John Marshall served with George Washington at Valley Forge and later would be the first to refer to him as "the Father of his country". Appointed the fourth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court under John Adams, Marshall defined the authority of the court and ensured the stability of the federal government during the first three decades of the 19th century.[57][58][59][60]
James Monroe, elected to the Virginia legislature (1782); member of the Continental Congress (1783–1786);[61] fifth president of the United States for two terms (1817–1825);[62] Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase along with Robert Livingston.[63]
James Otis Jr., pamphleteer, one of the earliest proponents of patriotic causes, an opponent of slavery, and leader of Massachusetts' Committee of Correspondence, all in the 1760s.[64][65]
Thomas Paine, author of Common Sense and other influential pamphlets in the 1770s; sometimes referred to as "Father of the American Revolution".[57][66][67] While John Adams strongly criticized Paine for failing to see the need for a separation of powers in government, Common Sense proved crucial in building support for independence following its publication in January 1776.[68][69]
↑ Westcott, Reed (nd). "Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington" . George Washington's Mount Vernon (mountvernon.org) . 2023年1月23日取得。ヒュー・ヘンリー・ブラッケンリッジは、スコットランド生まれのペンシルベニアの牧師、政治家、作家、法学者であり、厳密には建国の父ではないものの、ジェームズ・マディソンをはじめとする数人の建国の父と親交が深かった。
↑"A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Sweden". Office of the Historian. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
↑"Gov. Benjamin Franklin". National Governors Association. January 15, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
↑Letter to Horatio G. Spafford, March 17, 1814. "In every country and in every age, the priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the despot, abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own."
↑Horton, James O. (2004). "Alexander Hamilton: Slavery and Race in a Revolutionary Generation". New York Journal of American History. 91 (3): 1151–1152. doi:10.2307/3663046. JSTOR3663046. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
↑Jeffrey K. Tulis and Nicole Mellow, Legacies of losing in American politics (U of Chicago Press, 2018), p. 2. -
↑Eric Foner, The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (2020) excerpt
↑Ilan Wurman, The Second Founding: An Introduction to the Fourteenth Amendment ( 2020) excerpt
↑See also Garrett Epps, "Second Founding: The Story of the Fourteenth Amendment". Oregon Law Review 85 (2006) pp: 895–911 online.
↑David Hackett Fischer, African Founders: How Enslaved People Expanded American Ideals (Simon and Schuster, 2022) pp 1–3.excerpt
↑David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (Simon and Schuster, 2018) p. xv; winner of Pulitzer Prize; excerpt.
↑Trefousse, Hans Louis (1969). The Radical Republicans Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial Justice. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.vii–viii./ref> Paul Rego, Lyman Trumbull and the Second Founding of the United States (University Press of Kansas, 2022) pp. 1–2. excerpt.
↑Risen, Clay (2014). The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for the Civil Rights Act. New York: Bloomsbury Press. pp.2–5. ISBN978-1608-19824-5.
↑Kaplan, Sidney (1964). "The History of New-Hampshire: Jeremy Belknap as Literary Craftsman". The William and Mary Quarterly. 21 (1): 18–39. doi:10.2307/1923354. JSTOR1923354.
↑Furstenberg, François (2006). In the Name of the Father: Washington's Legacy: Slavery and the Making of a Nation. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN978-1594200922. OCLC66527258.
↑Webster, Daniel (1897). Webster's First Bunker Hill Oration. Boston: Silver, Burdett and Company. p.24.
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Further reading
Books
Ackerman, Bruce (2005). The Failure of the Founding Fathers: Jefferson, Marshall, and the Rise of Presidential Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-01866-4.
Adair, Douglass (1998). Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, Inc. ISBN0865971927.
Bailyn, Bernard (2003). To Begin the World Anew: The genius and ambiguities of the American founders. New York: Knopf. ISBN0375413774.
—— (1968). The Origins of American Politics. New York: Vintage Books.
