2018年の古生物学

古生物学は、植物や動物の化石の調査を通じて地球上の先史時代の 生命体を研究する学問です。^[1]これには、体の化石、足跡（生痕）、巣穴、脱落した部分、化石化した糞便（糞石）、花粉化石、化学残留物の研究が含まれます。人類は数千年にわたって化石に遭遇してきたため、古生物学は科学として公式化される前も後も長い歴史を持っています。この記事では、2018年に発生した、または発表された古生物学に関連する重要な発見や出来事を記録しています。

• シャオら（2018）は、カンブリア紀（フォルトゥニアン）のクアンチュアンプ層（中国）から発見された、冠状鉢虫類のキンサイフス・ネコピヌス（ Qinscyphus necopinus）の新たな3次元リン酸化 微化石（新種の化石胚を含む）について記述し、キンサイフスが直接発生したことを示していると解釈している。^[11]
• 下部カンブリア紀のKuanchuanpu層（中国）から採集された新しい標本に基づく、コヌラガイ科の種Carinachites spinatusの形態に関する研究がHan et al.（2018）によって発表されました。^[12]
• 下部白亜紀（ベリアス紀）のオーリ層（オーストリアとスイス）の石質サンゴの改訂版がバロン・サボ（2018）によって出版され、この動物相を5つの追加のベリアス紀サンゴ動物相と比較しています。^[13]

• 中国の水井托層から採取された、保存状態の良い最古のカンブリア紀の種であるEohadrotreta zhenbaensisとEohadrotreta? zhujiahensisの標本に基づく、初期のアクロトレトイド 腕足動物の個体発生に関する研究が、 Zhang et al. (2018) によって発表されました。^{[37] [38]}
• 後期オルドビス紀の大量絶滅期におけるストロホメニダ目の絶滅と起源に関する研究がSclafaniら（2018）によって発表された。^[39]
• トアルシアン期の転換期以前の絶滅期に記録された、イベリア山塊（スペインとポルトガル）周辺の代表的な産地から収集されたいくつかの腕足動物群の体の大きさに関する研究が、ガルシア・ジョラル、バエサ・カラタラ、ゴイ（2018）によって出版されている。^[40]

• コノドント要素の成長に関する提案モデルを検証した研究がシャーリーら（2018）によって発表されている。^[77]
• テリル、ヘンダーソン＆アンダーソン（2018 ）は、ベルキャニオン層（テキサス州、米国）、ハーディング砂岩（コロラド州、米国）、アリバシ層（イラン）、カナダ北極圏のオルドビス紀とペルム紀のコノドント歯要素の組織学的切片に関する研究を発表し、それらの化石の軟部組織バイオマーカーの存在と分布を調査した。^[78]
• Wheeleyら（2018年）は、シャローベイ層、カウヘッド層（カナダ西部ニューファンドランド）のオルドビス紀（フロイント紀）ファクトリーコーブ部層の種の豊富なコノドント群集内のδ18O変動を評価し、^これらのデータが古代の海洋の古温度測定とコノドント生態学的モデルを決定する上でどのような意味を持つかを評価する研究を発表した。^{[79] [80] [81]}
• 中国南部のカーニアン期コノドントの体の大きさと多様性、およびカーニアン期多雨期の生物的・環境的変化を推測するためのその意味に関する研究が、Zhang et al. (2018) によって発表されました。^[82]
• キャッシュクリーク地層（カナダ）で発見された後期古生代から三畳紀のコノドント動物相の類似性を評価する研究が、ゴールドイング（2018）によって発表された。^[83]
• ブリティッシュコロンビア州（カナダ）産のネオゴンドレラ属のネオゴンドレラ・レガリス群に属する中期三畳紀コノドントの多要素装置の復元がゴールドイング（2018）によって発表された。^[84]
• Zhang et al. (2017) ^{[85]が発表した}Hindeodus parvusの器官の要素の数と配置の再構築は、 Agematsu、Golding & Orchard (2018) ^[86]によって批判されている。Purnell et al. (2018)は、当初の結論を擁護している。^[87]
• イクリオドン科コノドントの器官構造に関する新たな情報を提供する、Caudicriodus woschmidti種に属するイクリオドン科コノドントのクラスターが、オーストリア・ブルゲンラント南部のデボン紀前期堆積物から発見された（2018年）。[ ^88]
• ネオグナトドゥス属に属する種について、これまでに定義された形態型グループが互いに確実に区別できるかどうかを評価する研究が、ジマーマン、ジョンソン、ポリー（2018）によって発表されました。^[89]

• カゼイド種エンナトサウルス・テクトンに関連する頭蓋骨以降の資料の説明は、ロマーノ、ブロックルハースト、フロビッシュ（2018）によって出版されている。^[111]
• ミロサウルス・マッコルディの解剖学と系統関係に関する研究が、Brocklehurst & Fröbisch（2018）によって出版されている。^[112]
• アンテオサウルス・マグニフィカスの幼体標本の頭蓋骨は、ペルム紀の アブラハムスクラール層（南アフリカ）から、Kruger、Rubidge、Abdala (2018) によって記載されています。 ^[113]
• 異歯類における三叉神経支配の進化に関する研究がBenoit et al. (2018)によって発表されている。^[114]
• レイら（2018年）は、ディクトドン・フェリセプスの28標本の歯に含まれる象牙質 アパタイトの安定酸素同位体組成と、それがカピタニアン後期の陸生四肢動物の大量絶滅を引き起こした気候の潜在的な役割を推測するための示唆についての研究を発表した。^[115]
• ペルム紀（グアダルピアン）下部マドゥマビサ泥岩層（ザンビア）から発見されたディキノドン類 アバジュドン・カヤイの6つの新しい頭蓋骨の解剖学的記述と、この種の系統関係に関する研究が、オルロイド、シドール＆アンギエルチク（2018）によって出版されました。^[116]
• ペルム紀K5層（モザンビーク）から採取されたディキノドン類エンドチオドン属の標本の骨迷路の解剖学に関する研究を、近縁のニアソドン属と比較した論文が、アラウージョら（2018年）によって発表された。^[117]
• ブラジルの中期三畳紀の典型的な産地で採集されたディキノドン類ディノドントサウルスに帰属する複数の個体からなる単型骨層の化石化史と、それがディノドントサウルスの集団行動の可能性を推測する上での示唆に関する研究が、Ugalde et al. (2018)によってオンラインで公開されました。^[118]
• ディキノドン類サングサウルス属の再記述とその摂食システムおよび系統関係に関する研究が、Angielczyk、Hancox、Nabavizadeh（2018）によって出版されている。^[119]
• カンマーラー、アンギエルチク、ネスビット（2018）は、マンダ層の三畳紀リフア層（タンザニア）から、スタレケリア・ポテンスの大きさに近いディキノドン類の部分的な後肢の化石を記載した。これは、これまで報告されているマンダ層からのディキノドン類の頭蓋後部要素としては最大のものである。^[120]
• 三畳紀チャニャレス層（アルゼンチン）の大型ディキノドン類の糞石に保存された植物遺体と花粉化石の説明、およびそれらがディキノドン類の食生活を推測する上でどのような意味を持つかについての研究が、ペレス・ロイナゼら（2018）によって発表されました。 ^[121]
• おそらくディキノドン類によって作られたと思われる四肢動物の足跡が、ロス・メヌコス群（アルゼンチン）の上部三畳紀ベラ層からシトンら（2018）によって記載されている。 [ ^122]
• リピエ・シロンスキエ（ポーランド）から発見されたラエティアン時代のディキノドン類の年代に関する研究が、ラッキ＆ルーカス（2018）によってオンラインで公開されており、彼らはこのディキノドン類がノリアン時代のものである可能性が高いと考えている。^[123]
• シナリオプス・ロブストゥスの頭蓋骨の解剖に関する研究がベンデルら（2018）によって発表されている。^[124]
• 増分マーキングから推測される、さまざまな非哺乳類キノドン類のエナメル質の発達速度に関する研究が、O'Meara、Dirks、Martinelli（2018）によって発表されました。 ^[125]
• キノサウルス・サポストゥスの頭蓋骨の形態の記述とこの種の系統関係に関する研究は、ファン・デン・ブラントとアブダラ（2018）によって出版されている。^[126]
• Cynognathus crateronotusの化石は、三畳紀のNtawere層（ザンビア）とManda層（タンザニア）からWyndら（2018）によって初めて記載されました。 ^[127]
• ナミビアの上部オミンゴンデ層から発見されたディアデモドン・テトラゴヌスの標本の頭蓋後部の解剖に関する研究が、ガエターノ、モッケ、アブダラ（2018）によって発表されました。^[128]
• シドールとホプソン（2018）は、三畳紀のンタウェレ層（ザンビア）から、クリコドン・メタボラス属の一種の部分的な頭蓋骨と頭蓋骨後部の骨格を記載した。シドールとホプソンは、トリコドン科の種の系統関係も研究している。^[129]
• Massetognathus pascualiの前肢の筋肉、姿勢、可動域に関する研究がLai、Biewener、Pierce（2018）によって発表されている。^[130]
• ステファネッロら（2018）は、ホロタイプ標本より約20％大きいTrucidocynodon riograndensisの新標本を、カンデラリア層群（ブラジル南部）のカルニアンから発見した。 ^[131]
• プロゾストロドン・ブラジリエンシスの歯が付いた右歯骨は、パチェコら（2018）によってブラジルの後期三畳紀から記載されており、この種の2番目の既知の標本となっている。^[132]
• プロゾストロドン・ブラジリエンシスの頭蓋後骨格の解剖学的記述は、ギニャール、マルティネリ、ソアレス（2018）によって出版されている。^[133]
• Prozostrodon brasiliensis、Irajatherium hernandezi、Brasilodon quadrangularis、Brasilitherium riograndensisの四肢骨の組織学と生活史に関する研究がBotha-Brink、Bento Soares、Martinelli（2018）によって出版されています。^[134]
• イクティドサウルス類キノドン類、すなわちトリテレドン類とテリオヘルペス類の起源と関係に関する研究がボナパルト＆クロンプトン（2018年）によって出版されている。 ^[135]
• カイエンタテリウム・ウェルシの保存状態の良い周縁化石の大規模な（少なくとも38個体からなる）群れが、母親の骨格と推定される状態でカイエンタ層の下部ジュラ紀の堆積物（ナバホ族の土地で発見）から発見され、ホフマン＆ロウ（2018）によって記述された。[ ^136]この発見に照らして、成体と幼体のキノドン類の関連性に関する以前の記録に対する新しい解釈がベノワ（2019）によって提案されている。^[137]
• ブラジルの三畳紀の産地で発見されたキノドン類の歯（ブラシロドン類とリオグランディア類に似た形態を示す）は、サシサウルス・アグドエンシスの化石も産出しており、マルソラら（2018）によって記述されている。^[138]
• 哺乳類の顎の進化に関する研究がラウテンシュラーガーら（2018年）によって発表されたが、彼らは、キノドン類から哺乳類類への移行期に、主要な非哺乳類類分類群において顎関節ストレスの減少と咬合力の増加が同時に起こったという証拠は見つからなかったとしている。 ^[139]
• フィオレッリら（2018）は、三畳紀のチャニャレス層（アルゼンチン）から発見された、おそらく小型のユーキノドン類によって作られたと思われる四肢動物の巣穴について記述している。 ^[140]
• 非哺乳類単弓類の脊椎領域の形態学的多様性と、それが哺乳類の脊椎の解剖学的に異なる領域の進化を解明することへの示唆についての研究が、ジョーンズら（2018）によって発表された。^[141]
• 絶滅した単弓類の広範囲の系統における歯の発生に関する研究が、LeBlancら（2018年）によって発表されました。彼らは、靭帯歯付着システムは単弓類の冠哺乳類に特有のものではないことを示していると解釈しています。^[142]

