↑ Ranke MB、Bierich JR ( 1986年8月)。「成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療」。Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism。15(3):495–510。doi: 10.1016 / S0300-595X(86)80008-1。PMID 2429792。
↑ Davis SR (1999). "女性におけるアンドロゲンの治療的使用". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 69 ( 1–6 ): 177–184 . doi : 10.1016/s0960-0760(99) 00054-0 . PMID 10418991. S2CID 23520067 .
↑ Taylor WN (2002年1月16日) 「アナボリックステロイドの現在および将来の医療用途」『アナボリックステロイドとアスリート』(第2版)McFarland、193頁以降。ISBN978-0-7864-1128-32021年4月14日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2017年6月25日に取得。
↑ Li H, Guo Y, Yang Z, Roy M, Guo Q (2016年6月). 「重度の熱傷患者に対するオキサンドロロン治療の有効性と安全性:系統的レビューとメタ分析」. Burns . 42 ( 4): 717– 727. doi : 10.1016/j.burns.2015.08.023 . PMID 26454425. S2CID 24139354 .
↑ Yassin AA、Saad F (2007 年 3 月)「テストステロンのみで治療された晩発性性腺機能低下症の男性における性機能の改善」The Journal of Sexual Medicine . 4 (2): 497–501 . doi : 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00442.x . PMID 17367445 .
↑ Kanayama G, Barry S, Hudson JI, Pope HG (2006年4月). 「アナボリックアンドロゲンステロイド使用者の身体イメージと男性の役割に対する態度」. The American Journal of Psychiatry . 163 (4): 697–703 . doi : 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.697 . PMID 16585446. S2CID 38738640 .
↑ Grogan S、Shepherd S、Evans R、Wright S、Hunter G (2006年11月)。 「アナボリックステロイド使用の経験:男性と女性のボディビルダーへの詳細なインタビュー」。Journal of Health Psychology。11 ( 6 ): 845–856。doi : 10.1177 /1359105306069080。PMID 17035257。S2CID 5794238。
1 2 Hickson RC、Czerwinski SM、Falduto MT、Young AP ( 1990年6 月)。「運動とアンドロゲン同化ステロイドによる糖質コルチコイド拮抗作用」。Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise。22 ( 3): 331–340。doi : 10.1249 / 00005768-199006000-00010。PMID 2199753。
↑ Hamilton RJ、Duffy NA、Stone D (2014)。「アンドロゲン/アナボリックステロイド」。タラスコン薬局方。Jones & Bartlett Publishers。pp. 174– 。ISBN978-1-284-05671-62021年2月13日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2020年9月13日に取得。
↑ Ford SM、Roach SS (2010)。Roachの入門臨床薬理学。Lippincott Williams & Wilkins。pp. 499–。ISBN978-1-60547-633-92021年4月14日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2020年9月13日に取得。
↑ Lemke TL、Williams DA ( 2012年1月24日)。Foyeの医薬品化学の原理。Lippincott Williams & Wilkins。pp. 1358–。ISBN978-1-60913-345-02021年4月14日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2020年9月13日に取得。
↑ Colby HD、ペンシルベニア州ロングハースト(2012年12月6日)。「体内のアナボリックステロイド」。Thomas JA編『薬物、アスリート、身体能力』所収。Springer Science & Business Media、20ページ以降。ISBN978-1-4684-5499-42021年4月14日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。2020年9月13日に取得。
↑ Grace F、Sculthorpe N、Baker J、Davies B(2003年9月)。「高用量アナボリックアンドロゲンステロイド(AAS)を使用する男性の血圧と心拍数圧積反応」。Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport。6(3):307–312。doi : 10.1016 / S1440-2440(03)80024-5。PMID 14609147。
↑ Salke RC、Rowland TW、Burke EJ (1985年12 月)。 「アナボリックステロイドを使用するボディビルダーの左心室のサイズと機能」。Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise。17 ( 6): 701–704。doi : 10.1249/00005768-198512000-00014。PMID 4079743。
↑ Tokar S (2006年2月) 「アナボリックステロイドの使用による肝臓障害と心臓発作リスクの増加」カリフォルニア大学サンフランシスコ校。2011年6月14日のオリジナルからアーカイブ。 2007年4月24日取得。
↑ Hoffman JR、Ratamess NA (2006年6月1日)。「アナボリックステロイド使用に伴う医学的問題:誇張されているのか?」(PDF)。Journal of Sports Science and Medicine。2007年6月20日のオリジナルからアーカイブ(PDF) 。 2007年5月8日取得。
↑ Alén M、Reinilä M、Vihko R ( 1985年6 月)。「パワーアスリートにおけるアンドロゲン投与に対する血清ホルモンの反応」。Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise。17 ( 3): 354–359。doi : 10.1249/00005768-198506000-00009。PMID 2991700。
↑Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, etal. (December 2001). "Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men". American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 281 (6): E1172–E1181. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.E1172. PMID11701431. S2CID2344757.
