The Carboniferous period is characterised by the formation of coal deposits which were formed within a context of the removal of atmospheric carbon. In the latest Middle Pennsylvanian (late Moscovian) a cycle of aridification began, coinciding with abrupt faunal changes in marine and terrestrial species.[18] This change was recorded in paleosols, which reflect a period of overall decreased hydromorphy, increased free-drainage and landscape stability, and a shift in the overall regional climate to drier conditions in the Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian). This is consistent with climate interpretations based on contemporaneous paleo-floral assemblages and geological evidence.[18][19][20]
At the time of the Carboniferous rainforest collapse, the climate became cooler and drier. This is reflected in the rock record as the Earth entered a short, intense ice age. Sea levels dropped by about 100 metres (330ft), and glacial ice covered most of the southern continent of Gondwana.[21] The climate was unfavourable to rainforests and much of the biodiversity in them. Rainforests shrank into isolated patches mostly confined to wet valleys further and further apart. Little of the original lycopsid rainforest biome survived this initial climate crisis. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere crashed to one of its all time global lows in the Pennsylvanian and early Permian.[17][21] As the climate became drier through the Late Paleozoic, rainforests were eventually replaced by seasonally dry biomes.[22]
Volcanism
After restoring the middle of the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province using a new reference frame, it has been shown that the Skagerrakplume rose from the core–mantle boundary to its ~300 Ma position.[23] The major eruption interval took place in very narrow time interval, of 297 Ma ± 4 Ma. The rift formation coincides with the Moskovian/Kasimovian boundary and the Carboniferous rainforest collapse.[24]
Geography
While the CRC affected the equatorial region of Euramerica, the collapse had no effect in the region of Cathaysia to the east (which mostly corresponds to modern China), where Carboniferous-like rainforests persisted until the end of the Permian, around 252 million years ago.
↑ DiMichele, William A.; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W.; Gastaldo, Robert A. (2001 年 5 月). "後期石炭紀および前期ペルム紀の植物群落の気候変動への応答" . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 29 : 461– 487. Bibcode : 2001AREPS..29..461D . doi : 10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.461 . 2023 年3 月 31 日取得.
↑リベラ、アレクセイ A. (2017-07-16). 「後期古生代氷河期における陸上動物の進化速度の遅さ:地球生物学的解釈」 .古生物学会特別出版物. 13 : 91. doi : 10.1017/S2475262200011965 . ISSN 2475-2622 .
↑ Dunne, Emma M.; Close, Roger A.; Button, David J.; Brocklehurst, Neil; Cashmore, Daniel D.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Butler, Richard J. (2018年2月7日) 「四足動物の台頭と『石炭紀の熱帯雨林崩壊』の影響における生物多様性の変化」「 .王立協会紀要 B . 285 (1872): 1– 8. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2017.2730 . PMC 5829207 . PMID 29436503 .
↑ Rosenau, Nicholasd; Neil J. Tabor (2013). "Oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of paleosol phyllosilicates: Differential burial histories and determination of Middle–Late Pennsylvanian low-latitude terrestrial paleotemperatures". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 392 : 382–397 . Bibcode : 2013PPP...392..382R . doi : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.09.020 .
↑ Rosenau, Nicholas; Tabor, Neil J.; Elrick, Scott D.; Nelson, W. John (2013). "米国イリノイ盆地の中期~後期ペンシルバニア紀サイクロセムにおける古土壌の多成因史:第II部 地形、気候、氷河性海水準変動の統合". Journal of Sedimentary Research . 83 (8): 637– 668. Bibcode : 2013JSedR..83..637R . doi : 10.2110/jsr.2013.51 .「恐竜の絶滅」の章を参照してください。