The construction of the first expressway in the mountainous area of Xinjiang began a new stage in its construction on 24 July 2007. The 56km (35mi) highway linking Sayram Lake and Guozi Valley in Northern Xinjiang area had cost 2.39 billion yuan. The expressway is designed to improve the speed of national highway 312 in northern Xinjiang. The project started in August 2006 and several stages have been fully operational since March 2007. Over 3,000 construction workers have been involved. The 700 m-long Guozi Valley Cable Bridge over the expressway is now currently being constructed, with the 24 main pile foundations already completed. Highway 312 national highway Xinjiang section, connects Xinjiang with China's east coast, Central and West Asia, plus some parts of Europe. It is a key factor in Xinjiang's economic development. The population it covers is around 40 percent of the overall in Xinjiang, who contribute half of the GDP in the area.
Zulfiya Abdiqadir, head of the Transport Department was quoted as saying that 24,800,000,000 RMB had been invested into Xinjiang's road network in 2010 alone and, by this time, the roads covered approximately 152,000km (94,000mi).[277]
The Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway connects Ürümqi with coal fields in the eastern Junggar Basin. The Hami–Lop Nur railway connects Hami with potassium salt mines in and around Lop Nur. The Golmud–Korla railway, opened in 2020, provides an outlet to Qinghai. Planning is underway on additional intercity railways.[278] Railways to Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan have been proposed.[279]
↑Uygur is an alternative English spelling of Uyghur and the spelling used by the Chinese government.
↑There is no official orthography for Sarikoli in China. This is the spelling used in the Sarikoli-Chinese dictionary written by linguist Gao Erqiang.[28]
126-1 自然资源划[6-1 Natural Resources] (in Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
↑Mackerras, Colin; Yorke, Amanda (1991). The Cambridge handbook of contemporary China. Cambridge University Press. p.192. ISBN978-0-521-38755-2. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
↑"Main Data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from the Seventh National Population Census". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Toronto. 16 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
↑"China". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
↑"National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 新疆维吾尔自治区2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (Press release). xinjiang.gov.cn. Retrieved 12 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to US$1 "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
↑"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
↑"新疆的历史与发展". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
↑"新疆维吾尔自治区政府网(En)". The Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
↑"National Data". Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
↑Alastair Lamb (25 March 2023). The China-India Border—the Origins Of Disputed Boundaries. London. p.11. Retrieved 12 April 2024– via archive.org.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑"As India and China clash, JFK's 'forgotten crisis' is back". Brookings. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
12新疆绿洲面积已从4.3%增至9.7%. People's Daily人民网 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
123"Regions and territories: Xinjiang". BBC News. 7 May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011.
↑"Turkestan". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.XV. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1912. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
↑"EXCAVATIONS iv. In Chinese Turkestan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 24 September 2020. In contemporary geographic terminology, Chinese Turkestan refers to Xinjiang (Sinkiang), the Uighur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
↑A Short History of Chinese Turkistan. Centre of Central Asian Studies, University of Kashmir. 1981.
↑Sheila Hollihan-Elliot (2006). Muslims in China. Mason Crest Publishers. p.55. ISBN1-59084-880-2. For most of their history, the Uyghurs lived as tribes in a loosely affiliated nation on the northern Chinese border (sometimes called East Turkestan).
↑William Samolin (1964). East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century. The Hague: Mouton & Co. p.9. The general boundaries of East Turkistan are the Altai range on the northeast, Mongolia on the east, the Kansu corridor or the Su-lo-ho basin on the southeast, the K'un-lun system on the south, the Sarygol and Muztay-ata on the west, the main range of the T'ien-shan system on the north to the approximate longitude of Aqsu (80 deg. E), then generally northeast to the Altai system which the boundary joins in the vicinity of the Khrebët Nalinsk and Khrebët Sailjuginsk.
↑O'Neill, Mark (13 April 2008). "The Conqueror of China's Wild West". Asia Sentinel. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
↑Tiezzi, Shannonb (3 October 2015). "China's 'Protracted War' in Xinjiang". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
↑"East Turkestan: Chinese Authorities Confiscate Passports Amid Security Crackdown". Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. Radio Free Asia. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
12Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (16 November 2019). "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
↑Ramzy, Austin (20 January 2021). "China's Oppression of Muslims in Xinjiang, Explained". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
↑Gao, Erqiang (高尔锵) (1996). 塔吉克汉词典[Tajik-Chinese Dictionary] (in Simplified Chinese). Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House (四川民族出版社). ISBN978-7-5409-1744-9.
↑Whitfield, Susan (2004). The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith. Serindia Publications. p.27. ISBN978-1-932476-11-8.
↑"The Lost Frontier – Treaty Maps that Changed Qing's Northwestern Boundaries". National Palace Museum. 14 February 2010. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020. The Qianlong emperor (1736–1796) named the region Xinjiang, for New Territory.
123Justin M. Jacobs (14 August 2019). "Episode 39: Ethnicity, Tibet, and Xinjiang in the PRC". podcasts.apple.com (Podcast). Beyond Huaxia: A College History of China and Japan. Event occurs at 60:00–62:18. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
↑"贵州通志 (四库全书本)/全览1". wikisource (in Simplified Chinese). Retrieved 31 October 2021.
