2019年の古生物学

古生物学は、植物や動物の化石の調査を通じて地球上の先史時代の 生命体を研究する学問です。^[1]これには、体の化石、足跡（生痕）、巣穴、脱落した部分、化石化した糞便（糞石）、花粉化石、化学残留物の研究が含まれます。人類は数千年にわたって化石に遭遇してきたため、古生物学は科学として公式化される前も後も長い歴史を持っています。この記事では、2019年に発生した、または発表された古生物学に関連する重要な発見や出来事を記録しています。

• 現存するステモニティス属の胞子果と区別がつかない化石胞子果が、ミャンマーの白亜紀の琥珀から発見されたことが、リッキネン、グリマルディ、シュミット（2019）によって報告されている。^[11]
• 白亜紀-古第三紀絶滅イベントなどの主要な歴史的出来事が、地衣類を形成する菌類の2つの主要なサブクラス（LecanoromycetidaeとOstropomycetidae ）の進化に与えた影響に関する研究が、Huang et al.（2019）によって発表されました。^[12]
• ヨーロッパの古第三紀の琥珀から発見された地衣類の説明は、Kaasalainenら（2019）によって発表されている。 ^[13]
• ペリコニア属、ペニシリウム属、スコプラリオプシス属に属する菌類は、これらの分類群の最初で最古の化石記録であり、ティッシャーら（2019）によって始新世バルト 海琥珀から記載されています。 ^[14]

• チャンら（2019）は、揚子江峡谷（中国）のエディアカラ紀-カンブリア紀境界区間の4つのセクションから、おそらく海綿動物の化石であると思われる海綿骨と骨のような構造について記述した。 ^[15]
• カンブリア爆発とオルドビス紀大生物多様化イベントの間に非石器類の棘状海綿動物の分布パターンがどのように変化したかを評価する研究がボッティング＆ミューア（2019）によって発表されました。^[16]

• 中国の下鎮層産アゲトライト属に属するオルドビス紀サンゴ3種の成長特性と、それがこの属の系統関係を推測する上での意義についての研究が、Sun、Elias、Lee（2019）によって発表された。^[33]
• オルドビス紀コープ層（米国ケンタッキー州）の大型群落性シワサンゴに関する研究がハリスら（2019）によって発表された。 ^[34]
• シルル紀の板状サンゴHalysites catenulariusの形態、成長特性、系統関係に関する研究がLiang、Elias、Lee（2019）によって出版されました。^[35]
• アメリカのサウスカロライナ州で、 Landmeyer et al. (2019)が、アメリカの大西洋沿岸平野州の堆積物の中から、変成を受けていないわずかに硬化した古生代砂岩が露出していることを示す最初の証拠となる隔壁のない板状サンゴの化石を報告した。 ^[36] この発見は、研究対象地域にある他の古生代岩石はすべて大きく変成していること、化石が発見された岩石は伝統的に白亜紀のミッドデンドルフ層として地図化されていること、問題の化石は古生代砂岩中の古生代サンゴではなく、白亜紀砂岩中の白亜紀針葉樹の樹皮ではないかと示唆されていることなどから、激しく異論を唱えられている。^[37]
• 生理、行動、生息地などに基づく生態学的選択が、後期暁新世から前期始新世にかけてのサンゴの長期生存に役割を果たしたかどうかを明らかにすることを目的とした研究が、ワイス＆マーティンデール（2019）によって発表されました。^[38]
• 更新世に遡るAcropora proliferaの化石がPrecht et al. (2019)によって報告されている。^[39]
• ジョーンズら（2019）は、最終間氷期のサンゴ礁の分布に関する研究を発表しており、将来の気候変動がサンゴ礁に与える影響の予測におけるサンゴ礁の化石データの有用性も評価している。^[40]
• 異なる著者によってSerpulites sicaまたはEuzebiola clarkeiの種に分類された、デボン紀ポンタ・グロッサ層（ブラジル）の問題のある化石標本に関する研究が、Van Itenら（2019）によって発表されました。彼らはこの化石をクローン出芽が可能なクラゲと解釈し、Sphenothallus属に移しました。^[41]
• ゴットランド島のヴィスビー層下部に分布するシルル紀中期に遡る最古の中光サンゴ生態系は、ザパルスキとベルコウスキーによって記述されている。^[42]板状サンゴが優勢なこれらの群集は、サンゴと藻類の共生の始まりについての手がかりも与えてくれる。
• ミハルジェヴィッチ（2019）は、サラワク（マレーシア）、ネグロス島、セブ（フィリピン）の漸新世と中新世からの新しい化石サンゴのコレクションについて説明しています。^[43]
• イラン中部とトルコ南部の化石標本のデータに基づいた、ノリアのヒドロ虫類ヘテラストリディウムの解剖学、発生学、分類学に関する研究が、Senowbari-Daryan & Link (2019) によって出版されています。^[44]

• トッパーら（2019年）は、推定幹棘皮動物ヤンジアヘラ・ビスカルパの形態と系統関係に関する研究を発表した。 ^[84]その後、この研究はザモラら（2020年）によって批判された。^{[85] [86]}
• ルフェーブルら（2019）は、スチロフォラ類において骨格型とともに発見された軟組織の痕跡について記述しており、彼らはその発見がスチロフォラ類の半索動物のような類似性ではなく棘皮動物のような類似性を支持するものであると解釈している。^[87]
• 鱗嚢胞状棘皮動物Vyscystisの形態と系統関係に関する研究がNohejlováら（2019）によって発表された。^[88]
• シェフィールド＆サムラル（2019）は、複葉 虫の系統関係に関する研究を発表した。 ^[89]
• シェフィールドとサムラル（2019年）は、ブロマイド層（米国オクラホマ州）の保存状態の良い標本データから示唆されるオルドビス紀の複葉類ユーモルフォシスティスの摂食歩行器の形態に関する研究を発表した。彼らは、ユーモルフォシスティスがウミユリ類と近縁であり、ウミユリ類が胚盤胞の中に巣を作っていることを示唆する研究結果であると解釈している。[90 ^{]その後、ユーモルフォ}システィスとウミユリ類の関係についての彼らの結論は、グエンスバーグら（2020年）によって異議を唱えられた。 ^[91]
• Macurdablastus uniplicatusの形態と系統関係に関する研究は、Bauer、Waters、Sumrall（2019）によって出版されています。^[92]
• ヘキセドリオシスティスの形態と系統関係に関する研究は、この分類群を胚子虫と見なすザモラ＆サムラル（2019）によってオンラインで公開されています。^[93]
• 石炭紀（チェスター紀）キンケイド層（イリノイ州、米国）の石灰岩板に保存されたエリオアステロイド Neoisorophusella laneiの標本の古生態に関する研究が、Shroat-Lewis、Greenwood、Sumrall（2019）によって出版されました。^[94]
• Cupulocrinusの形態と、それが柔軟なウミユリ類の起源を推測する上での意義に関する研究がピーター（2019）によって出版されている。^[95]
• 二枚貝類ウミユリの系統関係に関する研究はCole (2019)によって発表されている。^[96]
• 二枚貝類ウミユリ類の寿命に対する生物学的・生態学的制御に関する研究がCole (2019)によってオンラインで公開されている。^[97]
• シロウミユリ類の体サイズの傾向のマクロ進化パターンに関する研究がブロム（2019）によって発表されている。^[98]
• カナダ、オンタリオ州、オルドビス紀（カティアン）のブレチン・ラーゲルシュテッテ産ウミユリの古生物群集構造とニッチ分割のパターンに関する研究が、Cole、Wright、Ausich（2019）によって出版されました。^[99]
• 白亜紀のウミユリ類デカメロス・リコルディアヌスの神経系と循環系の解剖とこの種の系統関係に関する研究が、Saulsbury & Zamora (2019) によってオンラインで公開されました。^[100]
• 石炭紀の幹群 ウニの基質嗜好に関する研究は、トンプソン＆ボットジャー（2019）によって出版される予定である。^[101]
• ペルム紀-三畳紀絶滅後の三畳紀初期のウニの回復に関する研究がPietschら（2019）によって発表された。^[102]
• オフィオペトラ属に属する化石ヒトデは、南米中生代から発見された関節のあるヒトデとしては初めての記録であり、フェルナンデスら（2019）によってアグリオ層（アルゼンチン）の下部白亜紀アグア・デ・ラ・ムラ層から記載され、オフィオペトラ属をアンフィレピダ目オフィオネレイディダ科に移管した。^[103]

