Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating, or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "zero-COVID") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,[166], and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "flattening the curve") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.[167] These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the acquired immunity phase through natural and vaccine-induced immunity.[168]
Nature reported in 2021 that 90% of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become endemic".[169]
Containment
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.[170] The zero-COVID strategy involves using public health measures such as contact tracing, mass testing, border quarantine, lockdowns, and mitigation software to stop community transmission of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.[166][171] Successful containment or suppression reduces Rt to less than 1.[172]
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Further reading
James, Harold. Seven crashes: The economic crises that shaped globalization (Yale UP, 2025) pp 257-306.
"Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic". Nature. 584 (7821): 325. August 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..325.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02414-1. PMID32814893.
Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF (June 2020). "The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 20 (6): 363–374. Bibcode:2020NatRI..20..363T. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8. PMC7187672. PMID32346093.
COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (Report). October 2020.
Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R (April 2020). "SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers". eLife. 9 e57309. arXiv:2003.12886. Bibcode:2020arXiv200312886B. doi:10.7554/eLife.57309. PMC7224694. PMID32228860.
Brüssow H (May 2020). "The Novel Coronavirus – A Snapshot of Current Knowledge". Microbial Biotechnology. 13 (3): 607–612. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13557. PMC7111068. PMID32144890.
Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R (2020). "Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID32150360.
Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A (2020). "A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 11 937. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00937. PMC7317023. PMID32636754.
"Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19"(PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). June 2020.
Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, etal. (May 2021). "COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC – United States, January 1 – April 30, 2021". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 70 (21): 792–793. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3. PMC8158893. PMID34043615.
Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S (March 2021). "Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere". Medicina. 57 (3): 283. doi:10.3390/medicina57030283. PMC8003092. PMID33803690.
Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z (January 2021). "LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature". Nucleic Acids Research. 49 (D1): D1534–D1540. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa952. PMC7778958. PMID33166392.
Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA (June 2021). "Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review". Neurocritical Care. 34 (3): 1062–1071. doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01049-4. PMC7358290. PMID32661794.
External links
Health agencies
COVID-19 (Questions & Answers, instructional videos; Facts/MythBusters) by the World Health Organization (WHO)