• 動物の進化の初期段階における画期的な出来事のタイミングと環境的背景に関する研究のレビューと統合が、Sperling & Stockey (2018) によって出版されました。^[153]
• レンジオモルフ類Charnia masoni、ディキンソニオモルフ類Dickinsonia costata、エルニエットモルフ類Pteridinium simplexの個体発生に関する既知の知見に基づいて、レンジオモルフ類、ディキンソニオモルフ類、エルニエットモルフ類の系統関係に関する研究がDunn、Liu、Donoghue (2018)によって発表されており、彼らは少なくともレンジオモルフ類とディキンソニオモルフ類は後生動物であると考えている。^[154]
• レンジオモルフの系統関係に関する研究は、Dececchi et al. (2018) によって発表されている。^[155]
• フリンダース山脈（オーストラリア）のクリスプゴージ化石産地から採取されたディッキンソニア・コスタタの幼生標本集団のサイズ分布と形態学的特徴に関する研究が、リード、ガルシア・ベリド、ゲーリング（2018）によって出版されました。^[156]
• 有機的に保存されたエディアカラ紀の大型化石から抽出された脂質バイオマーカーのデータに基づくディッキンソニアの系統関係に関する研究がボブロフスキーら（2018年）によって発表され、彼らはその研究結果からディッキンソニアは動物であったことを示唆していると解釈している。 ^[157]
• 澄江海洋保存博物館（中国）の新標本データに基づくストロマトヴェリスの解剖学と系統関係に関する研究が、ホヤル・カトヒルとハン（2018）によって出版され、彼らはストロマトヴェリスを、アルボレア、パンビカルバ、レンジオモルフ、ディキンソニオモルフ、エルニエットモルフも含む初期の動物群ペタロナマエのメンバーであると解釈している。^[158]
• 複雑な行動パターンを持つ先カンブリア時代の左右 相称動物の痕跡化石の証拠となる豊富な浸透性痕跡化石が、モンゴル西部のエディアカラ紀末期から初めて確実に発見されたことが、Oji et al. (2018) によって報告された。^[159]
• 堆積物の中に穴を掘ったエディアカラ紀の動物によって生成された生痕化石が、ウルシス層（ナマ層群、ナミビア）の浅海堆積物から発見され、ブアトイスら（2018）によって記載され、新しい生痕化石群であるパラプサミクナイト・プレッツェリフォルミス （Parapsammichnites pretzeliformis ）と命名された。^[160]
• 陳ら（2018）は、上部デンギン層（中国）のエディアカラ紀シバンタン部層から発見された新たな痕跡化石について記述している。これには、おそらく両側に付属肢を持つミリメートルサイズの動物によって作られたと思われる巣穴や足跡が含まれている。 ^[161]
• パルバンコリナ属の集団は、この分類群における2つのサイズクラスターと二峰性の方向性の証拠を示しており、 Couttsら（2018）はエディアカラ自然保護公園（オーストラリア）で記載した。 ^[162]
• 機能形態と分類の詳細な再解釈を可能にするCharniodiscus arboreus（Arborea arborea ）の新しい3次元標本が、南オーストラリア州のエディアカラ層、ローンズリー石英岩からLaflamme、Gehling、Droser（2018）によって記載されました。^[163]
• クラウディナ集合体の3D再構成図はMehra & Maloof (2018)によって発表されている。^[164]
• プルスら（2018年）は、ナマ層群（ナミビア）のエディアカラ紀オムキク層から発見されたナマカラトゥスとクラウディナの骨格に関する研究を発表した。彼らは、この研究結果から、両生物はもともとアラゴナイト骨格を形成し、後に方解石へと続成作用によって変化したと解釈している。^[165]
• ナマポイキア・リエトオゲンシスの基質成長ダイナミクス、バイオミネラリゼーションのモード、および可能性のある親和性に関する研究がウッド＆ペニー（2018）によって出版されています。^[166]
• 新原生代に遊泳動物が存在した証拠のレビューがゴールド（2018）によって出版されている。^[167]
• カンブリア紀の 澄江生物群（中国）の年代に関する研究がYang et al.（2018）によって発表された。^[168]
• カンブリア紀（ドルミアン）の岩すべり層（カナダ、マッケンジー山脈）から発見された、未知の捕食者によって生成された糞石の説明と、カンブリア紀の食物連鎖の再構築に対するその意味に関する研究が、キミッグ＆プラット（2018）によって出版されている。^[169]
• カンブリア紀の分類群アーケオイデスの性質と生物学的類似性に関する研究がYinら（2018）によって発表され、アーケオイデスの化石は動物の胚の残骸であると解釈されている。^[170]
• ズンバージら（2018）は、新原生代後期からカンブリア紀の堆積岩と油から、現存する海綿動物の分類群にのみ見られる希少な炭化水素骨格を有する新しい化石ステラン バイオマーカーを報告し、この発見は、新原生代後期の海洋環境では、少なくともクライオジェニアン期まで遡って、海綿動物、ひいては多細胞動物が顕著であったことを示していると解釈している。^[171]
• ボッティングら（2018）は、中国南部の7つの地域からオルドビス紀とシルル紀の境界域からの多様で豊富な海綿動物の化石が発見されたことを報告しており、海綿動物相の分布と保存のモデルを作成している。^[172]
• 現生および化石の海綿動物の系統関係に関する研究がSchusterら（2018）によって発表された。^[173]
• スレイターら（2018）は、カンブリア紀のブエン層（グリーンランド）から発見された、小型の炭素質化石の形で保存された、最古の翼鰓類を含む動物化石の集合体について記述した。^[174]
• カンブリア紀のモベルジェラン Discinella micansの新しい形態学的特徴の記述がSkovsted & Topper（2018）によって出版されました。^[175]
• エルドニオイド Pararotadiscus guizhouensisと、 Kaili 生物相の関連する化石分類群との相互関係に関する研究が、 Zhao et al.によって発表されました。 （2018年）。^[176]
• カンブリア紀バージェス頁岩（カナダ）から発見されたバンフィア・コンストリクタ属の密集した岩盤に関する研究と、その動物の生活習慣への影響がチェンバーズ＆ブラント（2018）によって発表された。^[177]
• 新しい標本に基づいたユユアノゾーン・マグニフィシシミの形態と系統学的類似性に関する研究が、Li et al. (2018) によって発表されました。^[178]
• 古生代初期の グラプトロイドの化石記録と、このグループ内の多様化率に影響を与える要因に関する研究が、 Foote et al. (2018) によって発表されました。^[179]
• 地球の軌道離心率と黄道傾斜角に関連する長周期天文周期（ミランコビッチ「グランドサイクル」）が、古生代初期のグラプトロイドにおける種の入れ替わり確率（絶滅確率と種分化確率の合計）の変動に与える影響に関する研究が、クランプトンら（2018）によって発表されました。^[180]
• カンブリア紀の澄江大地（中国）から発見されたMalongitubus kuangshanensis種の再記載がHuら（2018）によって発表され、この分類群は翼鰓類であると解釈されている。^[181]
• 下部オルドビス紀フェズワタ・ラーゲルシュテッテ（モロッコ）のパレオスコレックス科の動物Palaeoscolexの形態に関する研究が、コンピュータ断層撮影法を用いてこの動物の内部構造に関する新たな情報を提供し、Kouraissら（2018）によって発表された。^[182]
• パンら（2018）は、中国の新集層からトモティッド科のPaterimitra pyramidalisが初めて発見されたことを報告した。 ^[183]
• シベリア台地の上部エディアカラ紀から基底ミャオリンギアンまでの冠状動物骨格種の時間的分布と、それがカンブリア爆発の進化ダイナミクスを理解する上でどのような意味を持つかについての研究が、Zhuravlev & Wood（2018）によって出版されている。^[184]
• カルディアら（2018）は、ブラジルの上部白亜紀バウル層群からワニ形糞石中に発見された回虫類の卵について記述した。 ^[185]
• PatesとDaley（2017）^[186]が発表した、カンブリア紀の推定葉足動物 Mureropodia apaeをCaryosyntrips属の一部孤立した付属肢として再解釈した研究は、 Gámez VintanedとZhuravlev（2018）によって批判されている。^[187] Pates、Daley、Ortega-Hernández（2018）は、当初の結論を擁護している。^[188]
• エディアカラ紀とカンブリア紀の小体と痕跡化石から示唆される節足動物の幹と冠の初期進化に関する研究がデイリーら（2018）によって発表された。^[189]
• 分子データと化石記録のデータから示唆される節足動物の多オプシン視覚の進化に焦点を当てた脱皮動物視覚の進化に関する研究が、Flemingら（2018）によって発表されました。^[190]
• カンブリア紀のChiungchussu層（中国）から発見されたLyrarapax unguispinusの幼生標本は、この分類群の前頭付属肢と摂食様式に関する新たな情報を提供し、Liuら（2018）によって記載された。[ ^191]
• アノマロカリス・カナデンシスの遊泳効率と機動性を評価する研究がシェパード、ライバル、キャロン（2018）によって発表された。^[192]
• ウィーラー頁岩（ユタ州、米国）から発見されたカンブリア紀の動物パヴァンティア・ハスタタは、もともと節足動物の可能性があると分類されていたが^[193] 、レロジー・オーブリル＆ペイツ（2018）によって懸濁物摂食性の放射歯類として再解釈された。^[194]
• オルテガ・ヘルナンデスら（2018）は、幹節足動物のフクシアンフイア・プロテンサに体節中腸憩室が存在することを初めて報告した。この発見はフクシアンフイアの捕食性または腐食性の生態を示唆するものと解釈している。^[195]
• Liu et al. (2018)は、 Fuxianhuia protensaの多数の関節個体に残された神経系と心血管系の推定残骸を、腸、筋肉、その他の結合組織の分解後に形成された微生物バイオフィルムである可能性が高いと再解釈した。^[196]
• Fuxianhuia protensaの胚発生後に関する研究がFuら（2018）によって発表されている。 ^[197]
• フクシアンフイ科のLiangwangshania bilobaの再記載がChen et al. (2018)によって発表された。^[198]
• 幹節足動物種Kerygmachela kierkegaardiの新しい標本は、この種の解剖学と汎節足動物の脳の祖先の状態に関する新しい情報を提供し、ブエン層（シリウス・パッセット、グリーンランド）のカンブリア紀第3期からParkら（2018）によって記載されました。 ^[199]
• 系統学的位置が不明な紡錘形または円錐管状の動物化石が、オルドビス紀 マーティンズバーグ層（米国ペンシルベニア州）から発見されたとマイヤーら（2018）は報告している。^[200]
• コバーンら（2018）は、ペルム紀フォートブラウン層（南アフリカ、カルー盆地）から海底下8メートルまでの深さに生息する大型動物の証拠を報告した。 ^[201]
• 張、スコフステッド、張（2018）は、下部カンブリア系水井托層（中国）のヒオリス類 Paramicrocornus zhenbaensisの形態に関する研究を発表した。この研究では、この種にはヘレンズがなかったと報告されており、また、この種の鰓蓋に保存されている最古のヒオリス筋の傷跡も報告されている。^[202]
• 澄江生物群の糞石に保存された標本と、バラン動物群（中国）のツゾイアの死骸に基づいて、カンブリア紀のヒオリス類の摂食戦略と運動に関する研究が、孫ら（2018）によって発表された。 ^[203]
• カンブリア紀のLæså層（デンマーク、ボーンホルム島）から発見されたハイオリス種Circotheca johnstrupiの標本の消化管が、Berg-Madsen、Valent、Ebbestad（2018）によって記載されている。^[204]
• これまでに報告された最も古いストロマトポロイド-コケムシ礁は、ホンら（2018）によって中期オルドビス紀のドゥウィボン層（韓国）から発見されたものである。 ^[205]
• ザトーンら（2018）は、東グリーンランドの最も古い三畳紀（中期インドゥアン）の地層から、地層学的に最も古い後生動物のみの生物構造物を代表する、ミクロコンキス 科の管虫のみによって形成された小さな生物構造物を報告した。^[206]
• 淡水二枚貝であるスファリウムの殻に見つかったイグルー状の痕跡は、二枚貝への吸虫寄生の最も古い証拠として知られており、ロジャースら（2018）によって上部白亜紀のジュディスリバー層（米国モンタナ州）から報告されている。^[207]
• シーモア島（南極）の白亜紀後期と古第三紀の 軟体動物と蛇虫類の捕食性の掘削穴に関する研究と、この場所の白亜紀-古第三紀絶滅イベントが捕食者と被食者のダイナミクスに及ぼした影響を推測するためのそれらの意味合いが、ハーパー、クレイム＆ソゴット（2018）によって出版されています。^[208]
• 馮ら（2018）は、中国南部の下部～中部三畳紀の堆積層から発見された、生痕分類群 リゾコラリウムに割り当てられた巣穴に関する研究と、それがペルム紀～三畳紀の絶滅イベント後の生物の回復過程を推測する上でどのような意味を持つかについての研究を発表した。 ^[209]
• 過去600万年間に南西カリブ海で発生した環境変化に対して、化石および現存する自由生活性のクプラドリイドコケムシのさまざまな種がどのように反応したかを評価する研究が、O'Deaら（2018）によって発表されました。^[210]