• カルシウム安定同位体のデータから示唆されるコノドントの摂食習慣に関する研究が、バルターら（2019）によって発表されている。^[134]
• コノドント要素の結晶構造の進化史を通じた変化に関する研究が、メディチら（2019）によってオンラインで公開されている。^[135]
• _{コノドントのプラットフォーム状P1}要素の進化に関する研究は、コノドントの生態との関連性を評価し、Ginot & Goudemand (2019)によって出版されている。^[136]
• 古生代初期の環境変化がローレンシアのカナダ側のコノドントの進化と古生態に与えた影響に関する研究が、Barnes (2019) によってオンラインで公開されました。^[137]
• Paroistodus horridusの形態、発生、生層序学的価値に関する研究がMestre & Heredia（2019）によってオンラインで公開されています。^[138]
• ヤンら（2019）は、後期オルドビス紀のタスマノグナトゥス属とヤオキシアノグナトゥス属の分類と進化関係の改訂版を出版した。 ^[139]
• エリスモドゥス・クアドリダクティルスの器官の構成と構造に関する研究がダンダら（2019）によって発表されている。^[140]
• ロチコフ期コノドント種Ancyrodelloides carlsiの発生に関する研究がCorriga & Corradini（2019）によって出版されている。^[141]
• コワラ採石場（ポーランド中部）の上部デボン系から発見されたアルテルノグナトゥス属の化石に関する研究では、個体発生の過程を日数で測定し、周期的な死亡事象を記録しようとしており、Świś（2019）に発表されている。^[142]
• Vogelgnathus simplicatusの器官は、アイルランドの石炭紀の地層から採取された限られた多様性のサンプルから個別の要素から再構築され、Sanz-López、Blanco-Ferrera、Miller（2019）によって作成されました。^[143]
• 基底小体（コノドント要素の2つの主要部分のうち、クラウンを除く）が部分的に保存されたネオスパソディッドコノドント要素が、オマーンの下部三畳紀からスーケとグーデマンド（2019）によって報告されており、彼らはその発見を、デボン紀以降のコノドントにおける基底小体の不在は保存上の偏りのみによるものであることを示していると解釈している。^[144]
• 高橋・山北・鈴木（2019）は、北北上帯（日本）の下部三畳紀遠洋性黒色粘土岩から、「目」の印象を保存したコノドントの自然集団について記述している。 ^[145]
• 中期三畳紀の羅平生物群（中国雲南省）のクラスターのデータに基づいたニコラエラの器官の構成に関する研究が、Huang et al.（2019）によって発表されました。[ 146 ^]
• Nicoraella kockeliの摂食装置の構造はHuangら（2019）によって再構築されており、彼らはコノドントの摂食装置の提案された機能的解釈も評価している。^[147]
• チェンら（2019）は、イエナ層のジェンツィヒセクションとマイスナー層のトロイシュテットセクション（ドイツ）から採取された中期三畳紀のコノドント群集に関する研究を発表した。この研究では、ネオゴンドレラ・ハスラチェンシスとニコラエラ・ゲルマニカの装置の形態も研究され、ネオゴンドレラ・モンベルゲンシスの種についてもレビューと改訂が行われた。^[148]
• ピッツォ・モンデッロセクション（イタリア、シチリア島）の7つのコノドント形態種内および種間の_{P1コノドント要素の量的形態学的変異と、}カーニアン/ノーリアン境界付近の700万年以内の進化を評価する研究が、グエンサーら（2019）によって発表されました。^[149]
• コノドント要素の基底組織のタフォノミーに関する研究が、Suttner & Kido (2019)によってオンラインで公開されました。 ^[150]

• 古生代と三畳紀の単弓類の上腕骨の形態的多様性と形態的変化に関する研究が、Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019) によって発表されました。^[159]
• 非哺乳類の単弓類における頭蓋骨の形状パターンの多様性（頭蓋骨の顔と脳頭蓋領域の相対的な長さに焦点を当てた）に関する研究が、クローネ、カマーラー、アンギエルチク（2019）によって発表されました。^[160]
• ハリディら（2019）は、ペルム紀前期のリチャーズ・スパー地域（オクラホマ州、米国）で発見された、骨パジェット病に酷似した代謝性骨疾患の影響を受けたと思われる、病的に癒合したバラノピッド類の尾椎2つを記載した。^[161]
• エキネルペトン・インターミディウムの新しい頭蓋骨の記述とこの種の系統関係に関する研究は、マン＆パターソン（2019）によってオンラインで公開されています。^[162]
• ロマーノら（2019）は、トッレ・デル・ポルティチョーロ産地（イタリア）で発見されたスフェナコドン科に属する大型肉食性単弓類の化石について報告した。これは、イタリアのペルム紀から発見された最初の肉食性非獣弓類単弓類であり、ヨーロッパで発見された数少ない単弓類のうちの1つである。^[163]
• ブリンク、マクドゥーガル、ライス（2019）は、ペルム紀前期のリチャーズ・スパー産地（米国オクラホマ州）で発見されたディメトロドンの小型神経棘の形態と組織学に関する記述を発表した。同氏らはまた、リチャーズ・スパー産地にディメトロドンの派生種（テキサス州とオクラホマ州の後期クングリアン産地に典型的）が存在したことを示す化石歯の証拠も報告している。^[164]
• ブルネティアモルフビアルモスクス類の頭蓋骨天井の組織学的研究がKulik & Sidor (2019)によって発表されている。^[165]
• シェルトン、チンサミー、ロスチャイルド（2019）は、南アフリカのカルー盆地のペルム紀から、骨髄炎に罹患したティタノスクス科の種、ジョンケリア・パルバの標本の大腿骨を記載した。 ^[166]
• タピノセファリダエ科の歯における草食動物への適応に関する研究がホイットニー＆シドール（2019）によって発表されている。^[167]
• タピノカニヌス・パメラエのほぼ完全な骨格が、南アフリカのボーフォート層群最下部から発見され、この種の付属骨格の解剖学に関する新たな情報（二頭動物としては初めての正確な椎骨数を含む）を提供するとともに、ルビッジ、ゴベンダー、ロマーノ（2019）によって記載された。^[168]
• ロマーノとルビッジ（2019）は、南アフリカのボーフォート層群最下部から発見された、保存状態の良いタピノカニヌス・パメラエの完全な骨格の体重推定値を提示している。 ^[169]
• Styracocephalus platyrhynchusの頭蓋骨の解剖と系統関係に関する研究がFraser-Kingら（2019）によって発表された。^[170]
• ディキノドン類の仙椎の進化に関する研究がグリフィン＆アンギエルチク（2019）によって出版されている。^[171]
• 上部ペルム紀のナオバオゴウ層（中国）のディキノドン類の多様性に関する研究がLiu（2019）によって発表された。^[172]
• 南米のディキノドン類の頭蓋骨に関する研究は、頭蓋骨の形態の違いが摂食機能の違いに関連しているかどうかを判断することを目的としており、オルドネスら（2019）によって発表されている。^[173]
• エンドチオドン・トランイの新しい化石資料が、モザンビークのメタングラグラベンのペルム紀K5層から発見された（2019年）^{[174] 。}
• カルー超群（南アフリカ）の最上部プリステログナトゥス群集帯から発見された新標本のデータに基づいたエンドチオドン・バチストマの頭蓋後骨格の解剖学的研究が、マハラジ、チンサミー＆スミス（2019）によってオンラインで公開されました。^[175]
• アンギエルチク（2019）は、ロピンジアン上部マドゥマビサ泥岩層（ザンビア）からディガロドン属に分類される小型のディキノドン類の頭骨を発見し、この属の既知の地理的範囲を拡大した。^[176]
• Rastodon procurvidensのデジタルエンドキャストは、de Simão-Oliveira、Kerber、Pinheiro（2019）によって再構築され、この種のエンドキャスト形態の生物学的意味を評価しました。^[177]
• マンキューソとイルミス（2019）は、チャニャレス層（アルゼンチン）から発見されたスタレケリア属の尺骨について記述し、この発見が三畳紀ゴンドワナの生物地層学と生物地理学の知識に与える影響を評価している。^[178]
• Lisowicia bojaniの体重に関する研究は、Romano & Manucci（2019）によってオンラインで公開されています。^[179]
• Thulborn & Turner (2003) ^[180]が報告したオーストラリアの白亜紀のディキノドン類と推定される化石に関する研究が、 Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019) によってオンラインで公開されました。彼らはこれらの化石を鮮新世-更新世のものとみなし、おそらくディプロトドン類である大型哺乳類の化石として再解釈しています。^[181]
• グルネルト、ブロックルハースト、フロビッシュ（2019）は、進化の歴史を通じてテロセファリア類の形態学的および系統学的多様性のパターンを決定することを目的とした研究を発表しました。 ^[182]
• 獣頭類の体サイズの進化速度の変化に関する研究がBrocklehurst（2019）によって発表されている。^[183]
• 南アフリカの前期三畳紀に発見されたテトラキノドン属に属すると考えられる新しい獣頭類標本の手根の形態と、獣頭類の手根の形態の進化に関する研究が、Fontanarrosaら（2019）によって発表された。^[184]
• 非哺乳類キノドン類の種の豊富さのパターンと化石記録の質に関する研究が、Lukic-Waltherら（2019）によって発表されました。^[185]
• ガレサウルス・プラニケプスの頭蓋後骨格の形態と骨組織学に関する研究がバトラー、アブダラ、ボサ・ブリンク（2019）によって出版されている。^[186]
• ガレサウルス・プラニケプスの頭蓋骨の解剖学的再記述は、Pusch、Kammerer、Fröbisch（2019）によって出版されている。^[187]
• ヘンドリックス、アブダラ、ショイニエール（2019）は、既知のすべてのディアデモドン科およびトリラコドン科キノドン類の歯の記述を発表しており、彼らはまた、ゴムフォドン類の歯の研究における解剖学用語と略語の標準化されたリストを提案し、シノグナトゥスとベイシャノドンをトリラコドン科に割り当て、これまでクリコドン・カンネメエリ種と呼ばれていたすべての標本をトリラコドン・ベリーの若い個体とみなしている。^[188]
• トラヴェルソドン科キノドン類Protuberum cabralenseとExaeretodon riograndesisの骨組織学に関する研究がVeiga、Botha-Brink、Soares（2019）によって出版されている。^[189]
• メロら（2019）はメナドン・ベサイリエイの犬歯後部の歯について記述しており、メロらはこの種の歯の成長と置換のパターンも研究している。^[190]
• Massetognathus ochagaviaeとProbelesodon kitchingiのデジタルエンドキャストは、 Hoffmannら（2019）によって再構築されました。^[191]
• シュミットら（2019）は、サンタマリア超層序（ブラジル、リオグランデドスル州）のカーニアンサンタクルゾドン群集帯から、マセトグナトゥス・オカガビアエ属の一種の頭骨を記載した。 ^[192]
• コンピュータ断層撮影スキャンデータに基づく仮想モデルを使用したSiriusgnathus niemeyerorumとExaeretodon riograndensisの脳エンドキャストの説明が、Pavanatto、Kerber、Dias-da-Silva（2019）によって発表されました。 ^[193]
• ブラジルの上部三畳紀カトゥリタ層から発見されたシリウスグナトゥス・ニエメエロラムの新化石の説明とその化石の年代に関する研究が、ミロンら（2019）によってオンラインで公開されました。 [ ^194]
• 非哺乳類のプロバイノガニア・キノドン類と初期哺乳類の頭蓋骨のデータから、プロバイノガニア・キノドン類の眼窩下上顎管の進化と、それが非哺乳類の単弓類の可動ヒゲの進化の知識に与える影響に関する研究が、Benoit et al. (2019) によってオンラインで公開されました。^[195]
• ロドリゲスら（2019）はリオグランディア・グアイベンシスの標本のデジタル頭蓋骨エンドキャストを再現した。 ^[196]
• Riograndia guaibensisに帰属できる最初の頭蓋後標本の解剖学的記述は、Guignard、Martinelli、Soares（2019）によって出版されている。^[197]
• ギニャール、マルティネリ、ソアレス（2019）は、Brasilodon quadrangularisの頭蓋後骨格の解剖学に関する研究を発表しました。 ^[198]
• トリティロドン科の歯の摩耗パターンとその食性に関する研究が、カルトフら（2019）によって発表されている。^[199]
• アフリカでこれまでに報告された中で最も新しい非哺乳類型キノドン類の化石である可能性のあるキノドン類の歯は、ラセロン（2019）によって、ジュラ紀後期または白亜紀最初期のクサル・メトリリ（モロッコ東部アヌール・シンクライン）の産地から記載されている。^[200]
• 43の単弓類分類群の顎耳複合体の解剖学によって示唆される哺乳類の中耳耳 小骨の起源に関する研究が、Navarro-Díaz、Esteve-Altava、Rasskin-Gutman（2019）によって発表されました。^[201]
• 哺乳類と非哺乳類の単弓類のデータから示唆される哺乳類の脊柱の形態学的複雑性の進化に関する研究が、ジョーンズ、アンギエルチク、ピアス（2019）によって出版されている。^[202]