↑Feng, Q.; Lu, Yan; Ni, X.; Yuan, K.; Yang, Ya-jun; Yang, Xiong; Liu, Chang; Lou, Haiyi; Ning, Zhilin; Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng (2017). "Genetic History of Xinjiang's Uyghurs Suggests Bronze Age Multiple-Way Contacts in Eurasia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (10): 2572–2582. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx177. PMID28595347. S2CID28730957.
↑Wang, Wenjun; Ding, Manyu; Gardner, Jacob D.; Wang, Yongqiang; Miao, Bo; Guo, Wu; Wu, Xinhua; Ruan, Qiurong; Yu, Jianjun; Hu, Xingjun; Wang, Bo (March 2021). "Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity". Science Advances. 7 (14) eabd6690. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.6690W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd6690. PMC8011967. PMID33789892. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.
↑Betts, Allison (2019). The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads. Summertown, Oxford: Archaeopress. p.50. ISBN978-1-78969-407-9. "The first settlers had European paternal lineages, and maternal lineages of European and Siberian origin." [...] "a pattern that continued in to Xiaohe Phase II, in layers 3, 2 and 1, where the genes show greater mixing still (Li, et al. 2015). The origin of the mitochondrial lineages is more widespread, with the presence of west Eurasian, east Eurasian and Indian lineages." [...] "This may account for the marked genetic change over time in the Xiaohe population (Li 2010, Li, et al. 2010, Li et al. 2015)." The later Xiaohe people carried diverse east Eurasian maternal lineages, including a dominance of C4 and C5, generally linked to southern Siberia."
↑Betts 2019, p.50"This may account for the marked genetic change over time in the Xiaohe population (Li 2010, Li, et al. 2010, Li et al. 2015)." The later Xiaohe people carried diverse east Eurasian maternal lineages, including a dominance of C4 and C5, generally linked to southern Siberia."
↑Schurr, Theodore (2015). Globalization. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN978-1-934536-78-0. "In this regard, genetic data have recently been discovered from individuals interred in the Xiaohe cemetery from the Tarim Basin. Interestingly, they were shown to have both East Eurasian and West Eurasian mtDNA lineages, but only West Eurasian NRY lineages (Li et al. 2010)."
↑Chunxiang Li; Hongjie Li; Yinqiu Cui; Chengzhi Xie; Dawei Cai; Wenying Li; Victor H Mair; Zhi Xu; Quanchao Zhang; Idelis Abuduresule; Li Jin; Hong Zhu; Hui Zhou (2010). "Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age". BMC Biology. 8 (15): 15. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-15. PMC2838831. PMID20163704.
↑Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley; Fu, Qiaomei; Bjørn, Rasmus; Li, Wenying; Wei, Dong; Wang, Wenjun; Fan, Linyuan; Abuduresule, Idilisi; Hu, Xingjun (November 2021). "The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies". Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..256Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. ISSN1476-4687. PMC8580821. PMID34707286. Using qpAdm, we modelled the Tarim Basin individuals as a mixture of two ancient autochthonous Asian genetic groups: the ANE, represented by an Upper Palaeolithic individual from the Afontova Gora site in the upper Yenisei River region of Siberia (AG3) (about 72%), and ancient Northeast Asians, represented by Baikal_EBA (about 28%) (Supplementary Data 1E and Fig. 3a). Tarim_EMBA2 from Beifang can also be modelled as a mixture of Tarim_EMBA1 (about 89%) and Baikal_EBA (about 11%).
↑Benjamin, Craig (3 May 2018). Empires of Ancient Eurasia: The First Silk Roads Era, 100 BCE – 250 CE. Cambridge University Press. p.45. ISBN978-1-108-63540-0. "... the fact that in cemeteries such as Yanbulaq both Europoid and Mongoloid mummies have been found together, also indicates some degree of interaction between existing farming populations and newly arrived nomadic migrants from the West."
↑Tremblay, Xavier (2007). "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century". In Ann Heirman & Stephan Peter Bumbacker (eds.). The Spread of Buddhism. Leiden & Boston: Koninklijke Brill. p.77. ISBN978-90-04-15830-6.
↑Peyrot, Michaël (2 December 2019). "The deviant typological profile of the Tocharian branch of Indo-European may be due to Uralic substrate influence". Indo-European Linguistics. 7 (1): 72–121. doi:10.1163/22125892-00701007. hdl:1887/139205. ISSN2212-5884. S2CID213924514.
↑Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Les Saces, ISBN2-87772-337-2, p. 59.
↑Dillon, Michael (1998). China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-7007-0439-2.
↑Liu, Xinru (2001), "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies", Journal of World History, vol.12, no.2, pp.267–268, doi:10.1353/jwh.2001.0034, S2CID162211306
↑C. Michael Hogan (2007). "Silk Road, North China". The Megalithic Portal. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
12345Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN9789087284411.
↑Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. p.111. ISBN978-0-521-12433-1.
↑Twitchett, Denis; Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "Kao-tsung (reign 649-83) and the Empress Wu: The Inheritor and the Usurper". In Denis Twitchett; John Fairbank (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I. Cambridge University Press. p.228. ISBN978-0-521-21446-9.
↑Skaff, Jonathan Karem (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.). Military Culture in Imperial China. Harvard University Press. pp.183–185. ISBN978-0-674-03109-8.