• A study on the effects of differential ocean acidification at the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition on the planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from the Farafra Oasis (Egypt) is published by Orabi et al. (2018).^[264]
• A wide variety of morphological abnormalities in planktic foraminiferal tests from the earliest Danian, mainly from Tunisian sections, is described by Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert (2018).^[265]
• A study on the impact of the climatic and environmental perturbation on the morphology of foraminifera living during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Schmidt et al. (2018).^[266]
• Taxonomic compilation and partial revision of early Eocene deep-sea benthic Foraminifera is presented by Arreguín-Rodríguez et al. (2018).^[267]
• A study on the responses of two species of foraminifera (extant Truncorotalia crassaformis and extinct Globoconella puncticulata) to climate change during the late Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (3.6–2.4 million years ago) is published by Brombacher et al. (2018).^[268]

• A study on putative stromatolites described from the 3,700-Myr-old rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt (Greenland) by Nutman et al. (2016)^[300] is published by Allwood et al. (2018), who interpret these putative stromatolites as more likely to be structures of non-biological origin.^[301]
• Carbon isotope analyses of 11 microbial fossils from the ~3,465-million-year-old Apex chert (Australia) are published by Schopf et al. (2018), who interpret two of the five studied species as primitive photosynthesizers, one as an Archaeal methane producer, and two as methane consumers.^[302]
• The oldest well-preserved microbial mats fabrics are described from the ≈3,472-million-year-old Middle Marker horizon, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) by Hickman-Lewis et al. (2018).^[303]
• Direct fossil evidence for life on land 3,220 million years ago in the form of terrestrial microbial mats is reported from the Moodies Group (South Africa) by Homann et al. (2018).^[304]
• Microfossils representing 18 morphotypes are reported from the c. 2.4 billion years old Turee Creek Group (Western Australia) by Barlow & Van Kranendonk (2018).^[305]
• Ten representative types of exceptionally well-preserved mat-related structures, interpreted as likely to be of biological origin and including putative microbial mats and discoidal microbial colonies, are reported from the 2.1-billion-year-old Francevillian series in Gabon by Aubineau et al. (2018).^[306]
• A study on the chemical, isotopic and molecular structural characteristics of the putative multicellular eukaryote fossils from carbonaceous compressions in the 1.63 billion years old Tuanshanzi Formation (China) is published by Qu et al. (2018).^[307]
• Intact porphyrins, the molecular fossils of chlorophylls, are described from 1,100-million-year-old marine black shales of the Taoudeni Basin (Mauritania) by Gueneli et al. (2018), who also study the nitrogen isotopic values of the fossil pigments, and interpret their findings as indicating that the oceans of that time were dominated by cyanobacteria, while larger planktonic algae were scarce.^[308]
• A study on the evolutionary history of bacteria is published by Louca et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that most bacterial lineages ever to have inhabited Earth are extinct.^[309]
• Bobrovskiy et al. (2018) report molecular fossils from organically preserved specimens of Beltanelliformis, and interpret the fossils as representing large spherical colonies of cyanobacteria.^[310]
• Discoid imprints sampled from the Precambrian terranes of central Dobruja (Romania) are described and assigned to the species Beltanelliformis brunsae by Saint Martin & Saint Martin (2018).^[311]
• A study on the age of the fossil red alga Bangiomorpha pubescens is published by Gibson et al. (2018).^[312]
• A reassessment of the anatomy and taxonomy of Orbisiana, based on a restudy of the rediscovered original type material of O. simplex, is published by Kolesnikov et al. (2018).^[313]
• A study on the positions of fossil specimens in the assemblages of Ediacaran fossils from Mistaken Point (Canada), as well as on their implications for inferring the interactions and associations between the Ediacaran organisms, is published by Mitchell & Butterfield (2018).^[314]
• A study on the height of Ediacaran organisms from Mistaken Point, evaluating the link between the increase of height and resource competition or greater offspring dispersal, is published by Mitchell & Kenchington (2018).^[315]
• Evidence of a radiation of the Ediacaran biota that witnessed the emergence and widespread implementation of novel, animal-style ecologies is presented by Tarhan et al. (2018), who argue that this transition was linked to the expansion of Ediacaran taxa into dynamic, shallow marine environments characterized by episodic disturbance and complex and diverse organically-bound substrates, and propose that younger, second-wave Ediacaran communities resulting from said radiation were part of an ecological and evolutionary continuum with Phanerozoic ecosystems.^[316]
• A study on the size range, ontogeny and palaeoenvironment of Rugoconites is published by Hall, Droser & Gehling (2018).^[317]
• Elliptical body fossils are described from the Ediacaran–Fortunian deposits of central Brittany (France) by Néraudeau et al. (2018), representing the first body fossils described from these deposits.^[318]
• A study on the sandstone- and limestone-hosted occurrences of Palaeopascichnus linearis (including material from a new locality in Arctic Siberia), indicative of a greater range of taxonomic and taphonomic variation, is published by Kolesnikov et al. (2018).^[319]
• A study on the organic-walled microfossils from the Cambrian strata in the stratotype section of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Burin Peninsula (Canada) is published by Palacios et al. (2018).^[320]
• Fossils interpreted as threads of filamentous cyanobacteria are described from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Alum Shale Formation (Sweden) by Castellani et al. (2018).^[321]
• Enigmatic Devonian taxon Protonympha is interpreted as a possible post-Ediacaran vendobiont by Retallack (2018).^[322]
• Description of fossils of nonmarine diatoms belonging to the genus Actinocyclus from the Lower to Middle Miocene lacustrine deposits in Japan and a study on the possible causal links between the evolution of nonmarine planktonic diatoms and the climatic and environmental changes that occurred during the Miocene is published by Hayashi et al. (2018).^[323]
• A study on the cell-size frequency distributions across calcareous nanoplankton communities through the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, on their population biomass and on the impact of climate change on their cellular characteristics is published by Gibbs et al. (2018).^[324]

