「Grand Old Party」という用語は共和党の伝統的な愛称であり、「GOP」という略称は一般的に使用されている呼称である。この用語は1875年に議会記録で、連邦の軍事防衛に成功した政党を「この勇敢な古い政党」と呼んだことに由来する。翌年、シンシナティ・コマーシャル紙の記事で、この用語は「grand old party」に修正された。この略称が最初に使われたのは1884年である。[ 101 ]
↑ Howe, Daniel Walker (1995 年冬) 「なぜエイブラハム・リンカーンはホイッグ党員だったのか」 . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association . 16 (1): 27– 38. doi : 10.5406/19457987.16.1.05 . hdl : 2027/spo.2629860.0016.105 . ISSN 1945-7987 .
↑ De Matas, Jarrel (2017). "Making the Nation Great Again: Trumpism, Euro-Scepticism and the Surge of Populist Nationalism" (PDF) . Journal of Comparative Politics . 10 (2): 19– 36. ISSN 1338-1385 . 2026年7月29日取得。この研究は、特にアメリカ合衆国とヨーロッパで人気を集めている、新国家主義的、より正確には孤立主義的な感情の新たな傾向を探究する。この2つの地域を区別する現象には、共和党大統領候補ドナルド・トランプの人気が雪だるま式に高まっていることと、大西洋を挟んだ向こう側では極右指導者と欧州懐疑主義が成長していることが含まれる。
↑ Perry, Samuel L. (2022). "American Religion in the Era of Increasing Polarization" . Annual Review of Sociology . 48 (1). San Mateo, California: Annual Reviews : 87– 107. doi : 10.1146/annurev-soc-031021-114239 . ISSN 0360-0572 . p. 91:無宗教のアメリカ人は正統的な信仰を放棄したのではなく、むしろ「無宗教」の増加は、キリスト教のアイデンティティが宗教右派や共和党と結びつきつつあることに反応したと思われる政治的中道派やリベラル派に限られていた。
Grumbach, Jacob M. (2021 年 12 月 1 日). 「民主主義の後退の実験室」 . American Political Science Review . 117 (3).アメリカ政治学会に代わってCambridge University Pressが発行: 967–984 . doi : 10.1017/S0003055422000934 . ISSN 0003-0554 . Varieties of Democracy Project (V-Dem)、Bright Line Watch、Freedom House による著名な国際比較による民主主義の指標は、かつて米国を世界のリーダーと位置付けていたが、米国の民主主義が「混合体制」または「非自由主義的民主主義」の状態に向かって後退していることを示している。
↑ Rathburn, Brian C. (2008年夏)「右派は現実主義者を生み出すのか?アメリカのエリートの外交政策イデオロギーにおける保守主義、新保守主義、孤立主義」『政治学季刊』123 (2): 271–299 . doi : 10.1002/j.1538-165X.2008.tb00625.x . ISSN 1538-165X .
1 2 Maxwell, Rahsaan (2019 年 3 月 5 日). 「分析 | なぜ都市部と農村部は政治的にこれほど分断されているのか?」 . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . 2020 年 10 月 30 日のオリジナルからアーカイブ済み。2024年5 月 6 日取得。一般的に、ヨーロッパ全土の右翼ポピュリスト政党の中核的な支持者は、より農村部に集中しており、そこで彼らはグローバル化された経済から取り残され、ヨーロッパの首都の多文化主義から疎外されていると感じている。
1 2 Gidron, Noam; Ziblatt, Daniel (2019). "先進民主主義国における中道右派政党" . Annual Review of Political Science . 12 . Annual Reviews : 17– 35. doi : 10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750 . ISSN 1094-2939 .
