↑フィンケルスタイン、ノーマン G. (2016) 。「戦争が生み出したもの、意図したものではない」『イスラエル・パレスチナ紛争のイメージと現実』Verso Books刊ISBN978-1-78478-458-4。「移住という考え方は、シオニズム運動の黎明期から存在していた」とトム・セゲフは報告している。
↑マサラ、ヌール(2012)。パレスチナのナクバ。ゼッドブックス。 p. 66.ISBN978-1-84813-973-2こうして、シオニズム初期に抱かれていた、パレスチナ人をヘルツルの言葉を借りれば「国境を越えて追い出す」ことができる、あるいはザングウィルの言葉を借りれば「テントを畳んでこっそり立ち去る」ことができるという、ややナイーブで希望的観測は、すぐに現実的な評価へと取って代わられた。1937年から1948年にかけて、シオニスト運動の最高機関、すなわちシオニスト機関執行部、第20回シオニスト会議、世界労働運動の主要フォーラムであるイフド・ポアレイ・ツィオン世界大会、そして様々な公式および半公式の移送委員会において、移送に関する広範な秘密協議が行われた。
↑ Marom, Roy ; Tepper, Yotam ; Adams, Matthew J. (2025). "Al-Lajjun: A Social and Geographic Account of a Palestinian Village During the British Mandate Period" . British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies . 52 (2): 374–400 . doi : 10.1080/13530194.2025.XXXXX (2025年9月25日現在非アクティブ)。{{cite journal}}: CS1メンテナンス: DOIは2025年9月現在非アクティブです(リンク)
↑ Hughes, Matthew (2009a). "The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" (PDF) . English Historical Review . CXXIV (507): 314– 354、pdf の 51-53 ページ。doi : 10.1093/ehr/cep002 . ISSN 0013-8266 . 2016 年 2 月 21 日にオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブ済み。
↑スレーター 2020 、p. 216:「1973年の戦争におけるアラブ諸国の壊滅的な敗北は、アラファトに妥協による和平解決の必要性を確信させる上でも大きな役割を果たした。イスラエルとの和平交渉を開始するというアラファトの決定は、1974年6月のPLO合意につながり、「解放されたパレスチナのすべての部分」をめぐる闘争を求める新たな戦略を採用することになった(強調は筆者による)。アンジスカは、これは「限られた領土における政治的解決の受容」であり、パレスチナが二国家解決を受け入れる扉を開いた、いかに曖昧であっても最初のステップであったと書いている…歴史家のセス・アンジスカは、最近の主要な著作の中で、1973年の戦争は「分割とイスラエルの存在の承認を志向するPLOの闘争の新たな段階を開始した」と書いている。 10月戦争の余波で、PLOは包括的な外交交渉の場を求め、政治的妥協と、最終的には歴史的パレスチナよりもはるかに狭い領土での国家樹立を受け入れた」(Anziska, Preventing Palestine, Kindle 25)。同様に、Birdは次のように書いている。「1974年半ばまでに、PLOは武装闘争の戦略から急速に離れ、二国家解決に基づく国際的な正当性を求める政治運動へと変貌を遂げた」(Bird, The Good Spy, Kindle location 2560–75)。1974年のPLOプログラムの重要性に関する同様の評価については、Hart, Arafat, 10–11; Weinberger, "The Palestinian National Security Debate"; Nofal, "Yasir Arafat: A Mixed Legacy"; Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Kindle 483–84; Elgindy, Blind Spot, Kindle 88。
↑Quigley, John B. (2005). The Case for Palestine. Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-3539-9. As a result, the PLO did not attack Israel from mid-I98r to mid-I982.16 But in June 1982 Israel again invaded Lebanon, and it used aerial bombardment to destroy entire camps of Palestine Arab refugees.17 By these means Israel killed 20,000 persons, mostly civilians,18 and while it occupied southern Lebanon it incarcerated 15,000 persons, according to the International Committee of the Red Cross. The IDF continued north to Beirut, where it forced the PLO out of Lebanon. Israel claimed self-defense for its invasion, but the lack of PLO attacks into Israel during the previous year made that claim dubious. By invading Lebanon, Israel evidently sought to destroy the extensive Palestinian military and administrative infrastructure in Lebanon19 and, by removing the PLO, to convince the Arabs of the Gaza Strip and West Bank that they would get no help from the PLO.20 In the United States Harold Saunders, a former assistant secretary of state for Near Eastern and South Asian affairs, said that Israel aimed,
↑Slater 2020, p.354: "For just that reason, though, Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon worried that the growing PLO moderation would increase the pressure on Israel to accept the creation of a Palestinian state. To prevent that, in 1982 they seized upon a pretext to again invade Lebanon and attack the PLO, this time on a far larger scale than in previous conflicts. The attacks resulted in tens of thousands of Lebanese civilian casualties; however, the PLO forces in southern Lebanon, still led by Arafat, who escaped Israeli efforts to kill him, were soon reconstituted."
↑Khalidi, Rashid (2022). The hundred years' war on Palestine: a history of settler colonialism and resistance, 1917-2017. New York: Henry Hold and Company. pp.182–187. ISBN978-1-250-78765-1.