12Imperato-McGinley J, Peterson RE, Gautier T, Sturla E (May 1979). "Androgens and the evolution of male-gender identity among male pseudohermaphrodites with 5alpha-reductase deficiency". The New England Journal of Medicine. 300 (22): 1233–1237. doi:10.1056/NEJM197905313002201. PMID431680.
123Marks LS (2004). "5alpha-reductase: history and clinical importance". Reviews in Urology. 6 (Suppl 9): S11–S21. PMC1472916. PMID16985920.
↑Sloane E (2002). Biology of Women. Cengage Learning. pp.160–. ISBN0-7668-1142-5. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
12Hanno PM, Guzzi TJ, Malkowicz SB, J Wein A (26 January 2014). Penn Clinical Manual of Urology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp.782–. ISBN978-0-323-24466-4. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
↑Saleem M, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H (2006). "The Tea Beverage in Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer". In Jain NK, Siddiqi M, Weisburger JH (eds.). Protective Effects of Tea on Human Health. CABI. pp.95–. ISBN978-1-84593-113-1. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
↑Harper C (1 August 2007). Intersex. Berg. pp.123–. ISBN978-1-84788-339-1. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
12Basaria S, Dobs AS (May 2001). "Hypogonadism and androgen replacement therapy in elderly men". The American Journal of Medicine. 110 (7): 563–572. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00663-5. PMID11343670. Although both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone activate the same androgen receptor, differences in the sequence of androgen response elements are responsible for differential regulation of these hormones (21).
↑Wang C, Liu Y, Cao JM (September 2014). "G protein-coupled receptors: extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 15 (9): 15412–15425. doi:10.3390/ijms150915412. PMC4200746. PMID25257522.
1234Thomas P, Converse A, Berg HA (February 2018). "ZIP9, a novel membrane androgen receptor and zinc transporter protein". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 257: 130–136. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.04.016. PMID28479083.
1234Mongan NP, Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Bunch T, Hughes IA (August 2015). "Androgen insensitivity syndrome". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 29 (4): 569–580. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.04.005. PMID26303084.
12Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S (30 November 2009). "The Effects of Sex Steroids on Bone Growth". In Orwoll ES, Bilezikian JP, Vanderschueren D (eds.). Osteoporosis in Men: The Effects of Gender on Skeletal Health. Academic Press. pp.114–. ISBN978-0-08-092346-8. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
↑Rahwan RG (1988). "The Pharmacology of Androgens and Anabolic Steroids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 52 (2): 167–177. doi:10.1016/S0002-9459(24)03012-2.
↑Pi M, Quarles LD (March 2012). "GPRC6A regulates prostate cancer progression". The Prostate. 72 (4): 399–409. doi:10.1002/pros.21442. PMC3183291. PMID21681779.
↑Wu FC, Balasubramanian R, Mulders TM, Coelingh-Bennink HJ (January 1999). "Oral progestogen combined with testosterone as a potential male contraceptive: additive effects between desogestrel and testosterone enanthate in suppression of spermatogenesis, pituitary-testicular axis, and lipid metabolism". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (1): 112–122. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.1.5412. PMID9920070.
12Bitran D, Kellogg CK, Hilvers RJ (December 1993). "Treatment with an anabolic-androgenic steroid affects anxiety-related behavior and alters the sensitivity of cortical GABAA receptors in the rat". Hormones and Behavior. 27 (4): 568–583. doi:10.1006/hbeh.1993.1041. PMID8294123. S2CID29134676.