• ロシアの白海南東部に生息する前関節動物群に属する動物の型に関する研究と、それが前関節動物の外皮の形態に関する知識に与える影響についての研究が、イヴァンツォフ、ザクレフスカヤ、ナゴヴィツィン（2019）によって出版されている。^[253]
• ウィットプッツ流域（ナミビア）のエルニエッタの蓄積と、それがこれらの生物の生態学に関する知識に与える影響に関する研究が、ギブソンら（2019）によって出版されている。^[254]
• クラウディナやシノチューブライトなどの典型的なエディアカラ生物が優勢であるが、初期カンブリア紀の貝化石との類似性を示す化石も保存されている、多様な管状化石の集合体が、エディアカラのデンギン層（中国）から発見されたことが、蔡ら（2019）によって報告されている。^[255]
• Letschら（2019）は、モロッコのアドゥドゥ層（タビア層とティフナウト層）から、エディアカラ紀後期の円盤状エディアカラ型化石とエディアカラ紀後期からカンブリア紀前期の 微化石を発見したと報告しており、これは北西アフリカで発見されたと思われる動物の生命の直接的な証拠としては最古のものである。^[256]
• ミンら（2019）は、クラウディナとマルチコノトゥブスの無性生殖の異なるタイプを描写した研究を発表した。 ^[257]
• Charnia masoniの解剖学に関する研究はDunnら（2019）によって発表されている。^[258]
• ディキンソニアが移動能力を持っていたかどうかを評価する研究がエヴァンス、ゲーリング、ドロザー（2019）によって発表されている。 ^[259]
• ディッキンソニアの組織のさまざまな力に対する生体力学的反応を現代の生物に典型的なものと比較した研究がエヴァンスら（2019）によって発表されている。^[260]
• アルボレア・アルボレアの解剖学、成長、系統関係に関する研究がダン、リウ、ゲーリング（2019）によって出版されている。^[261]
• シャオら（2019）は、エディアカラ紀のデンギン層（中国）から発見された新しい生痕化石について記述しており、これは微生物マット内の酸素オアシスを探索していた左右相称動物によって生成されたものと解釈され、新しい生痕化石群Yichnus levisと命名されている。^[262]
• モロッコのオルドビス紀とニューヨークのデボン紀の化石の型と鋳型、および南オーストラリア、ロシアの白海地域、ナミビア、ニューファンドランドのエディアカラ紀の型と鋳型化石に関する研究がMacGabhannら（2019）によって発表され、化石が元の生物をどれだけ忠実に再現しているか、そして地球上で進化した最初の動物がモロッコのタフィラルト・ラーゲルシュテッテのエルドニイデス科と同様の方法で化石化した可能性があるかどうかを評価しています。^[263]
• モンゴル南西部の下部カンブリア系サラアゴル層から、例外的に保存状態の良いリン酸化 古貝類と小型貝類の化石が発見されたことが、プルスら（2019）によって報告されている。^[264]
• モンゴルのサラゴル層の微生物古生物礁やその他の古生代初期の礁のデータに基づいた、礁の生物多様性の発達時期に関する研究が、コーディら（2019）によって発表されました。^[265]
• 古顎類の形態的多様性に関する研究は、Cordie & Dornbos (2019)によって出版されている。^[266]
• Pratt & Kimmig (2019)は、カンブリア紀（ドルミアン）のRavens Throat River Lagerstätteの岩石滑り層（カナダ）の層状粘土岩に広範囲に渡って穴を掘っていた証拠を提示している。 ^[267]
• モロッコのフェズワタ層から発見されたPlumulites bengtsoniの顎器官の記述は、マカエリディアン類の系統関係の知識への影響を評価するものであり、Parryら（2019）によって出版されている。 ^[268]
• 神経系の残骸として特定されたカナディア・スピノサの内部解剖学的特徴の説明は、パリー＆キャロン（2019）によって出版されている。^[269]
• 熱水噴出孔と冷水湧出域から回収された化石（新生代、中生代、古生代）の環形動物の管と、かつて環形動物が作ったと考えられていた管の化学組成、形態、系統発生に関する研究が、Georgieva et al.（2019）によって発表されました。^[270]
• ゲオルギエヴァら（2019）は、南カリフォルニア沖のサンタモニカ盆地から、後期更新世に遡る蛇管類の化石からなる巨大な堆積物が発見されたと報告している。 ^[271]
• 中国北部の下部カンブリア系新集層のハイオリスの巻貝と鰓蓋の微細構造と、それがハイオリスの系統関係を推測する上での意義についての研究が、Li et al. (2019) によって発表された。^[272]
• 中国南部の澄江生物群に生息するヒオリスTriplicatella opimusの摂食装置に関連する軟部組織の記述と、この発見がヒオリスの系統学的類似性に関する知識にどのような意味を持つかについての研究が、Liu et al. (2019)によってオンラインで公開されました。 ^[273]
• シルル紀とデボン紀の地層から採取された触手類の巻貝の大きさの変化に関する研究がWei（2019）によって発表されている。^[274]
• Amiskwia sagittiformisの解剖学に関する研究がVintherとParry（2019）によって発表されました。彼らは、この種の化石に存在する2つの反射斑点（以前は一対の脳神経節と解釈されていました）を、顎類のものに似た一対の咽頭顎であると解釈しています。^[275]
• Amiskwia sagittiformisの解剖学と系統学的類似性に関する研究がCaron & Cheung（2019）によって出版されている。 ^[276]
• これまで記載された棘頭動物の寄生虫卵の最古の記録は、 Cardia et al. (2019) によって、上部白亜紀のアダマンティーナ層（ブラジル）のワニ形と思われる 糞石から報告されたものである。^[277]
• ケシディスら（2019）は、カンブリア紀のハイダール層（スウェーデン）から、例外的に保存状態の良い痕跡化石と体化石を発見し、これらの化石は鰓毬類のようなスカリドフォラン類によって作られたと解釈している。^[278]
• 最下部カンブリア紀のKuanchuanpu層（中国）から発見された微小なスカリドフォラン類の脱皮殻の記述がWangら（2019）によって発表され、彼らはこの発見をこれまでに報告された脱皮動物の脱皮に関する最古の記録であると解釈している。^[279]
• カンブリア紀のキンザーズ層（米国ペンシルベニア州）で発見された放射性ドンタンの化石の再評価がペイツ＆デイリー（2019年）によって発表され、この層からは少なくとも4つの放射性ドンタンの分類群が知られていると主張し、アノマロカリス・ペンシルバニカがA.カナデンシスとは異なる種であることを確認した。^[280]
• ヤンら（2019）は、チェンジャンゴカリド科のフクシアンフイ科のAlacaris mirabilisの脱皮行動に関する研究を発表した。 ^[281]
• 幹節足動物Guangweicaris spinatusの解剖学と系統関係に関する研究がWu & Liu（2019）によって発表されました。^[282]
• ハガドーンとアルモン（2019）は、ニューヨークの中期から上部デボン紀の地層から、パロプソネマ・クリプトフィアの標本の部分的な型と解釈される化石を記載したが、これはこれまでに報告されたパロプソネミド類の最も最近の発生を示している。^[283]
• トゥリモンストルムの系統学的類似性を決定するための眼のメラノソームの有用性を評価する研究がロジャースら（2019）によって発表されている。 ^[284]