↑Soucek, Svatopluk (2000). "Chapter 5 – The Qarakhanids". A history of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-65704-4.
↑The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, p. 94
↑Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field". Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia. The Australian National University.
↑Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. p.677. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
↑Adle (2003), p.203, "By the autumn of 1759, the entire periphery of the Tarim basin had been pacified".
↑从 斌静案 看清代驻疆官员与新疆的稳定[Viewing the Stability of Xinjiang Officials and Xinjiang in the Case of Bin Jing] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
↑Brown, Jeremy (2010). Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p.186. ISBN9780674033658. OCLC822561761.
↑Qian, Ying (2024). Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN9780231204477.
↑Jeremy Brown; Paul Pickowicz, eds. (2010). Dilemmas of Victory. Harvard University Press. p.186. ISBN978-0-6740-4702-0.
↑Amy Goodman (8 July 2009). "Uyghur Protests Widen as Xinjiang Unrest Flares". Axis of Logic. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
↑Clarke, Michael (2021). "Settler Colonialism and the Path toward Cultural Genocide in Xinjiang". Global Responsibility to Protect. 13. Crawford School of Public Policy, Australia: 9–19. doi:10.1163/1875-984X-13010002. S2CID233974395.
↑Zhao, Suisheng (2022). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford University Press. p.54. doi:10.1515/9781503634152. ISBN978-1-5036-3415-2.
12Peyrouse, Sebastien (2016). "China and Central Asia". The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p.227. ISBN978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC939553543.
↑"VI. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work". History and Development of Xinjiang. State Council of the People's Republic of China. 26 May 2003. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
↑Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (16 February 2000). "Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent". CACI Analyst. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2010.
↑Gunaratna, Rohan; Pereire, Kenneth George (2006). "An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China?"(PDF). China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. 4 (2): 59. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 January 2011. Since the Ghulja Incident, numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported.
↑"China 'anti-terror' raid kills 18". BBC News. 8 January 2007.
↑Jacobs, Andrew (5 August 2008). "Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
↑"Waterhouse Caulfield Cup breakthrough". The Australian. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
↑"Chinese break up 'needle' riots". BBC News. 4 September 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
↑Richburg, Keith B. (19 July 2011). "China: Deadly attack on police station in Xinjiang". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
↑"Deadly Terrorist Attack in Southwestern China Blamed on Separatist Muslim Uighurs". Time. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
↑"Deadly China blast at Xinjiang railway station". BBC News. 30 April 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
↑"Urumqi car and bomb attack kills dozens". The Guardian. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
↑"هؤلاء انغماسيو أردوغان الذين يستوردهم من الصين – عربي أونلاين". 3arabionline.com. 31 January 2017. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
↑"Turkey lists "E. Turkestan Islamic Movement" as terrorists – People's Daily Online". En.people.cn. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
↑Selçuk Colakoğlu. "Turkey-China Relations: From "Strategic Cooperation" to "Strategic Partnership"?". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
12Martina, Michael; Blanchard, Ben; Spring, Jake (20 July 2016). Ruwitch, John (ed.). "Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017.
↑"U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List" (Retrieved on 29 July 2014).
↑"China accuses US of double standards as it drops ETIM from terrorism list". South China Morning Post. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
↑"Governance Asia-Pacific Watch". United Nations. April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2007.
12Khatchadourian, Raffi (3 April 2021). "Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang". The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
↑Kang, Dake; Wang, Yanan (30 November 2018). "China's Uighurs told to share beds, meals with party members". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
↑"Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture". The Washington Post. 16 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
↑"STATEMENT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNING THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF UYGHURS AND OTHER TURKIC MUSLIMS IN XINJIANG, CHINA". Subcommittee on International Human Rights of the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020. The Subcommittee heard that the Government of China has been employing various strategies to persecute Muslim groups living in Xinjiang, including mass detentions, forced labour, pervasive state surveillance and population control. Witnesses were clear that the Government of China's actions are a clear attempt to eradicate Uyghur culture and religion. Some witnesses stated that the Government of China's actions meet the definition of genocide as set out in Article II of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention).
↑Albert, Eleanor. "China Doubles Down on Xinjiang Policy Amid Reports of Cultural Erasure". The Diplomat. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
12"China sentences Uyghur former government officials to death for 'separatist activities'". CNA. AFP. 7 April 2021. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021.
↑"China Sentences Two Ex-Xinjiang Officials to Death on Separatism Charges". Voice of America. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
↑Albert, Eleanor. "China's Hard and Soft Lines on Xinjiang". The Diplomat. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
↑"China condemns 2 ex-Xinjiang officials in separatism cases". Associated Press. 7 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
↑Ni, Vincent (26 December 2021). "China replaces Xinjiang party boss associated with Uyghur crackdown". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021.
↑Momen Langka! Presiden China Xi Jinping Kunjungi Kampung Muslim Uighur, Kompas TV, 19 July 2022 – via Youtube, Selama 4 hari, Xi Jinping mengunjungi sejumlah situs di Xinjiang termasuk perkebunan kapas, zona perdagangan dan museum. Penduduk Uighur pun menyambut Presiden Xi Jinping.
↑China's President Xi visits far western Xinjiang region for first time in 8 years, SCMP, 15 July 2022 – via Youtube
↑"Xi Jinping visits Xinjiang for first time since crackdown". Deutsche Welle. 15 July 2022.