Research related to paleontology that concerns multiple groups of the organisms listed above.

• A study on the history of life on Earth is published by McMahon & Parnell (2018), who argue that the subsurface "deep biosphere" outweighed the surface biosphere by about one order of magnitude for at least half of the history of life.^[346]
• A timescale of life on Earth, based on a reappraisal of the fossil material and new molecular clock analyses, is presented by Betts et al. (2018).^[347]
• A study on functional shifts in modern phototrophic microbial mats across redox gradients, and on its implications for inferring the metabolic transitions experienced during the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Gutiérrez-Preciado et al. (2018).^[348]
• A study on living cyanobacteria, testing the hypothesis that planktonic single-celled cyanobacteria could drive the export of organic carbon from the surface to deep ocean in the Paleoproterozoic, is published by Kamennaya et al. (2018).^[349]
• A study on the abundance of bio-essential trace elements during the period in Earth's history known as the "Boring Billion" is published by Mukherjee et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that key biological innovations in eukaryote evolution (the appearance of first eukaryotes, the acquisition of certain cell organelles, the origin of multicellularity and the origin of sexual reproduction) probably occurred during the period of a scarcity of trace elements, followed by a broad-scale diversification of eukaryotes during the period of a relative abundance of trace elements.^[350]
• A study on the eukaryotic species richness during Tonian and Cryogenian is published by Riedman & Sadler (2018).^[351]
• A study on the Ediacaran ecosystem complexity is published by Darroch, Laflamme & Wagner (2018), who report evidence of the Ediacara biota forming complex-type communities throughout much of their stratigraphic range, and thus likely comprising species that competed for different resources and/or created niche for others.^[352]
• A study evaluating how temperature can govern oxygen supply to animals at oceanographic scales, as well as how temperature dynamically affects the absolute tolerance of partial pressure of oxygen in marine ectotherms, and re-examining bathymetric patterns within the Ediacaran fossil record in an ecophysiological context, is published by Boag et al. (2018).^[353]
• A study investigating possible water column redox controls on the distribution and growth of the oldest animal communities, based on data from the Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), is published by Wood et al. (2018).^[354]
• Evans et al. (2018) report the discovery of a new assemblage of exceptionally preserved Ediacaran fossils from the Ediacara Member (Australia), including fossil material of Andiva ivantsovi providing new information on its morphology, possibly indicative of a phylogenetic relationship with Dickinsonia and Yorgia.^[355]
• A study on the duration of the faunal transition from Ediacaran to Cambrian biota, as indicated by data from a composite section in Namibia, is published online by Linnemann et al. (2018).^[356]
• A study on the evolution of the diversity of animal body plans, based on data from extant and Cambrian animals, is published by Deline et al. (2018).^[357]
• A review of the evidence for shell crushing (durophagy), drilling and puncturing predation in the Cambrian (and possibly the Ediacaran) is published by Bicknell & Paterson (2018).^[358]
• A study on the timing and process of ocean oxygenation in the early Cambrian and its impact on the diversification of early Cambrian animals, based on data from the Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China), is published by Zhao et al. (2018).^[359]
• A study on the evolution of marine animal communities over the Phanerozoic, evaluating the ecological changes caused by major radiations and mass extinctions, is published by Muscente et al. (2018).^[360]
• A study evaluating whether rapid warming preferentially increased the extinction risk of tropical marine fossil taxa throughout the Phanerozoic is published online by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2018).^[361]
• A study on the impact of mass extinctions on the global biogeographical structure, as indicated by data on time-traceable bioregions for benthic marine species across the Phanerozoic, is published by Kocsis, Reddin & Kiessling (2018).^[362]
• A study on the nektic and eunektic diversity and occurrences throughout the Paleozoic is published by Whalen & Briggs (2018).^[363]
• A study analyzing the link between net latitudinal range shifts of marine invertebrates and seawater temperature over the (post-Cambrian) Phanerozoic Eon is published by Reddin, Kocsis & Kiessling (2018).^[364]
• A study on within-habitat, between-habitat, and overall diversity of benthic marine invertebrates (gastropods, bivalves, trilobites, brachiopods and echinoderms) from Phanerozoic geological formations is published online by Hofmann, Tietje & Aberhan (2018).^[365]
• A study evaluating the link between macroevolutionary success (evolving many species) and macroecological success (the occupation of an unusually high number of areas by a species or clade) in fossil echinoid, cephalopod, bivalve, gastropod, brachiopod and trilobite species is published by Wagner, Plotnick & Lyons (2018).^[366]
• A study comparing the extinction events which occurred at the end of the Ordovician and at the end of the Capitanian (middle Permian) is published by Isozaki & Servais (2018).^[367]
• Filamentous microorganisms associated with annelid tubeworms are described from the Ordovician to early Silurian Yaman Kasy volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit (Ural Mountains, Russia) by Georgieva et al. (2018).^[368]
• Vertebrate fossil fauna from the Tournaisian-age Ballagan Formation exposed on the beach at Burnmouth (Scotland) is described by Otoo et al. (2018).^[369]
• A study on the early tetrapod diversity and biogeography in the Carboniferous and early Permian, evaluating the impact of the Carboniferous rainforest collapse on early tetrapod communities, is published by Dunne et al. (2018).^[370]
• A study on the patterns of dispersal and vicariance of tetrapods across Pangaea during the Carboniferous and Permian is published by Brocklehurst et al. (2018).^[371]
• O'Connor et al. (2018) reconstruct the most likely karyotype of the diapsid common ancestor based on data from extant reptiles and birds, and argue that most features of a typical 'avian-like' karyotype were in place before the divergence of birds and turtles ≈255 million years ago.^[372]
• A study evaluating whether the fossil record supports the reality of the Permian Olson's Extinction, based on an analysis of the tetrapod species richness in the tetrapod-bearing formations of Texas preserving fossils from the time of the extinction, is published by Brocklehurst (2018).^[373]
• A study on the patterns of species richness, origination rates and extinction rates of the mid-Permian tetrapods from South Africa is published by Day et al. (2018).^[374]
• A study on the changes of distribution of terrestrial tetrapods from the Permian (Guadalupian) to the Middle Triassic and on the impact of the Permian–Triassic extinction event on the palaeobiogeography of terrestrial tetrapods is published by Bernardi, Petti & Benton (2018).^[375]
• A study on the causes of biotic extinction during the Guadalupian-Lopingian transition is published online by Huang et al. (2018).^[376]
• A study on the composition and biotic interactions in terrestrial paleocommunities from the Karoo Basin (South Africa) spanning the Permian-Triassic mass extinction is published online by Roopnarine et al. (2018), who propose a new hypothesis to explain the persistence of biotic assemblages and their reorganization or destruction.^[377]
• A study on the biogeographic patterns and severity of extinction of marine taxa during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, evaluating whether global warming and ocean oxygen loss can mechanistically account for the marine mass extinction, is published by Penn et al. (2018).^[378]
• A study on changes in the structure of phytoplankton communities in South China during the Permian-Triassic transition is published online by Lei et al. (2018).^[379]
• A study on the recovery of benthic invertebrates following the Permian–Triassic extinction event, based on analysis of changes in the species richness, functional richness, evenness, composition, and ecological complexity of benthic marine communities from the Lower Triassic Servino Formation (Italy), is published by Foster et al. (2018).^[380]
• Description of an Early Triassic marine fauna from the Ad Daffah conglomerate in eastern Oman, and on its implications for inferring the ecology and diversity during the early aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Brosse et al. (2018).^[381]
• A study on microbial mounds from the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation (China), and their implications for inferring the course of biotic recovery after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Duan et al. (2018).^[382]
• A study on the timing and pattern of ecosystem succession during and after the Permian–Triassic extinction event for the duration of the entire Triassic, as indicated by the changing diversity among non-motile, motile and nektonic animals, is published by Song, Wignall & Dunhill (2018).^[383]
• Marine faunas characterized by unusually high levels of both benthic and nektonic taxonomic richness are described from two Early Triassic sections from South China by Dai et al. (2018).^[384]
• A study on the historical shifts in geographical ranges and climatic niches of terrestrial vertebrates (both endotherms and ectotherms) based on data from extant and fossil vertebrates is published by Rolland et al. (2018).^[385]
• A study on the stratigraphic distribution of the marine vertebrate fossils of the Xingyi Fauna from the Middle Triassic Falang Formation (China) is published by Lu et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Xingyi Fauna comprises two distinct vertebrate assemblages, resulting from a major faunal change, which was probably caused by a turnover of their ecological setting from nearshore to offshore.^[386]
• A study on the patterns of diversity change and extinction selectivity in marine ecosystems during the Triassic–Jurassic interval, especially in relation to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, is published by Dunhill et al. (2018).^[387]
• A study on the extinction selectivity of marine organisms through the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, evaluating whether there are any substantial differences between the hyperthermal events during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event and Toarcian turnover and the periods of normal background extinction, is published by Dunhill et al. (2018).^[388]
• A study on the impact of changes in ocean chemistry beginning in the Mesozoic on the nutritional quality of planktonic algal biomass compared to earlier phytoplankton is published by Giordano et al. (2018).^[389]
• A study on the morphological, ecological and behavioural traits linked to the evolution of tail weaponization in extant and fossil amniotes is published by Arbour & Zanno (2018).^[390]
• A study on the factors which led to the colonization of marine environments in the evolution of amniotes is published by Vermeij & Motani (2018).^[391]
• A review of marine reptile (plesiosaur, ichthyosaur and thalattosuchian) fossils from the Oxfordian sedimentary rocks in Great Britain (United Kingdom), focusing on the Corallian Group, is published by Foffa, Young & Brusatte (2018), who report evidence of a severe reduction in observed marine reptile diversity during the Oxfordian.^[392]