• 白亜紀-古第三紀絶滅後のプランクトン性有孔虫の形態学的複雑性に関する研究が、Lowery & Fraass（2019）によって発表されました。^[285]
• 南チベットの化石証拠に基づいた、テチス海の大型底生 有孔虫の暁新世-始新世温暖化極大期への反応に関する研究が、Zhang et al. (2019) によって発表されました。^[286]

• Putative traces of life older than 3.95 Ga, reported from northern Labrador (Canada) by Tashiro et al. (2017)^[324] are reevaluated by Whitehouse et al. (2019).^[325]
• Description of cellularly preserved microfossils from ~3.4 Ga-old deposits of the Kromberg Formation (South Africa), providing information on reproduction patterns of these organisms, is published by Kaźmierczak & Kremer (2019).^[326]
• El Albani et al. (2019) describe 2.1 billion-year-old fossils belonging to the Francevillian biota of Gabon, including pyritized string-shaped structures interpreted as produced by a multicellular or syncytial organism able to migrate laterally and vertically to reach food resources.^[327]
• A study on ca. 1.9 Ga hairpin-shaped trace fossils and discoid fossils from the Stirling Range Formation (Western Australia) is published by Retallack & Mao (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of early life on land.^[328]
• A study on organic-walled microfossils from the Cailleach Head Formation (Torridon Group, Scotland) is published by Wacey et al. (2019), who report exceptional preservation of sub-cellular detail in selected cells.^[329]
• Phosphatized three-dimensional fossil of a putative calcimicrobe Epiphyton are reported from the Neoproterozoic Dengying Formation (China) by Min et al. (2019).^[330]
• A study on the affinities of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China), i.e. Crassitubus, Quadratitubus, Ramitubus and Sinocyclocyclicus, is published by Sun et al. (2019), who reject the interpretation of these taxa as early animals.^[331]
• Lehn, Horodyski & Paim (2019) report the first known occurrence of Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils preserved in fine-grained siliciclastic strata of the Camaquã Basin (southernmost Brazil).^[332]
• A study on the structure, developmental biology and affinities of Caveasphaera costata from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) is published by Yin et al. (2019).^[333]
• A study on possible cells and their appendages in fossils of Epiphyton from the Wuliuan of the North China Platform, and on their implications for the classification of this taxon, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).^[334]
• A study on the morphology and colony organization of Rhyniococcus uniformis (a Devonian organism resembling extant cyanobacteria in the genus Merismopedia), based on data from new specimens, is published by Krings & Harper (2019).^[335]
• A new method of assessing the morphology of fossil radiolarian specimens is presented by Kachovich, Sheng & Aitchison (2019), who apply their method to six specimens from the Cambrian Inca Formation (Australia) and Ordovician Piccadilly Formation (Canada) and evaluate the implications of their method for the studies of radiolarian evolution.^[336]

Research related to paleontology that concerns multiple groups of the organisms listed above.