↑ONG HAN SEAN (20 November 2023). "China's Xinjiang: A marvel of wild beauty and a land full of culture and charm". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Our visit came on the heels of Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Ürümqi, where he reportedly stressed on the positive promotion of the region to show an open and confident Xinjiang. Xi also called for Xinjiang to be opened more widely for tourism to encourage visits from domestic and foreign tourists.
↑"China: How is Beijing whitewashing its Xinjiang policy?". Deutsche Welle. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024. But amid growing global attention on Xinjiang, China has been eager to portray the region as a "success story" by welcoming more tourists. In a speech that he made while visiting the region last month, Xi said Xinjiang was "no longer a remote area" and should open up more to domestic and foreign tourism.
↑刘明. "New city established in Xinjiang". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 23 April 2026.
↑"中国统计年鉴—2018". Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
↑Ministry of Civil Affairs. 2014年12月中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码[Administrative code of the county or above in the People's Republic of China in December 2014] (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
↑(in Chinese)Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 深圳统计年鉴2014[Shenzhen Statistical Yearbook 2014] (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
↑国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council]; 国家统计局人口和就业统计司编 [Department of Population and Employment Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics] (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分乡, 镇, 街道资料[China 2010 Census by Country, Town, Street Information] (in Chinese). Beijing: Z Hongguo Statistics Press. ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2. OCLC992517929.
↑"新疆维吾尔自治区第七次全国人口普查主要数据". Statistical Bureau of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 14 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
↑国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-9772-9.
↑国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN978-7-5037-6659-6.
↑"DCP: Geographic Center of Asia (visit #1)". Confluence.org. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
↑吐鲁番 – 气象数据 – 中国天气网. www.weather.com.cn. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
↑Williams, Matt (23 February 2024). "Weather tracker: Contrasts in cold and heat break records in China". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
↑Gorbunov, A.P. (1993), "Geocryology in Mt. Tianshan", PERMAFROST: Sixth International Conference. Proceedings. July 5–9, Beijing, China, vol.2, South China University of Technology Press, pp.1105–1107, ISBN978-7-5623-0484-5
↑"The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government". Archived from the original on 4 December 2011.
↑Han, Enze (2010). "Boundaries, Discrimination, and Interethnic Conflict in Xinjiang, China". International Journal of Conflict and Violence. 4 (2): 251. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
↑Demick, Barbara (31 March 2009). "Clocks square off in China's far west". LA Times. Archived from the original on 17 December 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
12"Decoding Chinese Politics". Asia Society. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
↑Wang, Huan. "告诉你一个完整的中央新疆工作协调小组"[Tell you about the Central Xinjiang Work Coordination Group]. The Paper. Archived from the original on 19 May 2025. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
12"Dismantling China's Muslim gulag in Xinjiang is not enough". The Economist. 9 January 2020. ISSN0013-0613. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
1234Zhan, Jing Vivian (2022). China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-009-04898-9.
↑"China Promises Unfulfilled, An Assessment of China's National Human Rights Action Plan"(PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2011. Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
↑"OHCHR Assessment of Human Rights Concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China"(PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
↑"China's Xinjiang secures prominent achievements in poverty alleviation". Qiushi Online. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
↑Sudworth, John (24 October 2018). "China's hidden camps". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
↑"Xinjiang report: China must address grave human rights violations". OHCHR. 7 September 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
↑"Experts reject US allegations of genocide in Xinjiang, China". Pakistan Observer. 25 September 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
↑"6. From Party to Nation". Uyghur Nation. Harvard University Press. 2016. pp.173–203. doi:10.4159/9780674970441-009. ISBN978-0-674-97044-1.
↑The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language, Policy, and Political DiscourseEast–West Center, Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
↑Deaths From Clashes in China's Xinjiang Area Rises to 35Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
↑Rémi Castets. The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise GrowsArchived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. China Perspectives. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
↑"Uyghur Separatist Conflict". American.edu. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
↑Zhu, Yuchao; Blachford, Dongyan (31 August 2006). "China's Fate as a Multinational State: a preliminary assessment". Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (47): 329–348. doi:10.1080/10670560500535043. ISSN1067-0564. S2CID154008693. Based on China's Constitution, any sub-national unit, either a province or an ethnic minority autonomous region, does not legally have the right to secede from China.
↑"中华人民共和国民族区域自治法 – Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy". www.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 10 December 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2021. 各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分 – Each and every ethnic autonomous region is an inseparable part of the People's Republic of China.
↑History and Development of XinjiangArchived 31 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
↑Historical GDP of Provinces "Home – Regional – Annual by Province" (Press release). China NBS. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
12"National Data". data.stats.gov.cn. National Bureau of Statistics of China. 1 March 2025. Archived from the original on 18 September 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
↑"Xinjiang Province: Economic News and Statistics for Xinjiang's Economy". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
12"新疆生产建设兵团2022年国民经济和社会发展统计公报". www.btdsys.gov.cn. 28 March 2023. Archived from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
123Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009099028. ISBN978-1-009-09902-8.
123Zhao, Huasheng (2016). "Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking". The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p.180. ISBN978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC939553543.