Barlow, J. Jackson; Levy, Leonard Williams (1988). The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0313256103.
Bickford, Charlene Bangs; Bowling, Kenneth R. (1989). Birth of the Nation: The First Federal Congress, 1789–1791. Madison, WI: Madison House. ISBN978-0945612148.
Bordewich, Fergus M. (2016). The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and A Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN978-1451691931.
Brown, Roger H. (1993). Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-0801863554.
Ellis, Joseph, Founding Fathers: the Essential Guide to the Men who Made America (Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007)—the introduction states: "The following 10, presented alphabetically, represent the 'gallery of greats' that has stood the test of time: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Marshall, George Mason, and George Washington. There is a nearly unanimous consensus that George Washington was the Foundingest Father of them all."—The book has short bios of 46 "founding Fathers" (and mothers). online
Fischer, David Hackett. African Founders: How Enslaved People Expanded American Ideals (2022) excerpt; also see online review
Flower, Milton Embick, John Dickinson, Conservative Revolutionary, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia (1983)
Foner, Eric (2019). The Second Founding: How The Civil War And Reconstruction Remade The Constitution. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-393-35852-0.excerpt
Gibson, Alan (2006). Interpreting the Founding: Guide to the Enduring Debates over the Origins and Foundations of the American Republic. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0700617050.
Gilhooley, Simon J. The Antebellum Origins of the Modern Constitution: Slavery and the Spirit of the American Founding (Cambridge University Press, 2020).
Graebner, Norman A., Richard Dean Burns, and Joseph M. Siracusa. Foreign affairs and the founding fathers: From confederation to constitution, 1776–1787 (Praeger, 2011).
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Harris, P.M.G. (1969). "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations". Perspectives in American History. Vol.3. pp.159–364 harris1969.
Holton, Woody (1999). Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press (published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia). ISBN0-8078-2501-8.
Koch, Adrienne (1961). Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kostyal, K. M. (2014). Founding Fathers: The Fight for Freedom and the Birth of American Liberty
Labaree, Leonard Woods (1948). Conservatism in Early American History. New York: New York University.
Lefer, David (2013). The Founding Conservatives: How a Group of Unsung Heroes Saved the American Revolution. New York: Sentinel. ISBN978-1595230690.
McDonald, Forrest (1985). Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN978-0700603114.
Moreland-Capuia, Alisha. "The Role of Fear in the Founding of the United States: A Historical and Philosophical Perspective" in The Trauma of Racism: Exploring the Systems and People Fear Built (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021) pp.13–33.
Newman, Richard S. Freedom's Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (2008). online
Read, James H. (2000). Power Versus Liberty: Madison, Hamilton, Wilson, and Jefferson. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN978-0813919119.
Trees, Andrew S. The Founding Fathers and the Politics of Character, Princeton University Press (2005)
Unger, Harlow Giles. First Founding Father: Richard Henry Lee and the Call to Independence (2017)
Unger, Harlow Giles. Dr. Benjamin Rush: The Founding Father Who Healed a Wounded Nation (2018)
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lion of Liberty: Patrick Henry and the Call to a New Nation (Da Capo Press, 2010).
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Unger, Harlow Giles. John Marshall: The Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation. (Da Capo Press, 2014).
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Journal articles
—— (January 1962). "Political Experience and Enlightenment Ideas in Eighteenth-Century America". The American Historical Review. 67 (2): 339–351. doi:10.2307/1843427. JSTOR1843427. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
Burnard, Trevor. "The Founding Fathers in Early American Historiography: A View from Abroad". William and Mary Quarterly 62#4 (2005), pp.745–76 online
Dreisbach, Daniel L. Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers (2017) online review
Mason, Matthew. "A Missed Opportunity? The Founding, Postcolonial Realities, and the Abolition of Slavery". Slavery & Abolition 35.2 (2014): 199–213.
Newman, Richard S. and Roy E. Finkenbine. "Black Founders in the New Republic" William and Mary Quarterly (2007) 64#1 pp.83–94 online