• Experiments indicating that abiotic chemical gardening can mimic structures interpreted as the oldest known fossil microorganisms in both morphology and composition are conducted by McMahon (2019).^[337]
• A study on biomarkers recovered from cap dolomites of the Araras Group (Brazil), interpreted as evidence of the transition from a bacterial to eukaryotic dominated ecosystem after the Marinoan deglaciation, likely caused by massive bacterivorous grazing by ciliates, is published by van Maldegem et al. (2019).^[338]
• Biomarkers thought to be diagnostic for demosponges and cited as evidence of rise of animals to ecological importance prior to the Cambrian radiation are reported to be also synthesized by rhizarians by Nettersheim et al. (2019), who place the oldest unambiguous evidence for animals closer to the Cambrian Explosion.^{[339][340][341]}
• A study on crucial conditions affecting the evolution of a proto-metabolism in early life is published by Goldford et al. (2019).^[342]
• A study on the age of the Ediacaran fossils from the Podolya Basin (southwestern Ukraine) is published by Soldatenko et al. (2019).^[343]
• A study on occurrences of body and trace fossils in Ediacaran and lower Cambrian (Fortunian) rocks around the world is published by Muscente et al. (2019), who report evidence indicative of existence of a global, cosmopolitan assemblage unique to terminal Ediacaran strata, living between two episodes of biotic turnover which might be the earliest mass extinctions of complex life.^[344]
• A study on the diversification of animals and their behaviour in the Ediacaran–Cambrian interval, as indicated by fossil and environmental proxy records, is published by Wood et al. (2019), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that the rise of early animals was more likely a series of successive, transitional radiation events which extended from the Ediacaran to the early Paleozoic, rather than competitive or biotic replacement of the latest Ediacaran biotas by markedly distinct Cambrian ones.^[345]
• A study comparing the variability of Ediacaran faunal assemblages to that of more recent fossil and modern benthic assemblages is published by Finnegan, Gehling & Droser (2019).^[346]
• A study on the intensity of animal bioturbation and ecosystem engineering in trace fossil assemblages throughout the latest Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), evaluating the implications of this data for the knowledge of the causes of the disappearance of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Cribb et al. (2019).^[347]
• A study on mechanisms of skeletal biomineralization in early animals (focusing on Cloudina and Cambrian hyoliths and halkieriids) is published by Gilbert et al. (2019).^[348]
• A study on the relationship between atmospheric oxygen oscillations, the extent of shallow-ocean oxygenation and the animal biodiversity in the Cambrian period is published by He et al. (2019).^[349]
• A study on the course of the transition from microbial-dominated reef environments to animal-based reefs in the early Cambrian, as indicated by data from strata in the western Basin and Range of California and Nevada, is published by Cordie, Dornbos & Marenco (2019).^[350]
• An assemblage of early Cambrian small carbonaceous fossils and acritarchs, including possible oldest known annelid remains, is described from the siltstones of the Lappajärvi impact structure (Finland) by Slater & Willman (2019).^[351]
• A study aiming to explain the occurrence of the variety of trace fossils associated with Tuzoia carapaces from the Cambrian Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada) is published by Mángano, Hawkes & Caron (2019).^[352]
• Cambrian Lagerstätte from the Qingjiang biota (Shuijingtou Formation; Hubei, China), preserving fossils of diverse, ~518 million years old biota, is reported by Fu et al. (2019).^[353][354]
• A study aiming to infer whether a marked drop in known diversity of marine life during the period between the Cambrian explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (the Furongian Gap) is apparent, due to sampling failure or lack of rock, or real, is published by Harper et al. (2019).^[355]
• A study on the marine biodiversity changes throughout the first 120 million years of the Phanerozoic is published by Rasmussen et al. (2019).^[356]
• A study aiming to determine factors influencing early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity is published by Penny & Kröger (2019).^[357]
• A study on rates of origination and extinction at the genus level throughout early Paleozoic is published by Kröger, Franeck & Rasmussen (2019), who also present estimates of longevity, taxon age and taxon life expectancy of early Paleozoic marine genera.^[358]
• A review of biodiversity curves of marine organisms throughout early Paleozoic, indicating the occurrence of a large-scale, long-term radiation of life that started during late Precambrian time and was only finally interrupted in the Devonian Period, is published online by Harper, Cascales-Miñana & Servais (2019).^[359]
• A study on processes causing fluctuations of biodiversity of marine invertebrates throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Rominger, Fuentes & Marquet (2019).^[360]
• A study on the impact of environmental changes on the biodiversity of North American marine organisms throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Roberts & Mannion (2019).^[361]
• A study testing the hypothesis that the influence of ocean chemistry and climate on the ecological success of marine calcifiers decreased throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Eichenseer et al. (2019).^[362]
• A study on genus origination and extinction rates in the Ordovician on a global scale, for the paleocontinents Baltica and Laurentia, and for onshore and offshore areas, is published by Franeck & Liow (2019).^[363]
• First Middle Ordovician (Dapingian–Darriwilian) soft-bodied fossils from northern Gondwana (fossils of medusozoan possibly belonging to the genus Patanacta, possible members of the family Wiwaxiidae and an arthropod possibly belonging to the family Pseudoarctolepidae) are described from the Valongo Formation (Portugal) by Kimmig et al. (2019).^[364]
• New Konservat-Lagerstätte containing exceptionally preserved soft-bodied organisms, including the earliest record of Acoelomorpha, Turbellaria, Nemertea and Nematoda reported so far, is described from the Ordovician (Katian) Vauréal Formation (Canada) by Knaust & Desrochers (2019).^[365]
• A review of occurrence data of latest Ordovician benthic marine organisms is published by Wang, Zhan & Percival (2019), who evaluate the implications of the studied data for the knowledge of the course of the end-Ordovician mass extinction.^[366]
• A revision of Silurian fauna from the Pentland Hills (Scotland) described by Archibald Lamont in 1978 is published by Candela & Crighton (2019).^[367]
• A study on the course of graptolite extinctions during the middle Homerian biotic crisis and on the impact of this crisis on other marine invertebrates, as indicated by data from the Kosov Quarry section of the Prague Synform (Czech Republic), is published by Manda et al. (2019).^[368]
• Well-preserved fossil cryptic biota is reported from the submarine cavities of the Devonian (Emsian to Givetian) mud mounds in the Hamar Laghdad area (Morocco) by Berkowski et al. (2019).^[369]
• A study aiming to test and quantify the classification of Devonian biogeographic areas, based on distributional data of Devonian trilobite, brachiopod and fish taxa, is published by Dowding & Ebach (2019).^[370]
• A study on patterns of local richness of terrestrial tetrapods throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2019).^[371]
• Description of tetrapod and fish fossils from the coastal locality of Burnmouth, Scotland (Ballagan Formation), associated plant material and sedimentological context of these fossils is published by Clack et al. (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of the potential richness of the Tournaisian fauna, running counter to the assumption of a depauperate nonmarine fauna following the end-Devonian Hangenberg event.^[372]
• A study on the impact of climate changes during the Carboniferous–Permian transition on the evolution of land-living vertebrates is published by Pardo et al. (2019).^[373]
• A study aiming to test one of the scenarios proposed by Robert L. Carroll in 1970 to explain the origin of the amniotic egg, based on data from Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods, is published by Didier, Chabrol & Laurin (2019).^[374]
• An overview of the studies researching biodiversity changes in the Permian and their links to volcanism is published by Chen & Xu (2019).^[375]
• Haridy et al. (2019) report the occurrence of overgrowth of palatal dentition of Cacops and Captorhinus by a new layer of bone to which the newest teeth are then attached (the overgrowth pattern also documented in early fishes), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the origin of teeth.^[376]
• A study on the severity of the end-Guadalupian extinction event is published online by Rampino & Shen (2019).^[377]
• A study on the ecology of Permian tetrapods from the Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa), as indicated by stable oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate from teeth and bones used as a proxy for water dependence, is published online by Rey et al. (2019).^[378]
• Two Permian tetrapod assemblages, recovered from the northernmost point at which the lowest Beaufort Group has been targeted for collecting fossils, are reported from the southern Free State (South Africa) by Groenewald, Day & Rubidge (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of faunal provincialism within the Middle to Late Permian Karoo Basin.^[379]
• A study aiming to determine which Permian tetrapod assemblage zones are present in the vicinity of Victoria West (Northern Cape, South Africa), and to reassess the biostratigraphic provenance of specimens collected historically in this area (including the holotype of Lycaenops ornatus), is published by Day & Rubidge (2019).^[380]
• A study on the course of the turnover from the Daptocephalus to Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones of the Karoo Basin is published by Gastaldo et al. (2019).^[381]
• A study on the timing of the extinction of latest Permian vertebrates in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is published online by Rampino et al. (2019).^[382]
• A study on the identification and position of the terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in southern African sediments, based on data from a new site in the South African Karoo Basin, is published online by Botha et al. (2019).^[383]