↑"Efforts to boost 'leapfrog development' in Xinjiang". China Daily/Xinhua. 5 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
↑HERNÁNDEZ-MORALES, AITOR; MATHIESEN, KARL; LAU, STUART; LEALI, GIORGIO (10 February 2021). "Fears over China's Muslim forced labor loom over EU solar power". Politico Europe. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
↑Murtaugh, Dan (10 February 2021). "Why It's So Hard for the Solar Industry to Quit Xinjiang". Bloomberg. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
↑David Stanway (1 July 2021). "China solar association says Xinjiang forced labour claims unfounded". Reuters. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑Ambrose, Jillian; Jolly, Jasper (25 April 2021). "Revealed: UK solar projects using panels from firms linked to Xinjiang forced labour". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
↑12–13 主要年份农作物播种面积[12–13 Sown Area of Crops in Major Years] (in Simplified Chinese). Statistics Bureau of Xinjiang. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
↑新疆维吾尔自治区2016年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[Statistical Communique of 2016 National Economic and Social Development of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region] (in Simplified Chinese). Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Government. 17 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
↑Bao, Yajun. "The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps"(PDF). Oxford University BSG. Archived(PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
12Caster, Michael (27 October 2019). "It's time to boycott any company doing business in Xinjiang". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Archived from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
↑"Peppers grown in China's Xinjiang add color to lips and life". Xinhua News Agency. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
12nl:Lode Vanoost[in Dutch] (10 March 2024). "Op bezoek bij de Oeigoeren in Xinjiang"[Visiting the Uyghurs in Xinjiang]. DeWereldMorgen. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024.
↑Dong, Xiaobin; Yang, Weikun; Ulgiati, Sergio; Yan, Maochao; Zhang, Xinshi (24 January 2012). "The impact of human activities on natural capital and ecosystem services of natural pastures in North Xinjiang, China". Ecological Modelling. 225: 28–39. Bibcode:2012EcMod.225...28D. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.006. ISSN0304-3800.
↑Guo Yan, Fisheries Development in Xinjiang, ChinaArchived 8 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
↑"赛里木湖美景-博乐市人民政府网". www.xjbl.gov.cn. Retrieved 19 June 2026.
↑"Fishery thrives in landlocked Xinjiang". chinadailyhk. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑"Lop Nur, Xinjiang, China". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑Alain Charles (2005). The China Business Handbook (8thed.). Alain Charles. ISBN978-0-9512512-8-7.
↑Jinhui Duan; Shuying Wei; Ming Zeng; Yanfang Ju (1 January 2016). "The Energy Industry in Xinjiang, China: Potential, Problems, and Solutions". Power Mag. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
↑"Xinjiang Poised to Become China's Largest Coal Producer: Will Move Global Coal, Natural Gas, and Crude Oil Markets | China SignPost™". www.chinasignpost.com. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑"China Coal Group says to invest $15 bln in Xinjiang". Reuters. 31 March 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑WebAdmin (21 June 2021). "China discovers new oil and gas in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region". International Finance. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑"China Reports Major Oil And Gas Find At Record Depths". Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
↑Zhao, Huasheng (2016). "Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking". The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p.179. ISBN978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC939553543.
↑"Work on free trade zone on the agenda". People's Daily Online. 2 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
↑"Xinjiang to open 2nd border trade market to Kazakhstan". Xinhua. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2008.
↑Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-769659-0.
↑White, Edward; Stylianou, Nassos; Tauschinski, Jana; Nevitt, Caroline; Clark, Dan; Lewis, Emma (1 June 2026). "Xi's last frontier: China's plan to transform its west". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 June 2026.
↑"RightSite.asia – Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area". Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia – Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia – Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Export Processing Zone". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia | Urumuqi Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"RightSite.asia | Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
↑"News Media for Ethnic Minorities in China". Xinhua News. 25 October 1995. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
↑Hathaway, Tim (9 November 2007). "A journalist in China: Tim Hathaway writes about his experience reporting and writing for state-run 'Xinjiang Economic Daily'". AsiaMedia. UCLA Asia Institute. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
↑Grammaticas, Damian (11 February 2010). "Trekking 1,000km in China for e-mail". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
↑新疆互联网业务全面恢复[Xinjiang internet service completely restored]. Tianshan Net (in Simplified Chinese). 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
↑新疆"7-5"事件后全面恢复互联网业务[After the '5 July' riots, Xinjiang completely restores Internet service]. news.163.com (in Simplified Chinese). 14 May 2010. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
↑Summers, Josh (14 May 2010). "Xinjiang Internet restored after 10 months". FarWestChina blog. Archived from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
↑1912年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
↑1928年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
↑1936–37年中国人口. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
↑1947年全国人口. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
↑"Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
↑"Xinjiang population up 18.3 per cent over past decade despite slowing births". 12 May 2021.
↑Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson. p.237.
↑A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's Celtic mummiesArchived 3 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Independent. 28 August 2006.