12Masonis AE, McCarthy MP (April 1995). "Direct effects of the anabolic/androgenic steroids, stanozolol and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, on benzodiazepine binding to the. gamma-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor". Neuroscience Letters. 189 (1): 35–38. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(95)11445-3. PMID7603620. S2CID54394931.
12Masonis AE, McCarthy MP (October 1996). "Effects of the androgenic/anabolic steroid stanozolol on GABAA receptor function: GABA-stimulated 36Cl- influx and [35S] TBPS binding". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 279 (1): 186–193. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)20953-3. PMID8858992.
12Rivera-Arce JC, Morales-Crespo L, Vargas-Pinto N, Velázquez KT, Jorge JC (June 2006). "Central effects of the anabolic steroid 17alpha methyltestosterone in female anxiety". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 84 (2): 275–281. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.05.009. PMID16814373. S2CID31725431.
12Henderson LP (June 2007). "Steroid modulation of GABAA receptor-mediated transmission in the hypothalamus: effects on reproductive function". Neuropharmacology. 52 (7): 1439–1453. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.022. PMC1985867. PMID17433821.
12Schwartzer JJ, Ricci LA, Melloni RH (October 2009). "Interactions between the dopaminergic and GABAergic neural systems in the lateral anterior hypothalamus of aggressive AAS-treated hamsters". Behavioural Brain Research. 203 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.007. PMID19376158. S2CID26938839.
↑Schänzer W (July 1996). "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids"(PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 42 (7): 1001–1020. doi:10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1001. PMID8674183. Archived(PDF) from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
↑Attardi BJ, Hild SA, Koduri S, Pham T, Pessaint L, Engbring J, etal. (October 2010). "The potent synthetic androgens, dimethandrolone (7α,11β-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone) and 11β-methyl-19-nortestosterone, do not require 5α-reduction to exert their maximal androgenic effects". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 122 (4): 212–218. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.06.009. PMC2949447. PMID20599615.
↑Wiren KM, Orwoll ES (30 November 2009). "Androgens and Bone: Basic Aspects". In Orwoll ES, Bilezikian JP, Vanderschueren D (eds.). Osteoporosis in Men: The Effects of Gender on Skeletal Health. Academic Press. pp.296–. ISBN978-0-08-092346-8.
↑Brinton RD (10 May 2010). "Neuroendocrinology of Aging". In Fillit HM, Rockwood K, Woodhouse K (eds.). Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp.166–167. ISBN978-1-4377-2075-4. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
123Büttner A, Thieme D (18 December 2009). "Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: Pathological Findings and Structure-Activity Relationships". In Thieme D, Hemmersbach P (eds.). Doping in Sports. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.470–. ISBN978-3-540-79088-4. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
12Attardi BJ, Pham TC, Radler LC, Burgenson J, Hild SA, Reel JR (June 2008). "Dimethandrolone (7alpha,11beta-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone) and 11beta-methyl-19-nortestosterone are not converted to aromatic A-ring products in the presence of recombinant human aromatase". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 110 (3–5): 214–222. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.11.009. PMC2575079. PMID18555683.
↑Llewellyn, William (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp.533–, 402–412, 460–467. ISBN978-0-9828280-1-4. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Suvisaari J (2000). 7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) Pharmacokinetics and Antigonadotropic Effects in Men(PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). Helsinki: University of Helsinki. p.14. ISBN952-91-2950-5. Archived from the original(PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Androgens, estrogens and progestins exert a negative feedback effect on the secretion of GnRH and LH by their actions on the pituitary and the hypothalamus. Most of the negative feedback effect of androgens is caused by their estrogenic metabolites produced by aromatization. 5α-Reduction does not seem to be necessary for the negative feedback effect of testosterone. (Rittmaster et al, 1992; Kumar et al, 1995a; Hayes et al, 2000).
12345Attardi BJ, Hild SA, Reel JR (June 2006). "Dimethandrolone undecanoate: a new potent orally active androgen with progestational activity". Endocrinology. 147 (6): 3016–3026. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1524. PMID16497801.
