jurisprudence du Royaume de 1814 à 1850, Brussels, 1855, p. 585, column 1, alinea 2. See also: Bulletin Usuel des Lois et Arrêtés, 1861, p.166. To see also this rule of the Cour d'Appel of 1844: La Belgique Judiciaire, 28 July 1844 n° 69, p. 1 : "Cour d'Appel de Bruxelles. Deuxième chambre. L'université libre de Louvain ne représente pas légalement l'antique université de cette ville. Attendu que cette université (l'ancienne Université de Louvain), instituée par une bulle papale, de concert avec l'autorité souveraine, formait un corps reconnu dans l'État, ayant différentes attributions, dont plusieurs même lui étaient déléguées par le pouvoir civil; Attendu que ce corps a été supprimé par les lois de la république française; Attendu que l'université existant actuellement à Louvain ne peut être considérée comme continuant celle qui existait en 1457, ces deux établissemens ayant un caractère bien distinct, puisque l'université actuelle, non reconnue comme personne civile, n'est qu'un établissement tout-à-fait privé, résultat de la liberté d'enseignement, en dehors de toute action du pouvoir et sans autorité dans l'État...". "Court of Appeal of Brussels. Second Chamber. The Free University of Louvain is not legally representend the old university in that city. Whereas this University (formerly University of Louvain), established by a papal bull, together with the sovereign authority, formed a body recognized by the State, with different functions, many of which even he was delegated by the civil power. And whereas this body was removed by the laws of the French Republic; Whereas the currently existing university in Leuven can not be regarded as continuing that which existed in 1457, these two establishments with a distinct character, since the currently university is not recognized as legal person, and is institution is entirely private, the result of academic freedom, apart from any action without authority and power in the state." According to Arlette Graffart,^[104] only the State University of Louvain, deserves to be considered as the "resurrection of this one" : "elle seule ⟨the State University of Louvain⟩ et non point celle qui vit le jour en 1834 à l'initiative des évêques de Belgique, c'est-à-dire l'université catholique de Malines devenue de Louvain l'année suivante".

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[5] "The statement that all universities are descended either directly or by migration from these three prototypes [Oxford, Paris, and Bologna] depends, of course, on one's definition of a university. And I must define a university very strictly here. A university is something more than a center of higher education and study. One must reserve the term "university" for—and I'm quoting Rashdall here—'a scholastic guild, whether of masters or students, engaged in higher education and study," which was later defined, after the emergence of universities, as "studium generale'."^[4]

[12] "No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the Middle Ages, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the medieval West, such as the Roman Empire, Byzantium, Islam, or China, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with medieval universities in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances."^[10]

[14] "Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere."^[11]

[108] The Court of Cassation of Belgium ruled 26 November 1846, that this new Catholic University of Louvain founded in Mechlin in 1834 does not have any links with the Old University of Louvain founded in 1425 and abolished in 1797 and can not be regarded as continuing it: "The Catholic University of Louvain can not be regarded as continuing the old University of Louvain", in, Table générale alphabétique et chronologique de la Pasicrisie Belge contenant la jurisprudence du Royaume de 1814 à 1850, Brussels, 1855, p. 585, column 1, alinea 2. See also: Bulletin Usuel des Lois et Arrêtés, 1861, p.166. To see also this rule of the Cour d'Appel of 1844: La Belgique Judiciaire, 28 July 1844 n° 69, p. 1 : "Cour d'Appel de Bruxelles. Deuxième chambre. L'université libre de Louvain ne représente pas légalement l'antique université de cette ville. Attendu que cette université (l'ancienne Université de Louvain), instituée par une bulle papale, de concert avec l'autorité souveraine, formait un corps reconnu dans l'État, ayant différentes attributions, dont plusieurs même lui étaient déléguées par le pouvoir civil; Attendu que ce corps a été supprimé par les lois de la république française; Attendu que l'université existant actuellement à Louvain ne peut être considérée comme continuant celle qui existait en 1457, ces deux établissemens ayant un caractère bien distinct, puisque l'université actuelle, non reconnue comme personne civile, n'est qu'un établissement tout-à-fait privé, résultat de la liberté d'enseignement, en dehors de toute action du pouvoir et sans autorité dans l'État...". "Court of Appeal of Brussels. Second Chamber. The Free University of Louvain is not legally representend the old university in that city. Whereas this University (formerly University of Louvain), established by a papal bull, together with the sovereign authority, formed a body recognized by the State, with different functions, many of which even he was delegated by the civil power. And whereas this body was removed by the laws of the French Republic; Whereas the currently existing university in Leuven can not be regarded as continuing that which existed in 1457, these two establishments with a distinct character, since the currently university is not recognized as legal person, and is institution is entirely private, the result of academic freedom, apart from any action without authority and power in the state." According to Arlette Graffart,^[104] only the State University of Louvain, deserves to be considered as the "resurrection of this one" : "elle seule ⟨the State University of Louvain⟩ et non point celle qui vit le jour en 1834 à l'initiative des évêques de Belgique, c'est-à-dire l'université catholique de Malines devenue de Louvain l'année suivante".