↑Wong, Edward (11 July 2009). "Rumbles on the Rim of China's Empire". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
↑Ginsburgs, George (1983). The Citizenship Law of the USSR. BRILL. p.309. ISBN978-90-247-2863-3. Archived from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
↑Klimeš, Ondřej. (8 January 2015). Struggle by the pen: the Uyghur discourse of nation and national interest, c. 1900–1949. Boston. p.154. ISBN978-90-04-28809-6. OCLC900277055.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
12Toops, Stanley (May 2004). "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949"(PDF). East-West Center Washington Working Papers (1). East–West Center: 1. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 July 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
↑"China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang". Human Rights Watch Backgrounder. Human Rights Watch. October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
↑Stanley Toops (7 March 2016). "Spatial Results of the 2010 Census in Xinjiang". University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
↑Lew, Linda (15 June 2021). "China census: migration drives Han population growth in Xinjiang". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
↑2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料[Tabulation on Nationalities of 2000 Population Census of China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House. 2003. ISBN978-7-105-05425-1. OCLC54494505.
↑Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018[China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2026.
↑"China Population Census Yearbook 2020". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
↑3–7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数[3–7 Prefectural, Municipal, and County-level Population by Ethnicity] (in Chinese). Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
↑"新疆维吾尔自治区2021年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 – 中国统计信息网". www.tjcn.org. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
↑Wang, Xiuhua (2015). Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground(PDF) (PhD thesis). Baylor University. p.15. Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 September 2015.
↑Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29Archived 27 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Data from Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
↑James D. Seymour (1985). China Rights Annals 1 Human Rights Developments in the People's Republic of China from October 1983 through September 1984. M. E. Sharpe. p.90. ISBN978-0-87332-320-8– via Internet Archive.
↑Davidson, Helen (25 September 2020). "Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
↑Skopeliti, Clea (25 September 2020). "China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
↑Titu Datta Gupta (17 August 2023). "Tourism, ethnic unity in focus as Xinjiang journeys to new era". The Business Standard. Bangladesh. Retrieved 12 March 2024. In Awat county near Aksu, a huge park, with a statue of 13th century Turkish philosopher Nasiruddin Hodza at the entrance, preserves the tradition of Daolang tribe and their forest of Euphrates poplar, known locally as king of desert.
↑Chan, Mike (18 March 2023). "Chinese Basketball Association: Xinjiang U-turn over decision to quit league, but still no sight of star Zhou Qi". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
↑"Han Xu Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft Status and More | WNBA". www.wnba.com. Retrieved 21 October 2025.
↑"官方:新疆天山雪豹拟退出2023赛季职业足球联赛". Dongqiudi (in Chinese). 21 February 2023. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
↑"Diamond in the Dunes | WETA". weta.org. Retrieved 21 October 2025.
↑Su Qingxia (苏清霞), ed. (3 March 2011). "祖丽菲娅·阿不都卡德尔代表:见证新疆交通事业的日益腾飞"[Representative Zulfiya Abdiqadir: evidence that Xinjiang's transport projects are developing more with each passing day]. Tianshannet (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
↑"新疆将重点规划城际铁路 4小时经济圈已形成"[Xinjiang will focus on planning the formation of a four-hour economic circle for intercity railways]. news.hebei.cm (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
Adle, Chahryar, ed. (2003). History of civilizations of Central Asia. 5: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN978-9-231-03876-1.
Andreyev, Alexandre (2003). Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918–1930s. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Vol.4. Brill. ISBN978-9-004-12952-8.
Andreyev, Alexandre (2014). The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich. Brill. ISBN978-9-004-27043-5.
Baabar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher (ed.). Twentieth Century Mongolia, Volume 1. White Horse Press. ISBN978-1-874267-40-9.
Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn Batbayar (1999). Kaplonski, Christopher (ed.). History of Mongolia. Monsudar Pub. ISBN978-9-992-90038-3.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-13589-2.
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó, ed. (2007). Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN978-0-7546-7041-4. ISSN1759-5290.
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880–1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. Brill. ISBN978-9-004-16675-2.
Bovingdon, Gardner (2010). The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-51941-0.
Hopper, Ben; Webber, Michael (2009). "Migration, Modernisation and Ethnic Estrangement: Uyghur migration to Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PRC". Inner Asia. 11 (2). Global Oriental Ltd.: 173–203. doi:10.1163/000000009793066460.
Sautman, Barry (2000), "Is Xinjiang an Internal Colony?", Inner Asia, 2 (33): 239–271, doi:10.1163/146481700793647788
Qiu, Yuanyao (1994), 《跨世纪的中国人口:新疆卷》[China's population across the centuries: Xinjiang volume], Beijing: China Statistics Press
The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 23 (9thed.). Maxwell Sommerville. 1894.
Harvard Asia Quarterly. Vol.9. Harvard Asia Law Society, Harvard Asia Business Club, and Asia at the Graduate School of Design. 2005.
Association for Linguistic Typology (1998). Linguistic Typology. Vol.2. Mouton de Gruyter.
"Contents". Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. New Series. X. Shanghai: Printed at the "Celestial Empire" Office 10-Hankow Road-10. 1876.(Another online copy)
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1871). Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command. Vol.51. H.M. Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons (1914). Papers by Command. Vol.101. H.M. Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section, George Walter Prothero (1920). Handbooks Prepared Under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office, Issues 67–74. H.M. Stationery Office.
Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section (1973). George Walter Prothero (ed.). China, Japan, Siam. Peace Handbooks. Vol.12. ISBN978-0-8420-1704-6.
Burns, John F. (6 July 1983). "On Soviet-China Border, The Thaw Is Just A Trickle". The New York Times.
Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company.
Bridgman, Elijah Coleman; Williams, Samuel Wells (1837). The Chinese Repository (reprinted.). Maruzen Kabushiki Kaisha.