↑Myhal M, Lamb DR (1 May 2000). "Hormones as Performance-Enhancing Drugs". In Warren MP, Constantini NW (eds.). Sports Endocrinology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.458–. ISBN978-1-59259-016-2. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Campbell B (23 September 2015). "Performance-Enhancing Substances and Methods". In Haff GG, Triplett NT (eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (4thed.). Human Kinetics. pp.233–. ISBN978-1-4925-0162-6. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Lemke TL, Williams DA (24 January 2012). "Men's Health". Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (7thed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.1360–. ISBN978-1-60913-345-0.
12Karch SB, Drummer O (26 December 2001). "Anabolic Steroids". Karch's Pathology of Drug Abuse (Thirded.). CRC Press. pp.489–. ISBN978-1-4200-4211-5. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
12van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F (June 2010). "Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 57 (1): 117–123. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001. PMID20153798.
↑Handelsman DJ (25 February 2015). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, and Abuse". In Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (eds.). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp.2391–. ISBN978-0-323-32195-2. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Handelsman DJ (26 July 2012). "Androgen therapy in non-gonadal disease". In Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (eds.). Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution. Cambridge University Press. pp.374–. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139003353.018. ISBN978-1-107-01290-5. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Watkins III JB, Klaassen CD (6 December 2012). "Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Cholestatis". In Cameron R, Feuer G, de la Iglesia F (eds.). Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.166–. ISBN978-3-642-61013-4. Archived from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
↑Shahidi NT (September 2001). "A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids". Clinical Therapeutics. 23 (9): 1355–1390. doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(01)80114-4. PMID11589254.
12Büttner A, Thieme D (2009). "Side Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: Pathological Findings and Structure–Activity Relationships". Doping in Sports. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol.195. Springer. pp.459–84. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_19. ISBN978-3-540-79087-7. PMID20020376. S2CID30314430.
↑Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ (February 2008). "Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 100 (3): 170–183. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm323. PMC6126902. PMID18230794.
↑Meystre C, Frey H, Voser W, Wettstein A (January 1956). "Gewinnung von 1;4-Bisdehydro-3-oxo-steroiden. Über Steroide, 139. Mitteilung". Helvetica Chimica Acta. 39 (3): 734–742. doi:10.1002/hlca.19560390314. ISSN0018-019X.
↑Kaufmann G, Schumann G, Hörhold C (October 1986). "Influence of 1-double bond and 11 beta-hydroxy group on stereospecific microbial reductions of 4-en-3-oxo-steroids". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 25 (4): 561–566. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(86)90403-6. PMID3773526.
↑Stanley SM, Kent S, Rodgers JP (December 1997). "Biotransformation of 17-alkyl steroids in the equine: high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of fluoxymesterone metabolites in urine samples". Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 704 (1–2): 119–128. doi:10.1016/S0378-4347(97)00440-4. PMID9518142.
↑Alm-Eldeen A, Tousson E (May 2012). "Deterioration of glomerular endothelial surface layer and the alteration in the renal function after a growth promoter boldenone injection in rabbits". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 31 (5): 465–472. Bibcode:2012HETox..31..465A. doi:10.1177/0960327111420745. PMID21878449. S2CID206592924.
↑Clinton RO, Manson AJ, Stonner FW, Beyler AL, Potts GO, Arnold A (March 1959). "Steroidal [3, 2-c] pyrazoles". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (6): 1513–1514. Bibcode:1959JAChS..81.1513C. doi:10.1021/ja01515a060. ISSN0002-7863.
↑Bonnecaze AK, O'Connor T, Burns CA (July 2021). "Harm Reduction in Male Patients Actively Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): a Review". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 36 (7): 2055–2064. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06751-3. PMC8298654. PMID33948794.
↑Ringold HJ, Batres E, Halpern O, Necoechea E (January 1959). "Steroids. CV.1 2-Methyl and 2-Hydroxymethylene-androstane Derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (2): 427–432. Bibcode:1959JAChS..81..427R. doi:10.1021/ja01511a040. ISSN0002-7863.
↑De Brabanter N, Van Gansbeke W, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P (November 2012). "An improved gas chromatography screening method for doping substances using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, with an emphasis on quality assurance". Biomedical Chromatography. 26 (11): 1416–1435. doi:10.1002/bmc.2714. PMID22362568.
↑Counsell RE, Klimstra PD, Colton FB (January 1962). "Anabolic Agents. Derivatives of 5α-Androst-1-ene". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 27 (1): 248–253. doi:10.1021/jo01048a060. ISSN0022-3263.