• A study evaluating how the structure of marine reptile ecosystems and their ecologies changed over the roughly 18-million-year history of the Jurassic Sub-Boreal Seaway of the United Kingdom, as indicated by data from fossil teeth, is published by Foffa et al. (2018).^[393]
• A diverse and ecologically informative faunal assemblage is described from the Lower Cretaceous Arundel Clay facies (Maryland, United States) by Frederickson, Lipka & Cifelli (2018).^[394]
• Description of an assemblage of Early Cretaceous (Barremian) coprolites from the Las Hoyas Konservat-Lagerstätte (Spain) and a study on their biological and environmental affinities is published by Barrios-de Pedro et al. (2018).^[395]
• A study on the taphonomic properties of the inclusions contained in the Las Hoyas coprolites, and their implications for inferring the patterns of digestive processes of the producers of these coprolites, is published by Barrios-de Pedro & Buscalioni (2018).^[396]
• Description of isocrinid crinoids belonging to the genus Isocrinus from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar is published by Mao et al. (2018), who also report coral columnals and oysters from the amber from Myanmar, and evaluate the age of this amber.^[397]
• A study on the taxonomic composition of the early Late Cretaceous fauna from the Cliffs of Insanity microvertebrate locality (Mussentuchit Member, Cedar Mountain Formation; Utah, United States) is published by Avrahami et al. (2018).^[398]
• Fossil assemblage including plant and vertebrate remains is described from the Turonian Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale Formation (Utah, United States) by Jud et al. (2018), who report turtle and crocodilian remains and an ornithopod sacrum, as well as a large silicified log assigned to the genus Paraphyllanthoxylon, representing the largest known pre-Campanian flowering plant reported so far and the earliest documented occurrence of an angiosperm tree more than 1.0 m in diameter.^[399]
• A study comparing the ecological similarity of Cretaceous cold seep assemblages preserved in the Pierre Shale surrounding the Black Hills and modern cold-seep assemblages is published online by Laird & Belanger (2018).^[400]
• A record of foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, trace fossils and elemental abundance data from within the Chicxulub crater, dated to approximately the first 200,000 years of the Paleocene, is presented by Lowery et al. (2018), who report evidence indicating that life reappeared in the basin just years after the Chicxulub impact and a high-productivity ecosystem was established within 30,000 years.^[401]
• Vertebrate pathogens found associated with fossil hematophagous arthropods in Dominican, Mexican, Baltic, Canadian and Burmese amber are reported by Poinar (2018).^[402]
• Grimaldi et al. (2018) report biological inclusions (fungi, plants, arachnids and insects) in amber from the Paleogene Chickaloon Formation of Alaska, representing the northernmost deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Cenozoic.^[403]
• A synthesis of studies on the evolution of the cold-water coastal North Pacific biota over the last 36 million years, its origins and its influences on other temperate regions, is presented by Vermeij et al. (2018).^[404]
• A review of Neogene–Quaternary terrestrial vertebrate sites from the Middle Kura Basin (eastern Georgia and western Azerbaijan) is published by Bukhsianidze & Koiava (2018).^[405]
• A study on the reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Pleistocene site of the Russel-Tiglia-Egypte pit near Tegelen (Netherlands) is published by Villa et al. (2018).^[406]
• A study on the structure of the animal community known from the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation at East Turkana (Kenya) as indicated by tracks and skeletal assemblages, and on the interactions of Homo erectus with environment and associated faunas from this site, is published by Roach et al. (2018).^[407]
• A revision of Middle Pleistocene faunal record from archeological sites in Africa, and a study on its implications for inferring potential links between hominin subsistence behavior and the Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age technological turnover, is published online by Smith et al. (2018).^[408]
• Evidence of bird and carnivore exploitation by Neanderthals (cut-marks in golden eagle, raven, wolf and lynx remains) is reported from the Axlor site (Spain) by Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018).^[409]
• A study on the compositions of the faunal and stone artifact assemblages at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia), aiming to determine the last appearance dates of Stegodon, giant marabou stork, Old World vulture belonging to the genus Trigonoceps, and Komodo dragon at the Liang Bua site, and to determine what raw materials were preferred by hominins from this site ~50,000–13,000 years ago and whether these are preferences were similar to those seen in the stone artifact assemblages attributed to Homo floresiensis or to those attributed to modern humans, is published by Sutikna et al. (2018).^[410]
• A study on the fossil Sporormiella, pollen and microscopic particles of charcoal recovered from sediments of Lake Mares and Lake Olhos d'Agua (Brazil) which spanned the time of megafaunal extinction and human arrival in southeastern Brazil, and on their implications for inferring the timing of the decline of local megafauna and its ecological implications, is published by Raczka, Bush & De Oliveira (2018).^[411]
• A study evaluating whether the occurrence and decline of spores of Sporormiella in sediments is a good proxy for the occurrence and extinction of megaherbivores, as indicated by data from Cuddie Springs in south-eastern Australia, is published by Dodson & Field (2018).^[412]
• A study evaluating how mega-herbivore animal species controlled plant community composition and nutrient cycling, relative to other factors during and after the Late Quaternary extinction event in Great Britain and Ireland, is published by Jeffers et al. (2018).^[413]
• A study on the impact of the late Quaternary extinction of megafauna on the megafauna-deprived ecosystems is published by Galetti et al. (2018).^[414]
• A study on the possible impact of the end of the millennial-scale climate fluctuations characteristic of the ice age (and the beginning of the more stable climate regime of the Holocene approximately 11,700 years ago) on the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions is published online by Mann et al. (2018).^[415]
• A study on the past biodiversity, population dynamics, extinction processes, and the impact of subsistence practices on the vertebrate fauna of New Zealand, based on analysis of bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites covering the last 20,000 years of New Zealand's past, is published by Seersholm et al. (2018).^[416]
• A study on changes in plant pathogen communities (fungi and oomycetes) in response to changing climate during late Quaternary, as indicated by data from solidified deposits of rodent coprolites and nesting material from the central Atacama Desert spanning the last ca. 49,000 years, is published by Wood et al. (2018).^[417]
• A study on the parsimony and Bayesian-derived phylogenies of fossil tetrapods, evaluating which of them are in closer agreement with stratigraphic range data, is published by Sansom et al. (2018).^[418]
• A study aiming to infer the causes of differences between estimates of speciation and extinction rates based on molecular phylogenies and those based on fossil record is published by Silvestro et al. (2018), who provide simple mathematical formulae linking the diversification rates inferred from fossils and phylogenies.^[419]
• A review of extinction theory and the fossil record of terrestrial diversity crises, comparing past diversity crises of terrestrial vertebrate faunas with the ongoing Holocene extinction, is published by Padian (2018).^[420]
• A new metric, which can be used to quantify the term "living fossil" and determine which organisms can be reasonably referred to as such, is proposed by Bennett, Sutton & Turvey (2018).^[421]
• A novel non-invasive and label-free tomographic approach to reconstruct the three-dimensional architecture of microfossils based on stimulated Raman scattering is presented by Golreihan et al. (2018).^[422]
• Mürer et al. (2018) report on the results of the use of a combination of X-ray diffraction and computed tomography to gain insight into the microstructure of fossil bones of Eusthenopteron foordi and Discosauriscus austriacus.^[423]
• A study on melanosomes preserved in the integument and internal organs of extant and fossil frog specimens, evaluating their implications for inferring colours of extinct animals on the basis of melanosomes preserved in fossil specimens, is published by McNamara et al. (2018).^[424]
• A study on fossil vertebrate tissues and experimentally matured modern samples, aiming to the mechanism of soft tissue preservation and the environments that favor it, is published by Wiemann et al. (2018).^[425]
• A mechanistic model that simulates the history of life on the South American continent, driven by modeled climates of the past 800,000 years, is presented by Rangel et al. (2018).^[426]
• A study on temporal trends in biogeography and body size evolution of Australian vertebrates is published by Brennan & Keogh (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that gradual Miocene cooling and aridification of Australia correlated with the restricted phenotypic diversification of multiple ecologically diverse vertebrate groups.^[427]
• A study evaluating how faithfully stratigraphic ranges of extant Adriatic molluscs are recorded in a series of cores drilled through alluvial, coastal and shallow-marine strata of the Po Plain (Italy) is published by Nawrot et al. (2018), who also evaluate the implications of their study for interpretations of the timing, duration and ecological selectivity of mass extinction events in general.^[428]
• A study on the evolution of morphological disparity (i.e. diversity of anatomical types), as indicated by data from 257 published character matrices of fossil taxa, is published by Wagner (2018).^[429]
• A study on the evolution of functional and ecological innovations in temperate marine multicellular organisms inhabiting North Pacific during and after the Late Eocene is published by Vermeij (2018).^[430]
• A method for dividing a paleontological dataset into bioregions is proposed by Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2018), who apply the proposed method to a study of beta diversity of Paleozoic tetrapods.^[431]
• A study aiming to estimate the magnitude and potential significance of palaeontological data from specimens housed in museum collections but not described in published literature is published by Marshall et al. (2018).^[432]
• Sallan et al. (2018) traced the cradle of evolutionary origins and diversification of fish from the mid-Paleozoic era in nearshore environments.^[433]
• Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018) studied Kebara 2 Neanderthal thorax, aiming to understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed, based on a 3-D virtual reconstruction.^[434]
• Smith et al. (2018) examined the teeth of Neanderthal children who lived 250,000 years ago in France, in order to comprehend their nursing duration, and the effect of lead exposure and severe winters on them.^[435]
• Wiemann et al. (2018) studied dinosaur's egg colour evolution, in order to unravel whether modern birds inherited egg colour from their non-avian dinosaur ancestors.^[436]