The Chinese Repository. Vol.5 (reprinted.). Kraus Reprint. 1837.
Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). Pletcher, Kenneth (ed.). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN978-1-61530-182-9.
Britannica Educational Publishing (2011). Pletcherb, Kenneth (ed.). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-61530-134-8.
Falkenheim, Victor C.; Hsieh, Chiao-Min (9 August 2018) [Online article added 26 July 1999]. "Xinjiang: autonomous region, China". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar C. (1998). China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-1-56324-782-8.
Clarke, Michael E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-1-136-82706-8.
Clarke, Michael Edmund (2004). In the Eye of Power: China and Xinjiang from the Qing Conquest to the 'New Great Game' for Central Asia, 1759–2004(PDF) (Thesis). Brisbane: Dept. of International Business & Asian Studies, Griffith University. Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Crowe, David M. (2014). War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-137-03701-5.
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A. (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-36222-6.
Debata, Mahesh Ranjan; Central Asian Studies Programme (2007). China's Minorities: Ethnic-religious Separatism in Xinjiang. Pentagon Press. ISBN978-81-8274-325-0.
Dickens, Mark (1990). "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911–1949". OXUS COMMUNICATIONS. Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
Dillon, Michael (2008). Contemporary China – An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-29054-3.
Dillon, Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-36096-3.
Dupree, Louis; Naby, Eden (1994). Black, Cyril E. (ed.). The Modernization of Inner Asia (reprinted.). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-0-87332-779-4.
Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN978-3-447-04091-4.
Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-0-8047-4684-7.
Fairbank, John K., ed. (1978). The Cambridge History of China: Late Ch'ing 1800–1911. Vol. 10, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-21447-6.
Fisher, Richard Swainson (1852). The book of the world. Vol.2. J. H. Colton.
Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949. CUP Archive. ISBN978-0-521-25514-1.
Garnaut, Anthony (2008). "From Yunnan to Xinjiang: Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals"(PDF). Etudes Orientales N° 25 (1er Semestre 2008). Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-49781-7.
Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002). Manchu Grammar, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol.7. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN978-90-04-12307-6.
Guo, Baogang; Hickey, Dennis V., eds. (2009). Toward Better Governance in China: An Unconventional Pathway of Political Reform. Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-4029-1.
Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang, eds. (2007). Challenges facing Chinese political development. Lexington Books. ISBN978-0-7391-2094-1.
Harris, Rachel (2004). Singing the Village: Music, Memory and Ritual Among the Sibe of Xinjiang. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-726297-9.
Hill, John E. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE. Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge. ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
Howell, Anthony J. (2009). Population Migration and Labor Market Segmentation: Empirical Evidence from Xinjiang, Northwest China (M.S. thesis). Michigan State University. ISBN978-1-109-24323-9. ProQuest304941674.
Juntunen, Mirja; Schlyter, Birgit N., eds. (2013). Return To The Silk Routes. Routledge. ISBN978-1-136-17519-0.
Lattimore, Owen; Nachukdorji, Sh (1955). Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia. Brill Archive.
Lattimore, Owen (1950). Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia. Little, Brown. ISBN978-0-404-10634-8.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Levene, Mark (2008). "Empires, Native Peoples, and Genocides". In Moses, A. Dirk (ed.). Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History. Oxford and New York: Berghahn. pp.183–204. ISBN978-1-84545-452-4.
Liew, Leong H.; Wang, Shaoguang, eds. (2004). Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-203-40429-4.
Lin, Hsiao-ting (2007). "Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China"(PDF). China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. 5 (1). ISSN1653-4212. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 September 2010.
Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. ISBN978-0-295-80055-4.
Liu, Tao Tao; Faure, David (1996). Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN978-962-209-402-4.
Lorge, Peter (2006). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-37286-7.
Marks, Robert B. (2011). China: Its Environment and History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN978-1-4422-1277-0.
Martin, Robert Montgomery (1847). China; Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government. Vol.1. London: J. Madden.
Martyn, Norma (1987). The Silk Road. Australia: Methuen. ISBN978-0-454-00836-4.
Meehan, Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. (May–June 1980). "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead". Air University Review. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
Mentelle, Edme; Malte Conrad Brun; Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle (1804). Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde. Vol.12. H. Tardieu.
Mesny, William (1896). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Vol.II. Shanghai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Mesny, William (1899). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Vol.III. Shanghai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Mesny, William (1905). Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Vol.IV. Shanghai.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Michell, Robert (2015). Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866. Sagwan Press. ISBN978-1-340-54298-6. Reprint of: Romanovski, M., ed. (1870). Notes on the Central Asiatic Question. Calcutta: Office of Superintendent of Government Printing.
Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-0-8047-2933-8.
Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13924-3.
Morozova, Irina Y. (2009). Socialist Revolutions in Asia: The Social History of Mongolia in the 20th Century. Routledge. ISBN978-1-135-78437-9.
Myer, Will (2003). Islam and Colonialism Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia. Routledge. ISBN978-1-135-78583-3.
Nathan, Andrew James; Scobell, Andrew (2013). China's Search for Security. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-51164-3.
Newby, L. J. (2005). The Empire And the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C.1760-1860. Brill's Inner Asian Library. Vol.16. BRILL. ISBN978-90-04-14550-4.