↑Lu FC, Rendel J, Abou Akkada AR, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization (1976). Anabolic agents in animal production: FAO/WHO Symposium on Anabolic Agents in Animal Production, Rome, March 1975. Stuttgart: Thieme. ISBN978-3-13-536101-7.
↑Catlin DH, Ahrens BD, Kucherova Y (5 June 2002). "Detection of norbolethone, an anabolic steroid never marketed, in athletes' urine". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 16 (13): 1273–1275. Bibcode:2002RCMS...16.1273C. doi:10.1002/rcm.722. PMID12112254.
↑Camerino B, Sciaky R (1 January 1975). "Structure and effects of anabolic steroids". Pharmacology & Therapeutics Part B. 1 (2): 233–275. doi:10.1016/0306-039X(75)90007-0. PMID817322.
↑Mareck U, Geyer H, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W (July 2008). "Factors influencing the steroid profile in doping control analysis". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 43 (7): 877–891. Bibcode:2008JMSp...43..877M. doi:10.1002/jms.1457. PMID18570179.
↑Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Koupparis M, Georgakopoulos C (May 2009). "Schemes of metabolic patterns of anabolic androgenic steroids for the estimation of metabolites of designer steroids in human urine". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 115 (1–2): 44–61. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.02.016. PMID19429460. S2CID10051396.
↑Blackledge RD (August 2009). "Bad science: the instrumental data in the Floyd Landis case". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 406 (1–2): 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2009.05.016. PMID19465014.
↑Baselt RC (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8thed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp.95, 393, 403, 649, 695, 952, 962, 1078, 1156, 1170, 1442, 1501, 1581. ISBN978-0-9626523-7-0.
↑Randhawa, G. K., & Sharma, R. (2015). Chemotherapeutic potential of cow urine: A review. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 4(2), 180.
1234Hoberman JM, Yesalis CE (February 1995). "The history of synthetic testosterone". Scientific American. 272 (2): 76–81. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272b..76H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0295-76. PMID7817189.
12Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ (February 2001). "A brief history of testosterone". The Journal of Urology. 165 (2): 371–373. doi:10.1097/00005392-200102000-00004. PMID11176375.
↑David K, Dingemanse E, Freud J, Laqueur L (1935). "Uber krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron". Hoppe-Seyler's Z Physiol Chem. 233 (5–6): 281–283. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281.
↑Butenandt A, Hanisch G (1935). "Über die Umwandlung des Dehydro-androsterons in Δ4-Androsten-ol-(17)-0n-(3) (Testosteron); ein Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons aus Cholesterin (Vorläuf. Mitteil.)" [On the conversion of dehydro-Δ4-androstene androsterons in-ol (17) 0n (3) (testosterone), a way to represent the testosterone from cholesterol (Vorläuf. msgs.)]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) (in German). 68 (9): 1859–62. doi:10.1002/cber.19350680937.
↑Ruzicka L, Wettstein A (1935). "Sexualhormone VII. Uber die kunstliche Herstellung des Testikelhormons. Testosteron (Androsten-3-one-17-ol.)" [Sex hormones VII About the artificial production of testosterone Testikelhormons (androstene-3-one-17-ol)]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 18: 1264–75. doi:10.1002/hlca.193501801176.
12Taylor WN (1 January 2009). Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete. McFarland & Company. p.181. ISBN978-0-7864-1128-3.
↑Suarez R, Senior Correspondent, Kelman J, physician (18 November 2002). "President Kennedy's Health Secrets". PBS NewsHour. Public Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
↑Calfee R, Fadale P (March 2006). "Popular ergogenic drugs and supplements in young athletes". Pediatrics. 117 (3): e577–e589. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1429. PMID16510635. S2CID6559714.