• A study on the Devonian strata in the Zachełmie Quarry (Poland) preserving tracks of early tetrapods is published by Qvarnström et al. (2018), who reinterpret the tracks as produced in non-marine environment.^[437]
• First tetrapod tracks from the Upper Permian–Lower Triassic (Lopingian–Induan) eolian strata of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, assigned to the ichnotaxa Dicynodontipus isp. and Chelichnus bucklandi, are described by Francischini et al. (2018).^[438]
• A diverse footprint assemblage dominated by small mammal tracks is described from the Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation (Maryland, United States) by Stanford et al. (2018), who name a new mammal ichnotaxon Sederipes goddardensis.^[439]

Other research related to paleontology, including research related to geology, palaeogeography, paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

• A study testing the hypothesis that chemodenitrification, the rapid reduction of nitric oxide by ferrous iron, would have enhanced the flux of nitrous oxide from Proterozoic seas, leading to nitrous oxide becoming an important constituent of Earth's atmosphere during Proterozoic and possibly life's primary terminal electron acceptor during the transition from an anoxic to oxic surface Earth, is published by Stanton et al. (2018).^[440]
• A study on the iron mineralogy of the 1.1-billion-year-old Paleolake Nonesuch (Nonesuch Formation), and on its implications for inferring whether the waters of this lake were oxygenated, is published by Slotznick, Swanson-Hysell & Sperling (2018).^[441]
• A study on the Earth's atmosphere and the productivity of global biosphere 1.4 billion years ago, based on triple oxygen isotope measurements sedimentary sulfates from the Sibley basin (Ontario, Canada), is published by Crockford et al. (2018).^[442]
• A study on the isotopically enriched chromium in Mesoproterozoic-aged shales from the Shennongjia Group (China) dating back to 1.35 billion years ago is published by Canfield et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as document elevated atmospheric oxygen levels through most of Mesoproterozoic Era, likely sufficient for early crown group animal respiration, but attained over 400 million years before they evolved.^[443]
• A study on the rate of biotic oxygen production and the attendant large-scale biogeochemistry of the mid-Proterozoic Earth system is published online by Ozaki, Reinhard & Tajika (2018).^[444]
• A study on the paleomagnetism of the Precambrian Bunger Hills dykes of the Mawson Craton (East Antarctica), and on its tectonic implications, is published by Liu et al. (2018).^[445]
• A study on the causes of formation and on global extent of the Great Unconformity is published online by Keller et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that this unconformity may record rapid erosion during Neoproterozoic "Snowball Earth" glaciations, and that environmental and geochemical changes which led to the diversification of multicellular animals may be a direct consequence of Neoproterozoic glaciation.^[446]
• A study on the environments and food sources that sustained the Ediacaran biota is published by Pehr et al. (2018), who present the lipid biomarker and nitrogen and carbon isotopic data obtained from late Ediacaran (<560 million years old) strata from seven drill cores and three outcrops spanning Baltica.^[447]
• Gougeon et al. (2018) report evidence from the Lower Cambrian Chapel Island Formation (Canada) indicating that a mixed layer of sediment, of similar structure to that of modern marine sediments (which results from bioturbation by epifaunal and shallow infaunal organisms), was well established in shallow marine settings by the early Cambrian.^[448]
• A study on the effects of the rise of bioturbation on global elemental cycles during the Cambrian is published by van de Velde et al. (2018).^[449]
• A review of the history of the definition of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, aiming to clarify its concept and duration, is published by Servais & Harper (2018).^[450]
• A study on the phytoplankton community structure and export production at the end of the Ordovician, as indicated by data from the Vinini Formation (Nevada, United States), and on their impact on the global carbon cycle and possible relation to the onset of the Late Ordovician glaciation, is published by Shen et al. (2018).^[451]
• Evidence of multiple mercury enrichments in the two-step late Frasnian crisis interval from paleogeographically distant successions in Morocco, Germany and northern Russia is presented by Racki et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Late Devonian extinction was caused by rapid climatic perturbations promoted in turn by volcanic cataclysm.^[452]
• A study on the sedimentary facies, oxygen isotopes and the generic conodont composition in two continuous Devonian (late Frasnian to the end-Famennian) outcrops in the Montagne Noire (Col des Tribes section, France, part of the Armorica microcontinent in the Devonian) and in the Buschteich section (Germany, part of the Saxo-Thuringian microplate in the Devonian), assessing the water depth, approximate position relative to the shore and paleotemperatures in the Late Devonian, and evaluating whether environmental changes affected both areas similarly and at the same pace in the Late Devonian, is published online by Girard et al. (2018).^[453]
• A study on the onset and paleoenvironmental transitions associated with the Hangenberg Crisis within the Cleveland Shale member of the Ohio Shale is published online by Martinez et al. (2018).^[454]
• A study on the age of a bentonite layer from Bed 36 in the Frasnian–Famennian succession at the abandoned Steinbruch Schmidt Quarry (Germany), aiming to determine the precise age of the Frasnian–Famennian boundary and the precise timing of the Late Devonian extinction, is published by Percival et al. (2018).^[455]
• A study on the environmental changes and faunal turnover in the Karoo Basin (South Africa) during the late Permian is published by Viglietti, Smith & Rubidge (2018).^[456]
• A study on carbonate microfacies and foraminifer abundances in three Upper Permian sections from isolated carbonate platforms of the Nanpanjiang Basin (China), indicative of a marine environmental instability up to 60,000 years preceding Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Tian et al. (2018).^[457]
• A study on the halogen compositions of Siberian rocks emplaced before and after the eruption of the Siberian flood basalts during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and on its implications for inferring the source and nature of volatiles in the Siberian large igneous province, is published by Broadley et al. (2018).^[458]
• Evidence of enhanced continental chemical weathering at the Permian–Triassic boundary is reported from bulk rock samples from the Meishan section in South China by Sun et al. (2018), who also evaluate the potential impact of this enhanced weathering on global climate changes when the end-Permian extinction occurred.^[459]
• A study on the U-Pb geochronology, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy of a highly expanded section at Penglaitan (Guangxi, China) is published online by Shen et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of a sudden end-Permian mass extinction that occurred at 251.939 ± 0.031 million years ago.^[460]
• A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Triassic Santa Maria Formation and Caturrita Formation (Brazil) is published by Langer, Ramezani & Da Rosa (2018).^[461]
• Paleomagnetic and geochronologic study on the Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States) is published by Kent et al. (2018), who report evidence indicating that a 405,000-year orbital eccentricity cycle linked to gravitational interactions with Jupiter and Venus was already influencing Earth's climate in the Late Triassic.^[462]
• Evidence of sill intrusions which were likely cause of the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is reported from the Amazonas and Solimões Basins (Brazil) by Heimdal et al. (2018).^[463]
• A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions that existed during the time the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation (Australia) was deposited is published by Fletcher, Moss & Salisbury (2018).^[464]
• A study on the age of the Namba Member of the Galula Formation (Tanzania), yielding fossils of Pakasuchus, Rukwasuchus, Rukwatitan and Shingopana, is published by Widlansky et al. (2018).^[465]
• A study on the geology, age and palaeoenvironment of the main fossil-bearing beds of the Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation (New South Wales, Australia) is published online by Bell et al. (2018).^[466]
• A study on the nature of the fluvial systems of Laramidia during the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by data from vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, and on the behavior of dinosaurs over these landscapes, is published online by Crystal et al. (2018).^[467]
• A study on the rainfall seasonality and freshwater discharge on the Indian subcontinent in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), based on data from specimens of the mollusc species Phygraea (Phygraea) vesicularis from the Kallankuruchchi Formation (India), is published by Ghosh et al. (2018).^[468]
• Evidence of increased crustal production at mid-ocean ridges at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicative of magmatism triggered by Chicxulub impact, is presented by Byrnes & Karlstrom (2018).^[469]
• A study on the oxygen isotopic composition of fish debris from the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary at El Kef (Tunisia), indicative of a greenhouse warming in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact, is published by MacLeod et al. (2018).^[470]
• A study on the environmental changes during the global warming following the brief impact winter at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, based on geochemical, micropaleontological and palynological data from Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sections in Texas, Denmark and Spain, is published by Vellekoop et al. (2018).^[471]
• A study on the Paleocene intermediate- and deep-water neodymium-isotope records from the North and South Atlantic Ocean, and on their implications for inferring the impact of changes in overturning circulation caused by the opening of the Atlantic Ocean on climate changes culminating in the greenhouse conditions of the Eocene, is published by Batenburg et al. (2018).^[472]
• A study on the magnetofossil concentrations preserved within sediments corresponding to the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, as well as on the implications of magnetofossil abundance and morphology signatures for tracing palaeo-environmental conditions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Chang et al. (2018).^[473]
• A study on the impact of greenhouse gas forcing and orbital forcing on changes in the seasonal hydrological cycle during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (for regions where proxy data is available) is published by Kiehl et al. (2018).^[474]
• A continuous Eocene equatorial sea surface temperature record is presented by Cramwinckel et al. (2018), who also construct a 26-million-year multi-proxy, multi-site stack of Eocene tropical climate evolution.^[475]
• A study on the continental silicate weathering response to the inferred CO₂ rise and warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum is published by van der Ploeg et al. (2018).^[476]
• Su et al. (2018) use radiometrically dated plant fossil assemblages to quantify when southeastern Tibet achieved its present elevation, and what kind of floras existed there at that time.^[477]
• Description of a plant megafossil assemblage from the Kailas Formation in western part of the southern Lhasa terrane, and a study on its implications for inferring the elevation history of the southern Tibetan Plateau, is published online by Ai et al. (2018).^[478]
• A study on the relationship between the Rovno and Baltic amber deposits, based on stable carbon and hydrogen isotope analyses, is published by Mänd et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of distinct origin of Rovno and Baltic amber deposits.^[479]
• A study aiming to establish an accurate and precise age model for the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group, and to use it to test the hypothesis that there is a temporal relationship between the eruption of the Columbia River Basalt Group and the mid-Miocene climate optimum, is published by Kasbohm & Schoene (2018).^[480]
• A study on the age of the Ashfall Fossil Beds fossil site (Nebraska, United States) is published by Smith et al. (2018).^[481]
• A study on the causes of changes of environmental conditions in the Paratethys Sea of Central Europe during the middle Miocene is published online by Simon et al. (2018).^[482]
• A study on plant fossils spanning 14–4 million years ago from sites in Europe, Asia and East Africa, aiming to test the hypothesis of a single cohesive biome in the Miocene that extended from Mongolia to East Africa and at its peak covered much of the Old World, is published by Denk et al. (2018), who interpret data from plant fossil record as disproving the existence of a cohesive savannah biome from eastern Asia to northeast Africa, formerly inferred from mammal fossil record.^[483]
• A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central Spain in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by tooth wear patterns, is published online by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2018).^[484]
• Faith (2018) evaluates the aridity index, a widely used technique for reconstructing local paleoclimate and water deficits from oxygen isotope composition of fossil mammal teeth, arguing that in some taxa altered drinking behavior (influencing oxygen isotope composition of teeth) might have been caused by dietary change rather than water deficits.^{[485][486][487]}
• A study evaluating when the island of Sulawesi (Indonesia) gained its modern shape and size, and determining the timings of diversification of the three largest endemic mammals on the island (the babirusa, the Celebes warty pig and the anoa) is published by Frantz et al. (2018).^[488]
• A study on the Pliocene fish fossils from the Kanapoi site (Kenya) and their implications for reconstructing lake and river environments in the Kanapoi Formation is published online by Stewart & Rufolo (2018).^[489]
• Evidence indicating that reduced nutrient upwelling in the Bering Sea and expansion of North Pacific Intermediate Water coincided with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition cooling is presented by Kender et al. (2018), who assess the potential links between cooling, sea ice expansion, closure of the Bering Strait, North Pacific Intermediate Water production, reduced high latitude CO₂ and nutrient upwelling, and development of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.^[490]
• Domínguez-Rodrigo & Baquedano (2018) evaluate the ability of successful machine learning methods to compare and distinguish various types of bone surface modifications (trampling marks, crocodile bite marks and cut marks made with stone tools) in archaeofaunal assemblages.^[491]
• Description of new mammal and fish remains from the Olduvai Gorge site (Tanzania), comparing the mammal assemblage from this site to the present mammal community of Serengeti, and a study on their implications for reconstructing the paleoecology of this site at ~1.7–1.4 million years ago, is published by Bibi et al. (2018).^[492]
• A study on the environment in the interior of the Arabian Peninsula in the Pleistocene, as indicated by data from stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of fossil mammal tooth enamel from the middle Pleistocene locality of Ti's al Ghadah (Saudi Arabia), is published by Roberts et al. (2018).^[493]
• A study on the environmental dynamics before and after the onset of the early Middle Stone Age in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Potts et al. (2018).^[494]
• A study on the chronology of the Acheulean and early Middle Stone Age sedimentary deposits in the Olorgesailie Basin (Kenya) is published by Deino et al. (2018).^[495]
• A study on the proxy evidence for environmental changes during past 116,000 years in lake sediment cores from the Chew Bahir basin, south Ethiopia (close to the key hominin site of Omo Kibish), and on its implications for inferring the environmental context for dispersal of anatomically modern humans from northeastern Africa, is published by Viehberg et al. (2018).^[496]
• A study on the effects of the Toba supereruption in East Africa is published by Yost et al. (2018), who find no evidence of the eruption causing a volcanic winter in East Africa or a population bottleneck among African populations of anatomically modern humans.^[497]
• A study on the environmental conditions in the area of present-day Basque Country (Spain) across the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, based on stable isotope data from red deer and horse bones, is published by Jones et al. (2018).^[498]
• The first reconstructions of terrestrial temperature and hydrologic changes in the south-central margin of the Bering land bridge from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present are presented by Wooller et al. (2018).^[499]
• A study on the fossil-bound nitrogen isotope records from the Southern Ocean is published by Studer et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of an acceleration of nitrate supply to the Southern Ocean surface from underlying deep water during the Holocene, possibly contributing to the Holocene atmospheric CO₂ rise.^[500]
• A study on the causes of replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic in Western Central Africa between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 years ago, based on a continuous record of 10,500 years of vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi Mbo (Cameroon) inferred from changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes, is published by Garcin et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 years ago.^{[501][502][503][504][505]}
• A study on the vegetational and climatic changes since the last glacial period, based on data from 594 sites worldwide, and aiming to estimate the extent of future ecosystem changes under alternative scenarios of global warming, is published by Nolan et al. (2018).^[506]
• A study on the changing ecology of woodland vegetation of southern mainland Greece during the late Pleistocene and the early-mid Holocene, and on the ecological context of the first introduction of crop domesticates in the southern Greek mainland, as indicated by data from carbonized fuel wood waste from the Franchthi Cave, is published by Asouti, Ntinou & Kabukcu (2018).^[507]
• A large impact crater found beneath Hiawatha Glacier (Greenland), most likely formed during the Pleistocene, is reported by Kjær et al. (2018).^[508]