[de_Ridder-Symoens-1] Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55

[Storia_d'Italia-2] Storia d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122. ISBN 88-02-03568-7.

[Delle_Donne-3] Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010). Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva (in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-8880828419.

[Hyde_1991-4] Hyde, J. K. (1991). "Universities and Cities in Medieval Italy". In Bender, Thomas (ed.). The University and the City: From Medieval Origins to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-19-506775-0.

[Verger-6] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). Patterns. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–65, 68. ISBN 9780521541138. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[Jones,_2006-7] Jones, Colin (2006). "Queen of Cities". Paris : The Biography of a City. Paris: Penguin Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-14-303671-5.

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[Hunt_Janin_2008-9] Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.

[Riché_1978_126–7,_282–98-10] Riché, Pierre (1978). Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 126–127, 282–298. ISBN 978-0-87249-376-6.

[11] Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35):

[13] Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", Studia Islamica, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (264):

[Rüegg-15] Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX.

[16] Rüegg, Walter (ed.): Geschichte der Universität in Europa, 3 vols., C.H. Beck, München 1993, ISBN 3-406-36956-1

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[Verger_Bologna-18] Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). "Patterns". In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521541138. There is no indication, however, that up until around 1180, the Bolognese law schools were anything other than private schools opened and run by each master after his own fashion, gathering together the students that had entered into an agreement with him and paid him fees (collectae) in return for his teaching. The crucial change would seem to have taken place around the years 1180–90. ... The masters, who were themselves mainly Bolognese in origin, agreed from 1189 to swear an oath to the commune not to seek to transfer the studium elsewhere. The students, on the other hand, began to group themselves in nations, according to their places of origin (we hear of the Lombard nation as early as 1191), and these were soon federated into 'universities' with elected rectors at their head.

[19] "The University from the 12th to the 20th century". University of Bologna. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

[20] J.K. Hyde (1972). "Commune, University, and Society in Early Medieval Bologna". In John W. Baldwin; Richard A. Goldthwaite (eds.). Universities in politics; case studies from the late Middle Ages and early modern period. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9780801813726.

[21] Paul F. Grendler (3 November 2004). The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9781421404233. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2021. it is not likely that enough instruction and organization existed to merit the term university before the 1150s, and it might not have happened before the 1180s

[Brockliss_Bologna_Paris-22] L. W. B. Brockliss (2016). The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780199243563. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2021. The first indications of the gestation of a scholars' guild comes from Bologna in 1189 when the commune forced the masters to swear not to transfer the studium to another town. Thereafter, evidence confirming that Bologna had become a universitas and announcing similar developments elsewhere proliferate. The collective identity of the many Paris schools received some sort of official recognition in 1194 when their scholars were implicitly given a grant of clerical immunity by Pope Celestine III, which were confirmed six years later by the king, Philip II. By 1208 a university had definitely begun to take shape. In that year the city's bishop, who claimed the right to license private teachers and interfere in their teaching, accepted that the masters could form an autonomous guild and police themselves, albeit under his ultimate control. In 1215 the pope blessed this arrangement by granting the fledgling university is first statutes.

[Verger_Oxford-23] Jacques Verger (16 October 2003). "Patterns". In Hilde de Ridder-Symoens; Walter Rüegg (eds.). A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1, Universities in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780521541138. There were schools in operation in Oxford from at least as early as the middle of the twelfth century; an embryonic university organization was in existence from 1200, even before the first papal statutes (1214), which were complemented by royal charters, had established its first institutions

[24] L. W. B. Brockliss (2016). The University of Oxford: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780199243563. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2021.

[OxHist-25] "Introduction and history". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2017. As the oldest university in the English speaking world, Oxford is a unique and historic institution. There is no clear date of foundation of Oxford University, but teaching existed at Oxford in some form in 1096 and developed rapidly from 1167, when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.

[26] Alan B. Cobban (5 July 2017). The Medieval English Universities: Oxford and Cambridge to C. 1500. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. ISBN 9781351885805.

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[Carpenter-29] David A. Carpenter (2003). The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284. Oxford University Press. p. 463. ISBN 9780195220001.

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[174] 「ノーザンテリトリーの大学教育25周年を祝う」チャールズ・ダーウィン大学。2019年7月17日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年8月13日閲覧。

継続して運営されている最古の大学のリスト

中世の起源

現代の広がり

1500年以前に大学として設立された

1500年以降に現在も運営されている国または地域別最古の大学

アフリカ

アジア

Europe

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

Oceania

See also

Notes

References

関連するトピック

中世大学

ボローニャ大学は

ボローニャ

イギリスのオックスフォード