↑Peters J (18 February 2005). "The Man Behind the Juice". Slate. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
12Kochakian CD (1946). "The Protein Anabolic Effects of Steroid Hormones". In Harris RS, Thimann KV (eds.). Vitamins and Hormones. Vol.4. Academic Press. pp.255–310. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)61085-7. ISBN978-0-12-709804-3. ISSN0083-6729. In recent years several laboratories (Kochakian, Albright, Wilkins) have entertained the hope of finding a protein anabolic steroid without any, or with only minor, sexual effects. These studies have received special impetus and encouragement from the observation of Kochakian that certain steroids have greater renotrophic (anabolic?) than androgenic effects.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
123456Potts GO, Arnold A, Beyler AL (6 December 2012). "Dissociation of the Androgenic and Other Hormonal Activities from the Protein Anabolic Effects of Steroids". In Kochakian CD (ed.). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.370–373, 380. ISBN978-3-642-66353-6. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
↑Sneader W (23 June 2005). "Hormone Analogs". Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. pp.206–. ISBN978-0-471-89979-2.
12Chast F (2 May 2011). "A History of Drug Discovery". In Wermuth CG (ed.). The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. pp.34–. ISBN978-0-08-056877-5. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
12Wright JE (1994). Altered States: The Use and Abuse of Anabolic Steroids. Masters Press. p.33. ISBN978-1-57028-013-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
↑United States. Patent Office (1957). Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office. U.S. Patent Office.
↑von Deutsch DA, Abukhalaf IK, Socci RR (18 September 2011). "Anabolic doping agents". In Mozayani A, Raymon L (eds.). Handbook of Drug Interactions: A Clinical and Forensic Guide. Springer Science & Business Media. pp.651–. ISBN978-1-61779-222-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
12Handelsman DJ (July 2022). "History of androgens and androgen action". Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 36 (4) 101629. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2022.101629. PMID35277356.
↑Handelsman DJ (September 2013). "Mechanisms of action of testosterone--unraveling a Gordian knot". N Engl J Med. 369 (11): 1058–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1305307. PMID24024843. S2CID44485330. These findings also highlight how obsolete is the term "anabolic steroid," when falsely distinguishing from "androgen," a dichotomy devoid of physiological meaning and lingering mainly as a media piñata.10
↑Iyer R, Handelsman DJ (2017). "Testosterone Misuse and Abuse". Testosterone. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.375–402. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46086-4_19. ISBN978-3-319-46084-0. By definition, all androgens combine intrinsic anabolic and androgenic properties, which have never been meaningfully separated [67], manifest via the androgen receptor, a protein encoded by a single copy gene. Hence the singularity of androgen action means that the terms "anabolic steroid" or "androgenic-anabolic steroids" remain an obsolete terminology making a distinction between androgenic and anabolic effects where there is no real difference [67]. This obsolete yet widely used terminology represent a vestige of the unsuccessful quest by the pharmaceutical industry to dissociate the virilizing from anabolic properties and remains in the public mind mainly as a media piñata. Androgen abuse, a more appropriate term which encompasses illicit use of all available androgens, will be used in this chapter.
↑Iyer R, Handelsman DJ (2016). "Androgens". Frontiers of Hormone Research. Vol.47. S. Karger AG. pp.82–100. doi:10.1159/000445159. ISBN978-3-318-05868-0. PMID27347677. Following the hiatus of World War II, the pharmaceutical industry development of synthetic steroids included pursuing the goal of a nonvirilizing androgen ('anabolic steroid') potentially suitable for use to obtain pharmacological androgen effects in women and children. [...] the industrial quest for an 'anabolic steroid' based on dissociating the virilizing from the anabolic effects of androgens failed. This is now understood in the light of the later discovery of the singular AR together with the flawed interpretations of relatively nonspecific whole animal bioassays then used to screen synthetic steroids for supposedly distinct anabolic and virilizing effects. Yet, despite the industry's abandonment of this fruitless endeavor by 1980, and its recent reincarnation under the guise of developing a 'selective AR modulator' (SARM) [6], the empty concept of an 'anabolic steroid' persists as an ill-defined and misleading scientific terminology [7, 8] . In this paper, the more accurate and clearer term 'androgen' is used exclusively for both endogenous and synthetic androgens, but includes references to chemicals loosely defined elsewhere as 'anabolic steroids' or 'anabolicandrogenic steroids', which confuse by making an obsolete distinction where there is no difference.