↑ McKay, David (2020), "Facilitating Donald Trump: Populism, the Republican Party and Media Manipulation", in Crewe, Ivor; Sanders, David (eds.), Authoritarian Populism and Liberal Democracy , Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 107– 121, doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-17997-7_7 , ISBN978-3-030-17997-7共和党は、穏健派と保守派からなる中道右派の連合体から、リベラルな見解だけでなく、イデオロギー的に結束した保守派の党員の中核的な見解と衝突するあらゆる見解に敵対する、明確な右派政党へと変貌を遂げた。
↑ Green, Erica L.; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Haberman, Maggie (2025年3月20日). "トランプ大統領はいかにして裁判所、議会、その他に対する権力を強化しようとしているか" . The New York Times . 2025年3月20日取得。トランプ大統領による大統領権限の拡大解釈は、彼の2期目の決定的な特徴となっている。
↑ Lowndes, Joseph (2021年11月8日) 「極右過激主義が共和党を支配している。それはトランプ氏で始まったわけでも、終わるわけでもない」ワシントン・ポスト。2021年11月23日のオリジナルからアーカイブ。 2023年12月31日閲覧。
↑ Blum, Rachel M.; Cowburn, Mike (2024). "How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era" . British Journal of Political Science . 54 (1). Cambridge University Press: 88–109 . doi : 10.1017 /S0007123423000224 . 2024年9月11日にオリジナルからアーカイブ済み。 2023年12月31日に取得。
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Cummings, Mike (March 15, 2022). "Yale sociologist Phil Gorski on the threat of white Christian nationalism". Yale News. Archived from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 16, 2024. White Christian nationalism is a dangerous threat because it's incredibly well-organized and powerful. There's absolutely nothing like it on the left.
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Contreras, Russell (February 18, 2026). "Where Christian nationalism is most dominant in the U.S."Axios. Retrieved February 18, 2026. 56% of all Republicans are Christian nationalism "adherents" or "sympathizers," the survey said. ... The report found that many of those who support Christian nationalism also support far-right conservative views around immigration, pluralism, and gender roles
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↑Contreras, Russell (February 18, 2026). "Where Christian nationalism is most dominant in the U.S."Axios. Retrieved February 18, 2026. 56% of all Republicans are Christian nationalism "adherents" or "sympathizers," the survey said
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↑Levitsky, Steven (2021). "Republicans Would Rather End Democracy Than Turn Away From Trump, Says Harvard Professor". Salon. I think ideologically it [the GOP] has evolved into something fairly similar to European far-right parties. It's primarily an ethno-nationalist nativist party. It's essentially preserving the identity of white Christian America, and that is fairly similar to what we describe as far-right parties in Europe.
↑Mudde, Cas (2019). The Far-Right Today. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN978-1-5095-3683-2.
↑"DEMOCRACY REPORT 2026: Unraveling The Democratic Era?"(PDF). V-Dem Institute. March 17, 2026. Retrieved March 22, 2026. One notable shift is the transformation of the Republican Party to endorsing a far-right, nationalist, and anti-pluralist agenda. Nationalist, anti-liberal, far-right parties and leaders have largely driven the "third wave of autocratization." Yet the USA stands out as the only case where such movement seized control over one party in a rigid two-party system.
↑"index". Polity data series. October 2025. Retrieved November 7, 2025. NOTE: The USA dropped below the "democracy threshold" (+6) on the POLITY scale in 2020 and was considered an anocracy (+5) at the end of the year 2020; the USA score for 2021 returned to democracy (+8). Beginning on 1 July 2024, due to the US Supreme Court ruling granting the US Presidency broad, legal immunity, the USA is noted by the Polity Project as experiencing a regime transition through, at least, 20 January 2025. As of the latter date, the USA is coded EXREC=8, "Competitive Elections"; EXCONST=1 "Unlimited Executive Authority"; and POLCOMP=6 "Factional/Restricted Competition." Polity scores: DEMOC=4; AUTOC=4; POLITY=0. The USA is no longer considered a democracy and lies at the cusp of autocracy; it has experienced a Presidential Coup and an Adverse Regime Change event (8-point drop in its POLITY score).
12"Polity V Regime Narrative: United States (2025)"(PDF). Polity Data Series. January 20, 2025. pp.12–15. Retrieved April 3, 2026.