• A study on the functional diversity of middle Permian and Early Triassic marine paleocommunities in the area of present-day western United States, and on its implications for the knowledge of functional re-organization of these communities in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Dineen, Roopnarine & Fraiser (2019).^[384]
• A study aiming to explain high biodiversity preserved in the Triassic Cassian Formation (Italy) is published online by Roden et al. (2019).^[385]
• A study on shark, sizable carnivorous archosaur, big herbivorous tetrapod and probable turtle bromalites (coprolites and possibly some cololites) from a turtle-dominated fossil assemblage from the Upper Triassic Poręba site (Poland) is published by Bajdek et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the diet of the Triassic turtle Proterochersis porebensis.^[386]
• A study on seawater oxygenation during the Early Jurassic and its impact on the recovery of marine benthos after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, as indicated by data from Blue Lias Formation (United Kingdom), is published by Atkinson & Wignall (2019).^[387]
• A study on the patterns and processes of recovery of marine fauna after the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, United Kingdom), is published by Caswell & Dawn (2019).^[388]
• A study on changes of land vegetation resulting from the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is published by Slater et al. (2019).^[389]
• Skeletal elements of Oxfordian ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs are reported from the Kingofjeld mountain (north-east Greenland) by Delsett & Alsen (2019).^[390]
• New marine reptile-bearing localities documenting the Tithonian–Berriasian transition at the High Andes (Mendoza Province, Argentina) are reported by Fernández et al. (2019).^[391]
• A study on microvertebrate fossils from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, Morocco), evaluating their palaeobiogeographical implications, and on the age of this fauna, is published online by Lasseron et al. (2019).^[392]
• Description of mid-Cretaceous invertebrate fauna from Batavia Knoll (eastern Indian Ocean), and a study on its similarities to other Cretaceous faunas from around the Indian Ocean, is published by Wild & Stilwell (2019).^[393]
• A study on the age of the vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Cerro Barcino Formation (Argentina) is published online by Krause et al. (2019).^[394]
• Possible amphibian, gastropod and insect egg masses are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Xing et al. (2019).^[395]
• A study on coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Münster Basin (northwestern Germany), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of Cretaceous trophic structures and predator–prey interactions, is published by Qvarnström et al. (2019).^[396]
• New vertebrate assemblage from the upper Turonian Schönleiten Formation of Gams bei Hieflau (Austria) is described by Ősi et al. (2019).^[397]
• Turonian marine vertebrate fossils from the Huehuetla quarry (Puebla, Mexico) are described by Alvarado-Ortega et al. (2019).^[398]
• A study on the biogeography of Cretaceous terrestrial tetrapods is published by Kubo (2019).^[399]
• A study on the structure and contents of a large piece of amber attached to a jaw of a specimen of Prosaurolophus maximus from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta, Canada), evaluating the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the habitat and taphonomy of the dinosaur, is published by McKellar et al. (2019).^[400]
• An accumulation of fossil eggshells of bird, crocodylomorph and gekkotan eggs is reported from the Late Cretaceous Oarda de Jos locality in the vicinity of the city of Sebeș (Romania) by Fernández et al. (2019).^[401]
• A review of the fossil record of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene vertebrates from the Seymour Island (Antarctica) is published by Reguero (2019).^[402]
• A study on the evolutionary history of the family Pospiviroidae, aiming to assess possible impact of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event on the divergence rates in this family, is published by Bajdek (2019).^[403]
• A study on calcareous nanoplankton and planktic foraminiferal assemblages in a Cretaceous-Paleogene section from the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, and on their implications for the knowledge of recovery of plankton after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Jones, Lowery & Bralower (2019).^[404]
• A study on the course of recovery of the nanoplankton communities after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is published by Alvarez et al. (2019), who report evidence indicative of 1.8 million years of exceptional volatility of post-extinction communities and indicating that the emergence of a more stable equilibrium-state community coincided with indicators of carbon cycle restoration and a fully functioning biological pump.^[405]
• A study on the timing and nature of recovery of benthic marine ecosystems of Antarctica after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from fossils of benthic molluscs, is published by Whittle et al. (2019).^[406]
• A study on the drivers and tempo of biotic recovery after Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from the Corral Bluffs section of the Denver Basin (Colorado, United States), is published by Lyson et al. (2019).^[407]
• Description of the vertebrate assemblage from the Oligocene Shine Us locality in the Khaliun Basin (Mongolia) is published by Daxner-Höck et al. (2019).^[408]
• Description of reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Miocene localities of the Kilçak section (Turkey) is published by Syromyatnikova et al. (2019).^[409]
• Description of fossil fish, amphibian and reptilian fauna from the middle Miocene locality Gračanica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is published online by Vasilyan (2019).^[410]
• A study on the vertebrate fossils from the early Clarendonian localities within the Goliad Formation in Bee and Live Oak Counties in Texas (comprising the Lapara Creek Fauna), and on the stratigraphic context of these localities, is published by May (2019).^[411]
• New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent and xenarthran fossils (among which is the oldest record of an armadillo belonging to the genus Dasypus reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation, Argentina) by Ercoli et al. (2019).^[412]
• Description of a diverse late Miocene marine fauna from the Bloomfield Quarry (Wilson Grove Formation; California, United States), including the most diverse assemblage of fossil walruses yet reported worldwide from a single locality, is published by Powell et al. (2019).^[413]
• Fish, turtle and mammals fossils are described from a locality near Whitehorse (Yukon, Canada), probably of Miocene age, by Eberle et al. (2019).^[414]
• A study on microscopic traces of hominin and animal activities in the Denisova Cave (Russia), providing the information on the use of this cave over the last 300,000 years, is published by Morley et al. (2019).^[415]
• A study on the age of the Pleistocene vertebrate assemblage from the Khok Sung locality (Thailand) is published by Duval et al. (2019).^[416]
• Revision of reptile and amphibian fossils from the late Pleistocene collection of the "Caverne Marie-Jeanne" (Hastière-Lavaux, Namur Province, Belgium) is published by Blain et al. (2019).^[417]
• New late Pleistocene site Tsaramody (Sambaina basin, Madagascar), preserving diverse subfossil remains of vertebrates, is reported by Samonds et al. (2019).^[418]
• A study on the paleoecology and diet of late Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates known from an asphalt deposit (Project 23, Deposit 1) at Rancho La Brea (California, United States) is published online by Fuller et al. (2019).^[419]
• A study on changes of vegetation in southern Borneo over the past 40,000  calibrated years BP, as indicated by data from Saleh Cave (South Kalimantan, Indonesia), is published by Wurster et al. (2019).^[420]
• Late Quaternary fossils of vertebrates are described from caves in the Manning Karst Region of eastern New South Wales (Australia) by Price et al. (2019).^[421]
• A study aiming to determine the relationships between extinctions of megafauna, climatic changes and patterns of human appearance in south-eastern Australia over the last 120,000 years is published by Saltré et al. (2019).^[422]
• A study on the causes of Holocene extinction of megafauna of Madagascar is published by Godfrey et al. (2019).^[423]
• A review discussing possible links between the fossil record of marine biodiversity, nutrient availability and primary productivity is published online by Martin & Servais (2019).^[424]
• A study on factors which determined the relative intensity of marine extinctions during greenhouse–icehouse transitions in the Late Ordovician and the Cenozoic is published online by Saupe et al. (2019).^[425]
• A study on the possible relationship between speciation and extinction rates of different groups of organisms and the ages of these groups, as indicated by data from extant and fossil species, is published by Henao Diaz et al. (2019).^{[426][427][428]}
• A study on the evolution of bite force of amniotes, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Sakamoto, Ruta & Venditti (2019).^[429]
• A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges of tooth enamel) in aquatic reptiles and mammals, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurry et al. (2019).^[430]
• A study on the impact of uncertainty of stratigraphic age of fossils on studies estimating species divergence times which incorporate fossil taxa, based on data from the fossil record of North American mammals and from the dataset of extant and fossil cetaceans, is published by Barido-Sottani et al. (2019).^[431]
• A study evaluating the impact of information about stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa on the analyses of timing of evolutionary divergence is published online by Püschel et al. (2019).^[432]
• A study on anatomical distribution, abundance, geometry, melanin chemistry and elemental inventory of melanosomes in tissues of extant vertebrates, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of internal soft-tissue anatomy in fossil vertebrates, is published by Rossi et al. (2019).^[433]
• A study on the chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Cenozoic vertebrate (mostly mammal) fossils from the South Carolina Coastal Plain is published by Albright et al. (2019).^[434]