12Handelsman DJ (26 July 2012). "Androgen therapy in non-gonadal disease". Testosterone. Cambridge University Press. pp.372–407. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139003353.018. ISBN978-1-139-00335-3. The development of nonsteroidal androgens, marketed as "selective androgen receptor modulators" (SARMs), offers new possibilities for adjuvant pharmacological androgen therapy. In contrast to the full spectrum of androgen effects of testosterone, such SARMs would be pure androgens not subject to tissue-specific activation by aromatization to a corresponding estrogen or to amplification of androgenic potency by 5a-reduction. In this context the endogenous pure androgens nandrolone and DHT can be considered prototype SARMs. SARMs are not the modern embodiment of so-called "anabolic steroids," an outdated term referring to hypothetical but nonexistent non-virilizing androgens targeted exclusively to muscle, a failed concept lacking biological proof of principle (Handelsman 2011).
123Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, de Herder WW, Dhatariya K, Dungan K, Hofland J, Kalra S, Kaltsas G, Kapoor N, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, Kovacs CS, Kuohung W, Laferrère B, Levy M, McGee EA, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Sahay R, Shah AS, Singer F, Sperling MA, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP, Handelsman DJ (5 October 2020). "Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, Use and Misuse". Endotext. PMID25905231. The identification of a single gene and protein for the androgen receptor in 1988 (584-586) explains the physiologic observation that, at equivalent doses, all androgens have essentially similar effects (587). The term "anabolic steroid" was invented during the post-WWII golden age of steroid pharmacology to define an idealized androgen lacking virilizing features but maintaining myotrophic properties so that it could be used safely in children and women. Although this quest proved illusory and was abandoned after all industry efforts failed to identify such a hypothetical synthetic androgen, the obsolete term "anabolic steroid" persists mainly as a lurid descriptor in popular media despite continuing to make a false distinction where there is no difference. Better understanding of the metabolic activation of androgens via 5α-reduction and aromatization in target tissues and the tissue-specific partial agonist/antagonist properties of some synthetic androgens may lead to more physiological concepts of tissue-specific androgen action ("specific androgen receptor modulator") governed by the physiological processes of pre-receptor androgen activation as well as post-receptor interaction with co-regulator proteins analogous to the development of synthetic estrogen partial agonists with tissue specificity ("specific estrogen receptor modulator") (588). The potential for new clinical therapeutic indications of novel tissue-selective androgens in clinical development remain to be fully evaluated (589).
12Bond P, Smit DL, de Ronde W (2022). "Anabolic-androgenic steroids: How do they work and what are the risks?". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13 1059473. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1059473. PMC9837614. PMID36644692. Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of natural and synthetic hormones that owe their name to their chemical structure (the steroid nucleus, see Figure 1) and the biological effects (anabolic and androgenic) they induce. Anabolic refers to the skeletal muscle-building properties of AAS, whereas androgenic refers to the induction and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics (which in principle includes the anabolic action, thereby rendering the term an oxymoron (1)).
↑"Title 21 United States Code (USC) Controlled Substances Act". US Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
↑Deacon J (2 May 1994). "Biceps in a bottle". Maclean's. 107 (18): 52–53.
↑"Steroids". Australian Institute of Criminology. 2006. Archived from the original on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑Solomon ZJ, Mirabal JR, Mazur DJ, Kohn TP, Lipshultz LI, Pastuszak AW (January 2019). "Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications". Sexual Medicine Reviews. 7 (1): 84–94. doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.09.006. PMC6326857. PMID30503797.
↑Sobolevsky T, Ahrens B (February 2021). "High-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay as initial testing procedure for analysis of total urinary fraction". Drug Testing and Analysis. 13 (2): 283–298. doi:10.1002/dta.2917. PMID32852861. S2CID221347916.
↑Turnock L, Gibbs N (2023). "Click, click, buy: The market for novel synthetic peptide hormones on mainstream e-commerce platforms in the UK". Performance Enhancement & Health. 11 (2) 100251. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2023.100251. ISSN2211-2669.
↑"News from DEA, Congressional Testimony, 03/16/04". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
↑"Patient.info Controlled Drugs". Egton Medical Information Systems Limited. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
↑"FIFA Anit-Doping Regulations"(PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original(PDF) on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
↑"Olympic movement anti-doping code"(PDF). International Olympic Committee. 1999. Archived(PDF) from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑"The NVA and NBPA anti-drug program". NBA Policy. findlaw.com. 1999. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑"NHL/NHLPA performance-enhancing substances program summary". nhlpa.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑"List of Prohibited Substances"(PDF). nflpa.com. 2006. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑"World anti-doping code"(PDF). WADA. 2003. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
↑"Prohibited list of 2005"(PDF). WADA. 2005. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
↑Brian L (1 March 2010). "WWE steroid investigation: A controversy McMahon 'doesn't need'". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
↑"Talent Wellness Program Program Summary Report 1 July 2007 31 March 2008"(PDF). World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 December 2010.