↑Guillem, Colom (February 26, 2024). "An International Far-Right Alliance? A Comparative Analysis of the Linkages Between the Republican Party and European Far-Right Parties". SSRN4739346. Norris's findings conveyed that the Republican Party is as far-right ideologically as many prominent European far-right parties. The Republican Party was measured to be more conservative in comparison to various mainstream European parties. More specifically, the Republican Party was valued to be as economically conservative as the Swiss People's Party and as socially conservative as the German Alternative for Germany (AfD).
↑"The Authoritarian Playbook"(PDF). Protect Democracy. 2024. Retrieved April 26, 2026. As globalization and looser borders force many nations to grapple with questions about national identity; immigrants and refugees have been the targets of far-right populist parties across many backsliding democracy - including the United States
↑Chinoy, Sahil (June 26, 2019). "What Happened to America's Political Center of Gravity?". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2026. The Republican Party leans much further right than most traditional conservative parties in Western Europe and Canada, according to an analysis of their election manifestos. It is more extreme than Britain's Independence Party and France's National Rally (formerly the National Front), which some consider far-right populist parties. The Democratic Party, in contrast, is positioned closer to mainstream liberal parties.
↑Mudde, Cas (2022). "The Far-Right Threat in the United States: A European Perspective". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 699: 101–115. doi:10.1177/00027162211070060.
↑Drutman, Lee (2021). "Reform American Democracy". Time Magazine. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
↑Levitsky, Steven (October 13, 2021). "GOP Would Rather End Democracy Than Turn Away From Trump, Says Harvard Professor". Salon. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
↑Zerofsky, Elisabeth (October 23, 2024). "Is It Fascism? A Leading Historian Changes His Mind". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved April 27, 2026.
12Klaas, Brian (September 9, 2025). "Is The United States Still A Democracy?". The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved April 9, 2026. Political scientists continue to debate this topic, but few would classify the United States as a robust democracy. It is either a democracy in crisis that is barely clinging onto the label, or one that has tipped over the edge into competitive authoritarianism - and I believe it's the latter.
12Ralf, Fücks; Jarosław, Kuisz; Karolina, Wigura (2026). "Wehrlose Demokratie? Lektionen aus den USA". Ende des liberalen Zeitalters? Krise und Erneuerung der freiheitlichen Demokratie(PDF) (in German). Bielefeld. p.124. doi:10.14361/9783839452448. ISBN978-3-8376-8012-6. Es sind die Republikaner, die sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erschreckend radikalisiert haben – und doch, aufgrund des fest gefügten Zwei-Parteien-Systems, immer noch bei vielen den Eindruck von »Mainstream« erwecken. Inhaltlich bewegen sie sich inzwischen rechts von der AfD; und in ihren Verlautbarungen sprechen viele Republikaner – wie alle Rechtspopulisten – ihren Gegnern grundsätzlich die Legitimität ab (man kennt die Rhetorik allenthalben: »Volksverräter« etc.){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑"United States: Freedom in the World 2026 Country Report". Freedom House. Retrieved April 26, 2026. The intensely competitive US political environment is dominated by two major parties: the Republicans on the right and the Democrats on the left.
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Swenson, Ali; Kunzelman, Michael (November 18, 2023). "Fears of political violence are growing as the 2024 campaign heats up and conspiracy theories evolve". AP News. Retrieved January 20, 2025. Trump has amplified social media accounts that promote QAnon, which grew from the far-right fringes of the internet to become a fixture of mainstream Republican politics [...] In his 2024 campaign, Trump has ramped up his combative rhetoric with talk of retribution against his enemies. He recently joked about the hammer attack on Paul Pelosi and suggested that retired Gen. Mark Milley, a former Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, should be executed for treason.
Heer, Jeet (July 31, 2023). "The GOP's Nazi Problem Has Deep Roots". The Nation. ISSN0027-8378. Retrieved May 9, 2026. His [Trump's] extensive record [...] includes his numerous sly uses of alt-right memes, his promotion of extremists like Steve Bannon and Sebastian Gorka, and his infamous "very fine people" response to the 2017 white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Va.