Nyman, Lars-Erik (1977). Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918–1934. Lund studies in international history. Vol.8. Esselte studium. ISBN978-91-24-27287-6.
Paine, S. C. M. (1996). Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-1-56324-724-8.
Palmer, James (2011). The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia (reprinted.). Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-02207-6.
Parker, Charles H. (2010). Global Interactions in the Early Modern Age, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-139-49141-9.
Pegg, Carole (2001). Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities. Vol.1. University of Washington Press. ISBN978-0-295-98030-0.
Perdue, Peter C. (2009). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (reprinted.). Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-04202-5.
Perdue, Peter C. (October 1996), "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia", Modern Asian Studies, 30 (4 Special Issue: War in Modern China): 757–793, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00016796, JSTOR312949, S2CID146587527
Pollard, Vincent, ed. (2011). State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Vol.29. BRILL. ISBN978-90-04-19445-8.
Powers, John; Templemanb, David (2012). Historical Dictionary of Tibet. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-7984-3.
Prakash, Buddha (1963). The modern approach to history. University Publishers.
Rahul, Ram (2000). March of Central Asia. Indus Publishing. ISBN978-81-7387-109-2.
Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-0-313-36540-9.
Roberts, John A.G. (2011). A History of China (reviseded.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-34411-2. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1992). Bones in the Sand: The Struggle to Create Uighur Nationalist Ideologies in Xinjiang, China (reprinted.). Harvard University.
Rudelson, Justin Jon (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-10786-0.ISBN0-231-10787-0 (pbk.).
Ryan, William L. (2 January 1969). "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China". The Lewiston Daily Sun. p.3.
Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. Vol.74 (3rd, illustrateded.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-7452-7.
Shelton, Dinah C. (2005). Shelton, Dinah (ed.). Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Vol.3. Macmillan Reference. ISBN978-0-02-865850-6.
Sinor, Denis (ed.). Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987. Vol.3.
Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987. Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-7007-0380-7.
Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-0-7656-1318-9.
Seymour, James D.; Anderson, Richard (1999). New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China. Socialism and Social Movements Series. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN978-0-7656-0510-8.
Tamm, Eric (2013). The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China. Counterpoint. ISBN978-1-58243-876-4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Theobald, Ulrich (2013). War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776). BRILL. ISBN978-90-04-25567-8.
Tinibai, Kenjali (28 May 2010). "China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
Tinibai, Kenjali (27 May 2010). "Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street". Transitions Online.
Tyler, Christian (2004). Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang. Rutgers University Press. ISBN978-0-8135-3533-3.
Walcott, Susan M.; Johnson, Corey, eds. (2013). Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea. Routledge. ISBN978-1-135-07875-1.
Wang, Gungwu; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2008). China and the New International Order. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-203-93226-1.
Wayne, Martin I. (2007). China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-10623-3.
Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2002). China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectivesb. World Scientific. ISBN978-981-270-650-8.
Westad, Odd Arne (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-02936-5.
Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, eds. (2002). China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives. World Scientific. ISBN978-981-270-650-8.
Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century". Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR20062627. S2CID144587815.
Znamenski, Andrei (2011). Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia (illustrateded.). Quest Books. ISBN978-0-8356-0891-6.
Further reading
Côté, Isabelle (2011). "Political mobilization of a regional minority: Han Chinese settlers in Xinjiang". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 34 (11): 1855–1873. doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.543692. S2CID144071415.
Croner, Don (2009). "False Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan"(PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Croner. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 September 2014.
Croner, Don (2010). "Ja Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan"(PDF). dambijantsan.doncroner.com. Ulaan Baatar: Don Croner. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 September 2014.
Hasanli, Jamil (3 December 2020). Soviet Policy in Xinjiang: Stalin and the National Movement in Eastern Turkistan. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-1-7936-4127-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
Hierman, Brent. "The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002." Problems of Post-Communism, May/June 2007, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp.48–62.
Kim, Hodong (2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-0-8047-6723-1.
Kim, Kwangmin (2008). Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696–1814. University of California. ISBN978-1-109-10126-3.
Nan, Susan Allen; Mampilly, Zachariah Cherian; Bartoli, Andrea, eds. (2011). Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-0-313-37576-7. OCLC715288234.ISBN978-0-3133-7576-7 (set); ISBN978-0-3133-7578-1 (v. 1); ISBN978-0-3133-7580-4 (v. 2); ISBN978-0-3133-7577-4 (ebk.).
Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu – A translation From Zizhi Tongjian. AuthorHouse. ISBN978-1-4490-0604-4
Yellinek, Roie (5 March 2019). "Islamic Countries Engage with China Against the Background of Repression in Xinjiang". China Brief. Vol.19, no.5. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73–75. Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar (in German). O. Harrassowitz. 1982. ISBN978-3-447-02237-8.
Bulletin de la Section de géographie (in French). Vol.10. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. 1895.
Ethnological Information on China: A Collection; Articles from Various Issues of Sovetskai͡a Ėtnografii͡a (Moscow). CCM Information Corporation. 1969.
Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2. The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge. 2002. ISBN978-0-8047-2933-8.
"Radio war aims at China Moslems". The Montreal Gazette. UPI. 22 September 1981. p.11 – via Google News.
External links
Media related to Xinjiang at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of Sinkiang at Wiktionary