• A study on the nitrogen isotope ratios, selenium abundances, and selenium isotope ratios from the ~2.66 billion years old Jeerinah Formation (Australia), providing evidence of transient surface ocean oxygenation ~260 million years before the Great Oxygenation Event, is published by Koehler et al. (2018).^[509]
• A study on the ocean chemistry at the start of the Mesoproterozoic as indicated by rare earth element, iron-speciation and inorganic carbon isotope data from the 1,600–1,550 million years old Yanliao Basin, North China Craton is published by Zhang et al. (2018), who report evidence of a progressive oxygenation event starting at ≈1,570 million years ago, immediately prior to the occurrence of complex multicellular eukaryotes in shelf areas of the Yanliao Basin.^[510]
• Evidence of euxinia occurring in the photic zone of the ocean in the Mesoproterozoic, based on measurements of mercury isotope compositions in late Mesoproterozoic (~1.1 billion years old) shales from the Atar Group and the El Mreiti Group (Tauodeni Basin, Mauritania), is presented by Zheng et al. (2018).^[511]
• A study on abundant pyrite concretions from the topmost Nantuo Formation (China), deposited during the terminal Cryogenian Marinoan glaciation, is published by Lang et al. (2018), who interpret these concretions as evidence of a transient but widespread presence of marine euxinia in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation.^[512]
• A study on wave ripples and tidal laminae in the Elatina Formation (Australia), interpreted as evidence of rapid sea level rise in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation, is published by Myrow, Lamb & Ewing (2018).^[513]
• A study on the global ocean redox conditions at a time when the Ediacaran biota began to decline, based on analysis of uranium isotopes in carbonates from the Dengying Formation (China), is published by Zhang et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicative of an episode of extensive oceanic anoxia at the end of the Ediacaran.^[514]
• New uranium isotope data from upper Ediacaran to lower Cambrian marine carbonate successions, indicative of short-lived episodes of widespread marine anoxia near the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition and during Cambrian Stage 2, is presented by Wei et al. (2018), who argue that the Cambrian explosion might have been triggered by marine redox fluctuations rather than progressive oxygenation.^[515]
• New δ¹⁵N data from late Ediacaran to Cambrian strata from South China is presented by Wang et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that ocean redox dynamics were closely coupled with key evolutionary events during the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition.^[516]
• A study on the isotopic composition and surface temperatures of early Cambrian seas, based on stable oxygen isotope data from the small shelly fossils from the Comley limestones (United Kingdom), is published by Hearing et al. (2018).^[517]
• High-resolution geochemical, sedimentological and biodiversity data from the Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte (Greenland is presented by Hammarlund et al. (2018), who aim to assess the chemical conditions in the shelf sea inhabited by the Sirius Passet fauna.^[518]
• A study on the impact of the disruption of sediments caused by Fortunian bioturbation on the ocean chemistry, as indicated by data from the Chapel Island Formation (Canada), is published by Hantsoo et al. (2018).^[519]
• A study on the timing of the Sauk transgression in the Grand Canyon region is published by Karlstrom et al. (2018).^[520]
• A study on the oxygen isotope composition of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Ryb & Eiler (2018).^[521]
• Jin, Zhan & Wu (2018) present paleontological, sedimentological, and geochemical data to test a hypothesis that a cold surface current became established by the late Middle Ordovician in the equatorial peri-Gondwana oceans, similar to the eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue today.^[522]
• Evidence from uranium isotopes from Upper Ordovician–lower Silurian marine limestones of Anticosti Island (Canada), indicative of an abrupt global-ocean anoxic event coincident with the Late Ordovician mass extinction, is presented by Bartlett et al. (2018).^[523]
• A study on the ocean redox conditions and climate change across a Late Ordovician to Early Silurian on the Yangtze Shelf Sea (China) and their implications for inferring the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction is published by Zou et al. (2018).^[524]
• Evidence of multiple episodes of oceanic anoxia in the Early Triassic, based on U-isotope data from carbonates of the uppermost Permian to lowermost Middle Triassic Zal section (Iran), is presented by Zhang et al. (2018).^[525]
• A study on changes in global bottom water oxygen contents over the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, based on thallium isotope records from two ocean basins, is published by Them et al. (2018), who report evidence of global marine deoxygenation of ocean water some 600,000 years before the classically defined Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event.^[526]
• A study on the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the seas at high latitudes (60°) of southern South America during the Early Cretaceous is published online by Gómez Dacal et al. (2018).^[527]
• A study evaluating the utility of oxygen-isotope compositions of fossilised foraminifera tests as proxies for surface- and deep-ocean paleotemperatures, and its implications for inferring Late Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-ocean and high-latitude surface-ocean temperatures, published by Bernard et al. (2017)^[528] is criticized by Evans et al. (2018).^[529][530]
• Evidence from sulfur-isotope data indicative of a large-scale ocean deoxygenation during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is presented by Yao, Paytan & Wortmann (2018).^[531]
• Nitrogen isotope data from deposits from the northeast margin of the Tethys Ocean, spanning the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is presented by Junium, Dickson & Uveges (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that dramatic change in the nitrogen cycle occurred during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.^[532]
• A study aiming to evaluate the global extent of surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Babila et al. (2018).^[533]
• A study on the tropical sea-surface temperatures in the Eocene is published by Evans et al. (2018).^[534]
• A 25-million-year-long alkenone-based record of surface temperature change in the Paleogene from the North Atlantic Ocean is presented by Liu et al. (2018).^[535]
• A study on the likely magnitude of the sea-level drawdown during the Messinian salinity crisis, based on the analysis of the late Neogene faunas of the Balearic Islands, is published by Mas et al. (2018).^[536]
• An extensive, buried sedimentary body deposited by the passage of a megaflood from the western to the eastern Mediterranean Sea in the Pliocene (Zanclean), at the end of the Messinian salinity crisis, is identified in the western Ionian Basin by Micallef et al. (2018).^[537]
• A study on the impact of major, abrupt environmental changes over the past 30,000 years on the Great Barrier Reef is published by Webster et al. (2018).^[538]
• Evidence of sea level drop relative to the modern level at the shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef between 21,900 and 20,500 years ago, followed by period of sea level rise lasting around 4,000 years, is presented by Yokoyama et al. (2018).^[539]