Other research related to paleontology, including research related to geology, palaeogeography, paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.

• A study on the biological oxygen production during the Mesoarchean, as indicated by data from Mesoarchean shales of the Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup, South Africa) preserving record of a shallow ocean "oxygen oasis", is published by Ossa Ossa et al. (2019).^[435]
• A study on the extent of the oxygenation of ocean waters over continental shelves before the Great Oxidation Event, as indicated by data from 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale (Australia), is published by Ostrander et al. (2019).^[436]
• A study on the extent of the oxygenation of shallow oceans 2.45 billion years ago is published by Rasmussen et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that oxygen levels both the surface oceans and atmosphere were exceedingly low before the Great Oxidation Event, which the authors interpret as directly caused by evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.^[437]
• A study aiming to determine whether the overall size of the biosphere decreased at the end of the Great Oxidation Event, based on data on isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals from the Belcher Group (subarctic Canada), is published by Hodgskiss et al. (2019).^[438]
• Evidence of a burst of mantle activity at the end of the Archean (around 2.5 billion years ago) is presented by Marty et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as lending credence to models advocating a magmatic origin for environmental changes such as the Great Oxidation Event.^[439]
• A study aiming to determine the effects of competition of early anoxygenic phototrophs and primitive oxygenic phototrophs on the Earth system, especially on the large-scale oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere ~2.3 billion years ago, is published by Ozaki et al. (2019).^[440]
• A study on the geochemistry of mat-related structures and their host sediments from the Francevillian Formation (Gabon) is published by Aubineau et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge whether ancient microbes induced illitisation (conversion of smectite to illite–smectite mixed-layer minerals), and for the knowledge of Earth's climate and ocean chemistry in the Paleoproterozoic.^[441]
• A study on the organic geochemical (biomarker) signatures of the 1.38-billion-years-old black siltstones of the Velkerri Formation (Australia), and on their implications for inferring the microbial diversity and palaeoenvironment of the Proterozoic Roper Seaway, is published by Jarrett et al. (2019).^[442]
• A study on the origins of putative stromatolites and associated carbonate minerals from lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the 1.1-billion-years-old Stoer Group is published by Brasier et al. (2019).^[443]
• A study suggesting a link between early evolution and diversification of animals and high availability of copper in the late Neoproterozoic is published by Parnell & Boyce (2019).^[444]
• A study aiming to determine the cause of the uniquely high amplitudes of Neoproterozoic δ¹³C excursions is published by Shields et al. (2019).^[445]
• A study evaluating the possible relationship between the Cryogenian magmatic activity and the evolution of early life, based on data from the Cryogenian Yaolinghe Group (China), is published by Long, Zhang & Luo (2019).^[446]
• Evidence for oxygenated waters near ice sheet grounding lines during the Cryogenian is presented by Lechte et al. (2019).^[447]
• A study on ocean oxygen levels during the Ediacaran Shuram negative C-isotope Excursion and the middle Ediacaran, and on their implications for the evolution of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).^[448]
• A study on the causes of widespread preservation of soft-bodied organisms in sandstones of the Ediacara Member in South Australia is published by Liu et al. (2019).^[449]
• A study on the seafloor oxygen fugacity in the time of the emergence of the earliest known benthic animals, as inferred from data from the latest Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), is published by Ding et al. (2019).^[450]
• A study on the process of fossilization of Ediacaran organisms, and on its impact on the preservation of the external shape of these organisms, is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2019).^[451]
• A study on the global extent of the oxygenation of seafloor, surface oceans and atmosphere during early Cambrian is published by Dahl et al. (2019), who report evidence of two major oceanic anoxic events in the early Cambrian.^[452]
• A study on nitrogen isotope and organic carbon isotope data from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China) is published online by Xu et al. (2019), who link nitrogen cycle perturbations to animal diversification during the early Cambrian.^[453]
• A study on the paleoecological characteristics of Cambrian marine ecosystems of central Sonora (Mexico) is published by Romero et al. (2019).^[454]
• A study on seawater temperatures during the Cambrian, as indicated by data from oxygen isotope analyses of Cambrian brachiopod shells, is published by Wotte et al. (2019).^[455]
• A study on bottom-water redox conditions in the late Cambrian Alum Shale Sea, as indicated by sedimentary molybdenum contents of the Alum Shale, is published by Dahl et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that anoxic sulfidic bottom waters were an intermittent rather than persistent feature of Cambrian oceans, and that early animals invaded the seafloor during oxygenated periods.^[456]
• A study on the paleogeographic position of all major Phanerozoic arc-continent collisions, comparing it with the latitudinal distribution of ice-sheets throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Macdonald et al. (2019).^[457]
• A study aiming to determine whether the Ordovician meteor event directly affected Earth's climate and biota is published by Schmitz et al. (2019).^[458]
• A review of the evidence of evolutionary radiation of animals throughout the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, and of environmental changes coincident with these biotic changes, is published by Stigall et al. (2019).^[459]
• A study on conodont oxygen isotope compositions in Ordovician samples from Argentine Precordillera and Laurentia, and on their implications for the knowledge of palaeothermometry and drift of the Precordillera in the early Paleozoic, is published online by Albanesi et al. (2019).^[460]
• A study on carbon isotope data from stratigraphic sections at Germany Valley (West Virginia) and Union Furnace (Pennsylvania) in the Central Appalachian Basin, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of change in atmospheric oxygen levels during the late Ordovician and its possible relationship with early diversification of land plants, is published by Adiatma et al. (2019).^[461]
• Signatures of Devonian (Famennian) forests and soils preserved in black shales in the southernmost Appalachian Basin (Chattanooga Shale; Alabama, United States) are presented by Lu et al. (2019).^[462]
• A study examining the intensity of explosive volcanism from 400 to 200 million years ago, and evaluating its impact on the late Paleozoic Ice Age, is published by Soreghan, Soreghan & Heavens (2019).^[463]
• Description of Cisuralian charcoal from the Barro Branco coal seam (Siderópolis Member of the Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil), and a study on its implications for reconstruction of palaeo-wildfire occurrences in peat-forming vegetation through the Late Palaeozoic in Gondwana, is published by Benicio et al. (2019).^[464]
• A study on the extent and causes of the end-Capitanian extinction event, based on data from the Middle to Late Permian section of the Sverdrup Basin (Ellesmere Island, Canada), is published online by Bond, Wignall & Grasby (2019).^[465]
• A study on the ocean chemistry during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from a new stratigraphic section in Utah, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of this extinction, is published by Burger, Estrada & Gustin (2019).^[466]
• A study aiming to determine the stratigraphic position of the end-Permian biotic crisis in the Sydney Basin (Australia) is published by Fielding et al. (2019), who also attempt to determine the climate changes in this region concurrent with the end-Permian extinction.^[467]
• A study on shifts in volcanic activity across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by measurements of mercury in marine sections across the Northern Hemisphere, is published by Shen et al. (2019).^[468]
• A study on mercury enrichments in Permian-Triassic boundary sections from Lubei (South China craton) and Dalongkou (Junggar terrane), and on their implications for the knowledge of volcanic activity during the Permian-Triassic transition, is published by Shen et al. (2019).^[469]
• Evidence of the environmental transition from meandering to braided rivers and of the development of desert-like conditions in the earliest Triassic is reported from Permian-Triassic boundary sections in Shanxi (China) by Zhu et al. (2019).^[470]
• A study on the nitrogen isotope variations in oceanic waters in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction is published by Sun et al. (2019), whose conceptual model indicates ammonium intoxication of the oceans during this time period.^[471]
• A study on microbially induced sedimentary structures from the Lower Triassic Blind Fiord Formation (Arctic Canada), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the course of biotic recovery in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Wignall et al. (2019).^[472]
• A study on the oxygen isotope compositions of discrete conodont elements from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Pakistan), and on their implications for inferring the timing of temperature changes and the interrelationship between climate and biodiversity patterns during the Smithian-Spathian biotic crisis, is published by Goudemand et al. (2019).^[473]
• A study on nutrient availability through the Early to Middle Triassic along the northern margin of Pangea is published online by Grasby et al. (2019).^[474]
• A study on the character and extent of the Triassic Boreal Ocean delta plain across the area of the present-day Barents Sea, interpreted as the largest delta plain reported so far, is published by Klausen, Nyberg & Helland-Hansen (2019).^[475]
• A study aiming to determine links between volcanic activity in the Central Atlantic magmatic province, elevated concentrations of mercury in marine and terrestrial sediments and abnormalities of fossil fern spores across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany is published by Lindström et al. (2019).^[476]
• A study aiming to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes of the late Pliensbachian outside of Western Tethys Ocean and to test their temporal relation to large igneous province volcanism is published by De Lena et al. (2019).^[477]
• Krencker, Lindström & Bodin (2019) present sedimentological, paleontological and geochemical evidence from the Central High Atlas Basin (Morocco) and Jameson Land (Greenland) indicative of the occurrence of a major sea-level drop prior to the onset of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event.^[478]
• A study on the duration of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Talghemt section in the High Atlas (Morocco), is published by Boulila et al. (2019).^[479]
• A study on the Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment of La Voulte (France), as indicated by data from exceptionally preserved eyes of the polychelidan lobster Voulteryon parvulus and from epibiontic brachiopods associated with V. parvulus, is published by Audo et al. (2019).^[480]
• A study comparing the Jurassic floras of the Ayuquila Basin and the Otlaltepec Basin (Mexico) and evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the Jurassic environments of these basins is published by Velasco-de León et al. (2019).^[481]
• A study on Jurassic paleomagnetism, based on an updated set of Jurassic paleopoles from Adria (Italy), is published by Muttoni & Kent (2019).^[482]
• A study on the chronostratigraphy of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is published by Maidment & Muxworthy (2019).^[483]
• Evidence of repeated significant oceanic and biotic turnovers in the area of the present-day Gulf of Mexico at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition is presented by Zell et al. (2019).^[484]
• A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sediments of western Maestrazgo Basin and South-Iberian Basin (eastern Spain), aiming to also reconstruct the palaeoenvironments of this area on the basis of data from these sediments, is published by Campos-Soto et al. (2019).^[485]
• A review of data on the Jurassic and Cretaceous climates of Siberia is published by Rogov et al. (2019).^[486]
• A study on global climatic changes during the Early Cretaceous, focusing on the duration and magnitude of Early Cretaceous cold episodes, is published by Vickers et al. (2019).^[487]
• Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous strata around the southern margin of the Eromanga Basin (Australia) indicative of cold (limited glacial and/or seasonal freezing) conditions persisting in Southern Australia through the Hauterivian and the Aptian is presented by Alley, Hore & Frakes (2019).^[488]
• A study on phototropism in extant trees from Beijing and Jilin Provinces and fossil tree trunks from the Jurassic Tiaojishan and Tuchengzi formations in Liaoning and Beijing regions (China), and on its implications for inferring the history of the rotation of the North China Block, is published by Jiang et al. (2019).^[489]
• A study on the age of the Cretaceous Cloverly Formation is published by D'Emic et al. (2019).^[490]
• Evidence from the chronostratigraphy, fossil content, bracketing facies and ages of the Cretaceous Wayan Formation of Idaho and Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation of Montana, indicating that they represent the same depositional system prior to disruption by subsequent tectonic and volcanic events, is presented by Krumenacker (2019).^[491]