Lowndes, Joseph (November 8, 2021). "Far-right extremism dominates the GOP. It didn't start — and won't end — with Trump". The Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved May 9, 2026. But far-right extremism did not work its way to the heart of the Republican Party until the nomination and 2016 election of Trump. Neither single election cycles nor individual presidencies determine the trajectories of political parties. But through racial demonization, the treatment of political opponents as enemies and an embrace of executive authoritarianism, Trump achieved two critical things at once: He moved far-right radicals toward the Republican Party and the Republican voter base toward greater radicalization.
Brownstein, Ronald (February 14, 2021). "Analysis: Is the GOP's extremist wing now too big to fail?". CNN. Retrieved June 5, 2026. Robert P. Jones, founder and CEO of the Public Religion Research Institute, agrees. All these findings about Republican voters' tolerance for violence and conspiracy theories, he says, present "a chilling portrait of how far down the extremist tracks rank-and-file Republicans have gone with Trump."
↑Stephens-Dougan, LaFluer (May 2021). "The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections". Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 301–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082619-015522. ISSN1094-2939. p.302: Trump, however, managed to achieve electoral success in 2016 despite routinely using racial appeals that openly and categorically disparaged racial, religious, and ethnic minorities, or what the racial priming literature refers to as explicit racial appeals. ... Throughout his campaign and subsequent presidency, Trump continued to traffic in similar explicit racial appeals
↑Berman, Sheri (May 2021). "The Causes of Populism in the West". Annual Review of Political Science. 24: 71–88. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503. ISSN1094-2939. p.76: In the United States, scholars consistently find that "racial animus," or attitudes regarding "blacks, immigrants, Muslims" are the best predictors of support for President Trump
↑Karni, Annie (June 26, 2025). "Right-Wing Republicans in Congress Attack Mamdani With Islamophobic Comments". The New York Times. Retrieved September 7, 2025. The responses to Mr. Mamdani's electoral triumph were the latest examples of how far-right Republicans in Congress have become overt in their use of bigoted language and ethnically offensive tropes, in both casual comments and official statements. (..) But the kind of language that Mr. Ogles used on social media and the questions he raised in his letter these days have become commonplace among some Republicans. And they almost always go without any real condemnation from G.O.P. leaders.
↑Capelletti, Joey (March 14, 2026). "Anti-Muslim rhetoric rises among Republicans with little pushback from GOP leadership". AP News.
↑Lillis, Mike (March 17, 2026). "Rise in anti-Muslim rhetoric by GOP sparks uproar on Capitol Hill". The Hill. The difference now is that the GOP lawmakers have doubled down, and their leaders have refused to condemn the anti-Muslim remarks from within their ranks.
↑Solender, Andrew (March 13, 2026). "Tensions erupt in Congress over anti-Muslim posts". Axios.
↑Knowles, Hannah (March 19, 2026). "Republicans are ramping up attacks on Muslims — and getting rewarded". The Washington Post.
↑Dreisbach, Tom (May 14, 2025). "Multiple Trump White House officials have ties to antisemitic extremists". NPR News. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
↑Novak, Matt (October 15, 2025). "Border Patrol Posts Instagram Propaganda Video Featuring Antisemitic Slurs". Gizmodo. Retrieved October 16, 2025.
↑Nichols, Tom (February 23, 2026). "The Republican Party Has a Nazi Problem". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 9, 2026.
↑Breuninger, Kevin (January 16, 2026). "Labor Department accused of echoing Nazi slogan in social media post". CNBC. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
↑Makuch, Ben (January 14, 2026). "White House post nods to racist, far-right subculture, extremism expert says". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
↑Breland, Ali (January 21, 2026). "The Trump Administration Is Publishing a Stream of Nazi Propaganda". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
12Kieffer, Caleb; Cravens, R.G. (August 28, 2025). "Homeland Security deploys white nationalist, anti-immigrant graphics to recruit". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 6, 2025.
↑Williams, Michael (August 13, 2025). "On social media, the Department of Homeland Security appeals to nostalgia — with motifs of White identity". CNN. Retrieved September 6, 2025.