↑"Deposition details McMahon steroid testimony". News from southeastern Connecticut. The Day. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
↑Keeping J (27 December 2010). "Steroid abuse among law enforcement a problem nationwide". The Ann Arbor News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
↑"Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse by Police Officers: Policy & Prevention". The Police Chief. June 2008. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
↑Assael S (24 September 2007). "'Raw Deal' busts labs across U.S., many supplied by China". ESPN The Magazine. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 24 September 2007.
↑Yesalis C (2000). "Source of Anabolic Steroids". Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics. ISBN978-0-88011-786-9. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
↑Black T (1996). "Does the Ban on Drugs in Sport Improve Societal Welfare?". International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 31 (4). Faculty of Business, Queensland University of Technology: 367–381. doi:10.1177/101269029603100402. S2CID143442371.
↑Pound RW (2006). "Organized Crime". Inside dope: how drugs are the biggest threat to sports, why you should care, and what can be done about them. Mississauga, Ontario: Wiley. p.175. ISBN978-0-470-83733-7.
↑"Steroids". National Institute on Drug Abuse. GDCADA. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
↑"The Drug Enforcement Administration's International Operations (Redacted)". Office of the Inspector General. USDOJ. February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
↑Nieschlag E, Kumar N, Sitruk-Ware R (March 2013). "7α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENTR): the population council's contribution to research on male contraception and treatment of hypogonadism". Contraception. 87 (3): 288–295. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.036. PMID23063338.
↑"Dimethandrolone undecanoate shows promise as a male birth control pill". Endocrine Society. Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
↑Sam S (February 2015). "Adiposity and metabolic dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome". Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 21 (2): 107–116. doi:10.1515/hmbci-2015-0008. PMID25781555. S2CID23592351.
Further reading
Daniels RC (1 February 2003). The Anabolic Steroid Handbook. RCD Books. p.80. ISBN0-9548227-0-6.
Gallaway S (15 January 1997). The Steroid Bible (3rd Sprled.). Belle Intl. p.125. ISBN1-890342-00-9.
Llewellyn W (28 January 2007). Anabolics 2007: Anabolic Steroid Reference Manual (6thed.). Body of Science. p.988. ISBN978-0-9679304-6-6.
Roberts A, Clapp B (January 2006). Anabolic Steroids: Ultimate Research Guide. Anabolic Books, LLC. p.394. ISBN1-59975-100-3.
Yesalis CE (2000). Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. Human Kinetics. ISBN0-88011-786-9.
Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Kokotos G, Georgakopoulos C (February 2009). "Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities. Applied modifications in the steroidal structure". Steroids. 74 (2): 172–197. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016. PMID19028512. S2CID41356223.
McRobb L, Handelsman DJ, Kazlauskas R, Wilkinson S, McLeod MD, Heather AK (May 2008). "Structure-activity relationships of synthetic progestins in a yeast-based in vitro androgen bioassay". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 110 (1–2): 39–47. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.10.008. PMID18395441. S2CID5612000.
Schänzer W (July 1996). "Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids". Clinical Chemistry. 42 (7): 1001–1020. doi:10.1093/clinchem/42.7.1001. PMID8674183.
Tygart TT (December 2009). "Steroids, the Media, and Youth". Prevention Researcher Integrated Research Services, Inc. 16 (7–9). SIRS Researcher. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
Eisenhauer L (7 November 2005). "Do I Look OK?". St. Louis, MO: St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
External links
Media related to Anabolic-androgenic steroids at Wikimedia Commons
Categories:
Androgens
Contraception for males
Endocrine system
Exercise physiology
Doping in sport
Hepatotoxins
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs
IARC Group 2A carcinogens
Hidden categories:
Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
Use dmy dates from December 2023
Drugs with non-standard legal status
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024
CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
CS1: unfit URL
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022