• A study on Cenomanian plants from the Redmond no.1 mine near Schefferville (Redmond Formation; Labrador Peninsula, Canada) and on their implications for the knowledge of paleoclimate of this site is published by Demers-Potvin & Larsson (2019).^[492]
• The first high-resolution record of Cenomanian–Turonian paleotemperatures from the Southern Hemisphere, as indicated by data from the Ocean Drilling Program Site 1138 on the Kerguelen Plateau, is presented by Robinson et al. (2019).^[493]
• A study on the impact of marine biogeochemical processes on the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum is published by Wallmann et al. (2019).^[494]
• A study on the age of the Upper Cretaceous Wadi Milk Formation (Sudan) is published by Owusu Agyemang et al. (2019).^[495]
• A study on Cenomanian to Coniacian polar environmental conditions at eight locations in northeast Russia and northern Alaska is published online by Spicer et al. (2019).^[496]
• A study on variability of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues from a wide array of extant vertebrate taxa from the Atchafalaya River Basin in Louisiana (inferred to be an environmental analogue to the Late Cretaceous coastal floodplains of North America), and on its implications for formulating and testing predictions about ancient ecological communities based on stable isotope data from fossil specimens, is published by Cullen et al. (2019).^[497]
• A study on the general distribution and stratigraphy of the lower shale member of the Campanian Aguja Formation (Texas, United States), and a revision of all significant larger vertebrate fossil specimens from these strata, is published by Lehman et al. (2019).^[498]
• High-precision dating for the Battle Formation (Alberta, Canada) is presented by Eberth & Kamo (2019).^[499]
• High-precision dating and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Alberta, Canada) is presented by Eberth & Kamo (2019).^[500]
• A study on the Maastrichtian climate of Arctic Alaska, based on data from the Prince Creek Formation, is published by Salazar-Jaramillo et al. (2019).^[501]
• Studies on the timing of the Deccan Traps volcanism close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are published by Schoene et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of four high-volume eruptive periods close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, the first of which occurred tens of thousands of years prior to both the Chicxulub bolide impact and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event^[502] and by Sprain et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred in the earliest Paleogene.^[503]
• A study on the environmental variability before and across the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, as inferred from data on the calcium isotope ratios of aragonitic mollusc shells from the Lopez de Bertodano Formation (Antarctica), is published online by Linzmeier et al. (2019).^[504]
• A turbulently deposited sediment package directly overlain by the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary tonstein is reported from the Tanis site (Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, United States) by DePalma et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that deposition occurred shortly after a major bolide impact, and might have been caused by the Chicxulub impact.^[505]
• A study on the immediate aftermath of the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, based on data from the Chicxulub crater, is published by Gulick et al. (2019).^[506]
• Evidence of rapid ocean acidification in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact and of the protracted Earth system recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is presented by Henehan et al. (2019).^[507]
• The longest, highest resolution, stratigraphically continuous, single-species benthic foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope records for the Late Maastrichtian to Early Eocene from a single site in the South Atlantic Ocean, providing information on the evolution of climate and carbon-cycling during this time period, are presented by Barnet et al. (2019).^[508]
• O'Leary et al. (2019) publish a monograph on the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the part of Mali which was covered by an ancient epeiric sea known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene, provide the first formal description of and nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene geological formations of this region, and revise fossil flora and fauna of this region.^[509]
• Zeebe & Lourens (2019) provide a new absolute astrochronology up to 58 Ma and a new Paleocene–Eocene boundary age.^[510]
• A study on stomata of fossil specimens of members of the family Lauraceae from the Eocene of Australia and New Zealand, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of Eocene pCO₂ levels, is published by Steinthorsdottir et al. (2019).^[511]
• Climate simulations capturing major climatic features of the Early Eocene and the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in a state-of-the-art Earth system model are presented by Zhu, Poulsen & Tierney (2019).^[512]
• A study evaluating the utility of membrane lipids of members of Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota) as proxies for the carbon isotope excursion and surface ocean warming, and assessing their implications for the knowledge of the source and size of carbon emissions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Elling et al. (2019).^[513]
• A study on abundant black charcoal shards from Paleogene sites of Wilson Lake B (New Jersey) and Randall's Farm (Maryland) is published by Fung et al. (2019), who interpret these shards as most likely to be evidence of widespread wildfires at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary caused by extraterrestrial impact.^[514]
• A study on the impact of carbon-based greenhouse gas fluxes associated with the North Atlantic Igneous Province on the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Jones et al. (2019).^[515]
• Evidence from the Deep Ivorian Basin offshore West Africa (equatorial Atlantic Ocean), indicating that peak warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum was associated with upper-ocean stratification, decreased export production, and possibly harmful algal blooms, is presented by Cramwinckel et al. (2019).^[516]
• New stable isotopes record of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum event is reported from eastern Turkey by Giorgioni et al. (2019).^[517]
• A study on variations of ocean circulation and marine bioproductivity related to the beginnings of the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, based on data from Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary drift deposits east of New Zealand, is published by Sarkar et al. (2019).^[518]
• A study on changes in surface water temperature in the eastern North Sea Basin during the late Priabonian to earliest Rupelian is published by Śliwińska et al. (2019).^[519]
• A study linking the onset or strengthening of an Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to the closure of the Arctic–Atlantic gateway at the Eocene–Oligocene transition is published by Hutchinson et al. (2019).^[520]
• A study on the timing of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, as indicated by the discovery of the Oligocene palm fossils in the Lunpola Basin in Tibet, is published by Su et al. (2019).^[521]
• A review of vertebrate fossils from the Tibetan Plateau, evaluating their implications for inferring the course of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, is published by Deng et al. (2019).^[522]
• A study on the impact of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on the utility of stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods in the studies aiming to reconstruct the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau is published by Botsyun et al. (2019).^{[523][524][525]}
• A study on the causes of the long-term climate cooling during the Neogene is published by Rugenstein, Ibarra & von Blanckenburg (2019).^[526]
• A study on the climatic and environmental conditions in the Loperot site (Kenya) in the early Miocene is published by Liutkus-Pierce et al. (2019).^[527]
• A study on the timing and course of the separation of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the Miocene is published by Bialik et al. (2019).^[528]
• A study comparing changes of the export of intermediate-depth Pacific waters to the western North Atlantic prior to the closure of the Central American Seaway with records of strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, evaluating the implications of this data for the knowledge of the timing of closure of the Central American Seaway, is published by Kirillova et al. (2019).^[529]
• A study on climatic and environmental changes in central Andes during the late Miocene is published by Carrapa, Clementz & Feng (2019).^[530]
• A study on the exact age of the marine fauna from the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco formations (Peru), and on its implications for reconstructions of local paleoenvironment, is published online by Bosio et al. (2019).^[531]
• A study on the origin of the African C₄ savannah grasslands is published by Polissar et al. (2019).^[532]
• A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, suids and rhinocerotids from Kanapoi, and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).^[533]
• New spatial data on the Plio-Pleistocene Bolt's Farm pits from the Cradle of Humankind site (South Africa) is presented by Edwards et al. (2019), who also attempt to provide key biochronological ages for the Bolt's Farm deposits.^[534]
• A study on the global mean sea level during the Pliocene mid-Piacenzian Warm Period is published by Dumitru et al. (2019).^[535]
• A study on the amplitude of sea-level variations during the Pliocene is published by Grant et al. (2019).^[536]
• Simulations of coevolution of climate, ice sheets and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years are presented by Willeit et al. (2019).^[537]
• A study on the age of the Sahara, as indicated by data from Pliocene and Pleistocene paleosols from the Canary Islands, is published by Muhs et al. (2019).^[538]
• A study on the latest Villafranchian climate and environment of the area of southern Italy, as indicated by amphibian and reptile fossil record from the Pirro Nord karstic complex, is published by Blain et al. (2019).^[539]
• A study on atmospheric gas levels before and after the shift from glacial cycles of 100 thousand years to 40-thousand-year cycles around one million years ago, as inferred from data from ice core samples from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area (East Antarctica), is published by Yan et al. (2019).^[540]
• A study on pCO₂ levels from 2.6 to 0.8 Ma is published by Da et al. (2019), who find no evidence indicating that the Mid-Pleistocene Transition was caused by the decline of pCO₂.^[541]
• A study on changes in winter rainfall in the Mediterranean over the past 1.36 million years is published by Wagner et al. (2019).^[542]
• Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of tooth enamel samples from Pleistocene mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave (China) are presented by Sun et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China.^[543]
• A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave (Krabi Province, Thailand), including the southernmost known record of Crocuta crocuta ultima, is published by Suraprasit et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene.^[544]
• A study on Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites from the Eastern Desert (Sudan), preserving stone artifacts, is published by Masojć et al. (2019), who interpret these sites as evidence of green corridor or corridors across Sahara which made early hominin dispersal possible.^[545]
• Evidence from oxygen isotope data from Soreq Cave speleothems (Israel), indicative of the occurrence of summer monsoon rainfall in the Middle East during recurrent intervals of the last interglacial period (overlapping with archeological indicators of human migration), is presented by Orland et al. (2019).^[546]
• A study on the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient peatlands in the past 130,000 years is published by Treat et al. (2019).^[547]
• A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in Portugal, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019).^[548]
• A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (Alcoy, Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations during Marine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoaga et al. (2019).^[549]
• A study on the sedimentary sequence from the Pilauco site in Chile, evaluating whether evidence from this site is consistent with the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, is published by Pino et al. (2019).^[550]
• A study on variations of size of fossil murine rodents from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatch et al. (2019).^[551]
• A study on human land use worldwide from 10,000 years before the present to 1850 CE, indicating that Earth was to a large extent transformed by human activity by 3000 years ago, is published by Stephens et al. (2019).^[552]
• Evidence for synchronous cyclical changes in monsoon climate, human activity and prehistoric cultural development in the area of northeast China throughout the Holocene is presented by Xu et al. (2019).^[553]
• A study on Andean plate tectonics since the late Mesozoic is published by Chen, Wu & Suppe (2019).^[554]
• A study on the course of the collision of India and Asia, as indicated by palaeomagnetic data from the Burma Terrane, is published by Westerweel et al. (2019).^[555]
• A scenario for the genesis of tropical cyclones throughout the Cenozoic is presented by Yan et al. (2019).^[556]
• A study on the extent of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Quaternary is published by Batchelor et al. (2019).^[557]
• A new method of concentration of proteins from fossil specimens with high humic content and of removal of humic substances is presented by Schroeter et al. (2019).^[558]

• Media related to 2019 in paleontology at Wikimedia Commons