↑Evan, Gorelick (January 27, 2026). "Administration Social Media Posts Echo White Supremacist Messaging". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2026.
↑Saul, Stephanie (June 26, 2026). "The Far Right Is Dividing College Republicans". The New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2026. The conflict in Maryland is the latest in a debate that has been dividing college Republicans everywhere: whether to avoid or embrace the far right.
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↑Lippman, Daniel (October 20, 2025). "Trump nominee says he has a 'Nazi streak,' bashes MLK Jr. Day, according to texts". Politico. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
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12"MAGA is eating itself". The Economist. December 23, 2025. Retrieved January 26, 2026. But they also reveal a broader fight within the Republican Party. As the right begins to look past Mr Trump and debate the party's future, they are brawling over how big the conservative movement's tent should be. ... The vice-president seemed to suggest that the conservative movement could include the likes of Ms Owens and Mr Fuentes. He declined to criticise racism and antisemitism among the movement's rising stars.
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Benson, Samuel (November 2, 2025). "GOP leaders denounce antisemitism in their ranks but shift blame to Democrats". Politico. Retrieved January 26, 2026. Republican Jews acknowledged antisemitism is cropping up in their movement during a conference this weekend, but were quick to blame left-leaning Democrats for fanning the flames.
Zitner, Aaron; Collins, Eliza (December 22, 2025). "After Charlie Kirk's Death, MAGA Battles Over Free Speech". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 26, 2026. Now, three months after Kirk was shot and killed at one of those events, his commitment to open debate is at the center of a bitter fight within the MAGA movement over the rise of antisemitic ideas and conspiracy theories.
Axelrod, Tal (November 2, 2025). "MAGA's war within: Right-wing purity tests". Axios. Retrieved January 26, 2026. President Trump's MAGA movement is increasingly at war with itself. The central issue: a purity test over MAGA inclusion. Why it matters: The MAGA fight, ignited by ideological differences over Israel, pulls on a lot of -isms — nativism, antisemitism, racism, sexism and Trumpism.
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Further reading
The Almanac of American Politics 2022 (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. Details. Archived January 7, 2022, at the Wayback Machine; see The Almanac of American Politics.
American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at Wikipedia LibraryArchived October 30, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp
Aistrup, Joseph A. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (1996).
Bauman, Dan, and Brock Read. "A Brief History of GOP Attempts to Kill the Education Dept" Chronicle of Higher Education (June 21, 2018)
Black, Earl, and Merle Black. The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002).
Bowen, Michael, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.
Brennan, Mary C. Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (1995).
Conger, Kimberly H. The Christian Right in Republican State Politics (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.
Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.
Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011).
Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005).
Fauntroy, Michael K. Republicans and the Black vote (2007).
Fried, J (2008). Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality. New York: Algora Publishing.
Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005).
Frum, David.What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America (1996).
Gould, Lewis L. The Republicans: A History of the Grand Old Party (2nd ed, 2014); First edition 2003 was entitled: Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicansonline; the standard scholarly history
Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)
Judis, John B. and Ruy Teixeira. The Emerging Democratic Majority (2004), two Democrats project social trends.
Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history ISBN978-0199768400.
Kleppner, Paul, et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), applies the party systems model.
Kurian, George Thomas ed. The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party (4 vol., 2002).
Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999).
Levendusky, Matthew. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans (2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.
Mason, Robert. The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan (2011).
Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.) Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980. (2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.
Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854–1966. 2d ed. (1967); an older standard scholarly history; online
McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195038637.
Oakes, James. The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution (W.W. Norton, 2021).
Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2002), broad account of 1964.
Perlstein, Rick. Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (2009).
Reinhard, David W. The Republican Right since 1945 (1983).
Ruffini, Patrick. Party of the people: Inside the multiracial populist coalition remaking the GOP (2023) online
Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996), popular history online
Sabato, Larry J.Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005).
Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future (2001), textbook.
Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972). online editions
Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), essays by specialists on each time period:
includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.
Shafer, Byron, and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism (2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue that GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.
Steely, Mel. The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich Mercer University Press, 2000. ISBN0865546711.
Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983).
Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004).