• A study on the geologic record of Milankovitch climate cycles, extending their analysis into the Proterozoic and aiming to reconstruct the history of solar system characteristics, is published by Meyers & Malinverno (2018).^[540]
• A study on the effect of different forms of primitive photosynthesis on Earth's early atmospheric chemistry and climate is published by Ozaki et al. (2018).^[541]
• A quantitative estimate of Paleoproterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels is presented by Bellefroid et al. (2018).^[542]
• A study on the timing of the onset of the Sturtian glaciation, based on new stratigraphic and geochronological data from the upper Tambien Group (Ethiopia), is published by Scott MacLennan et al. (2018).^[543]
• A study on changes in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide throughout the Phanerozoic, as indicated by data from a product of chlorophyll – phytane from marine sediments and oils, is published by Witkowski et al. (2018).^[544]
• A revised model and a new high-resolution reconstruction of the oxygenation of the Paleozoic atmosphere is presented by Krause et al. (2018).^[545]
• A study on the Early Ordovician climate, as indicated by new high-resolution phosphate oxygen isotope record of conodont assemblages from the Lange Ranch section of central Texas, is published by Quinton et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as consistent with very warm temperatures during the Early Ordovician.^[546]
• A study on the climate changes during the period of the Late Devonian extinction (and possibly causing it), inferred from a high-resolution oxygen isotope record based on conodont apatite from the Frasnian–Famennian transition in South China, is published by Huang, Joachimski & Gong (2018).^[547]
• A study on the atmospheric oxygen levels through the Phanerozoic, evaluating whether Romer's gap and the concurrent gap in the fossil record of insects were caused by low oxygen levels, is published by Schachat et al. (2018).^[548]
• A study on the impact of sulfur and carbon outgassing from the Siberian Traps flood basalt magmatism on the climate changes at the end of the Permian is published by Black et al. (2018).^[549]
• A study on the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration levels in the Early Cretaceous based on data from specimens of the fossil conifer species Pseudofrenelopsis papillosa is published by Jing & Bainian (2018).^[550]
• A study on the terrestrial climate in northern China at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, indicating the occurrence of a warming caused by the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and the occurrence of extinctions prior to the Chicxulub impact, is published by Zhang et al. (2018).^[551]
• A study on the sources of secondary CO₂ inputs after the initial rapid onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, contributing to the prolongation of this event, is published online by Lyons et al. (2018).^[552]
• Estimates of mean annual terrestrial temperatures in the mid-latitudes during the early Paleogene are presented by Naafs et al. (2018).^[553]
• A study on the early stages of development of Asian inland aridity and its underlying mechanisms, based on data from red clay sequence from the Cenozoic Xorkol Basin (Altyn-Tagh, northeastern Tibetan Plateau), is published by Li et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that enhanced Eocene Asian inland aridity was mainly driven by global palaeoclimatic changes rather than being a direct response to the plateau uplift.^[554]
• New mid-latitude terrestrial climate proxy record for southeastern Australia from the middle Eocene to the middle Miocene, indicative of a widespread cooling in the Gippsland Basin beginning in the middle Eocene, is presented by Korasidis et al. (2018).^[555]
• A study on CO₂ concentrations during the early Miocene, as indicated by stomatal characteristics of fossil leaves from a late early Miocene assemblage from Panama and a leaf gas-exchange model, is published by Londoño et al. (2018).^[556]
• A study on the climate in the areas of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited by hominins during the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by data from macroflora and pollen assemblages, is published online by Altolaguirre et al. (2018).^[557]
• A study on the hydrological changes in the Limpopo River catchment and in sea surface temperature in the southwestern Indian Ocean for the past 2.14 million years, and on their implications for inferring the palaeoclimatic changes in southeastern Africa in this time period and their possible impact on the evolution of early hominins, is published by Caley et al. (2018).^[558]
• A study evaluating whether changes of vegetation and diet of East African herbivorous mammals were linked to climatic fluctuations 1.7 million years ago, based on data from mammal teeth from the Olduvai Gorge site, as well as evaluating whether crocodile teeth from this site may be used as paleoclimatic indicators, is published by Ascari et al. (2018).^[559]
• Evidence for progressive aridification in East Africa since about 575,000 years before present, based on data from sediments from Lake Magadi (Kenya), is presented by Owen et al. (2018), who also evaluate the influence of the increasing Middle- to Late-Pleistocene aridification and environmental variability on the physical and cultural evolution of Homo sapiens in East Africa.^[560]
• A study on the climatic changes in the Lake Tana area in the last 150,000 years and their implications for early modern human dispersal out of Africa is published by Lamb et al. (2018).^[561]
• A high-resolution palaeoclimate reconstruction for the Eemian from northern Finland, based on pollen and plant macrofossil record, is presented by Salonen et al. (2018).^[562]
• A study on the extent and nature of millennial/centennial-scale climate instability during the Last Interglacial (129–116 thousand years ago), as indicated by data from joint pollen and ocean proxy analyses in a deep-sea core on the Portuguese Margin (Atlantic Ocean) and speleothem record from Antro del Corchia cave system (Italy), is published by Tzedakis et al. (2018).^[563]
• A study on the timing and duration of periods of climate deterioration in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula in the late Pleistocene, evaluating the impact of climate on the abandonment of inner Iberian territories by Neanderthals 42,000 years ago, is published by Wolf et al. (2018).^[564]
• A study on the climate changes in Europe during the Middle–Upper Paleolithic transition (based on speleothem records from the Ascunsă Cave and from the Tăușoare Cave, Romania), and on their implications for the replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans in Europe, is published by Fernández et al. (2018).^[565]
• A study on the timing of the latest Pleistocene glaciation in southeastern Alaska and its implication for inferring the route and timing of early human migration to the Americas is published by Lesnek et al. (2018).^[566]
• Quantitative estimates of climate in western North America over the past 50,000 years, based on data from plant community composition of more than 600 individual paleomiddens, are presented by Harbert & Nixon (2018).^[567]
• A study assessing the similarity of future projected climate states to the climate during the Early Eocene, the Mid-Pliocene, the Last Interglacial (129–116 ka), the Mid-Holocene (6 ka), preindustrial (c. 1850 CE), and the 20th century is published by Burke et al. (2018).^[568]