↑King, Mary E. (2007). A quiet revolution: the first Palestinian Intifada and nonviolent resistance. New York: Nation Books. ISBN978-1-56025-802-5. OCLC150378515.
↑Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001. Vintage. pp.612–622. ISBN978-0-679-74475-7.
12Levs, Josh (6 January 2009). "Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
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↑"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories, July 6, 2006". Human Rights Watch. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Erlanger, Steven (18 February 2006). "Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
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↑Irvin-Erickson, Douglas; Kahn, Leora. "Chapter 1: The history of Rapha'l Lemkin and the UN Genocide Convention". Handbook of Genocide Studies. p.22. doi:10.4337/9781800379343.00009. ISBN9781800379343.
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Richman, Rick (10 September 2025). "Opinion | The Lies About Israel Are More Than 'Foolish'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
Holocaust and Genocide Studies Scholars:
Chotiner, Isaac (20 August 2025). "The Holocaust Historian Defending Israel Against Charges of Genocide". The New Yorker. ISSN0028-792X. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
Norman, J.W. Goda; Herf, Jeffrey (3 June 2025). "Opinion | Why it's wrong to call Israel's war in Gaza a 'genocide'". The Washington Post. ISSN0190-8286. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
Rosensaft, Menachem Z.; Berenbaum, Michael (21 July 2025). "It is not genocide: A response to Omer Bartov". eJewishPhilanthropy. Retrieved 13 April 2026.
Other Scholars:
Inskeep, Steve (29 July 2025). "War scholar discusses why he does not think there is a genocide in Gaza". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
Louwerse, Peter (26 August 2025). "Juristen militair recht hebben hun handen vol aan oorlog en herbewapening"[Legal experts in military law have their hands full with war and rearmament]. Mr. Online (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2026. [I find it difficult to say that this is genocide]
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↑Jamaluddine, Zeina; Abukmail, Hanan; Aly, Sarah; Campbell, Oona M. R.; Checchi, Francesco (9 January 2025). "Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis". The Lancet. 405 (10477). Elsevier: 469–477. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3. PMID39799952.
↑Bloxham 2025: "A study of traumatic injury deaths in Gaza in The Lancet using multiple data sources and capture-recapture analysis suggested that the MoH's methods, far from producing an exaggerated number, actually under-estimated the death toll by around 41 percent. ... When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza."
↑"Gaza death toll 40% higher than official number, Lancet study finds". The Guardian. 10 January 2025. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
↑Tanno, Sophie (9 January 2025). "Gaza death toll has been significantly underreported, study finds". CNN. Retrieved 18 May 2025.
↑"How many people have died in Gaza?". The Economist. 8 May 2025. The researchers found that the overlap was so small that the true number of deaths was probably 46-107% higher than the official ministry total. If you assume that the ratio has stayed the same since last June (and not fallen, as systems caught up during the ceasefire, say) and apply them to the current tally, it would suggest that between 77,000 and 109,000 Gazans have been killed, 4-5% of the territory's pre-war population (see chart).
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12Baconi 2018, Politicide, Containment, and Pacification
↑Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela (2000). The Palestinian Hamas. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-11674-9.
↑Yehuda Lukacs, ed., The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A documentary record, 1967–1990 (Cambridge: 1992), pp. 477–479.
↑Shlaim 2015: "The PLO followed the Algiers resolutions with a concerted attempt to project a more moderate image. It made a special effort to gain respectability by dissociating the PLO from terrorism. Arafat issued a series of statements on the subject, which failed to satisfy the United States, so in the end the State Department virtually dictated the text that Arafat read at the opening of his press conference in Geneva on 14 December. "I repeat for the record," stated Arafat, "that we totally and absolutely renounce all forms of terrorism, including individual, group and state terrorism. Between Geneva and Algiers we have made our position crystal clear." The statement unconditionally accepted Resolutions 242 and 338 and clearly recognized Israel's right to exist. All the conditions that Henry Kissinger had laid down in 1975 for dealing with the PLO had now been met. One of the last major foreign policy acts of the outgoing Reagan administration was to recognize the PLO and to open a substantive dialogue with it. This dialogue was conducted by the American ambassador in Tunis. President Reagan stated publicly that the special commitment of the United States to Israel's security and well-being remained unshakable."
↑Shlaim 2015: "To Shamir it was crystal clear, once again, that the PLO had not abandoned the path of terror. For him the PLO had always been and would forever remain a terrorist organization. His response to the momentous changes taking place in the Palestinian camp was a reaffirmation of his previous position: no to withdrawal from the occupied territories, no to recognition of the PLO, no to negotiation with the PLO, no to a Palestinian state. Shamir called the U.S. decision to enter into a dialogue with the PLO a "grave error." He saw it as a threat to the long-standing American-Israeli collaboration in support of the territorial status quo. "For the PLO," explained Shamir, "a Palestinian state is a minimum. Therefore, anyone who engages in negotiations with it in effect accepts this principle. What else can one talk about with the PLO, if not about a Palestinian state?" Vice-Premier Peres described the opening of the U.S.-PLO dialogue as "a sad day for all of us." But he felt that Israel had to come up with its own peace initiative, since it was impossible to preserve the status quo."
↑Slater 2020, Chapter 14: "On the contrary, in August 1996 the PLO honored its commitment to revoke its original charter, which had denied the legitimacy of Israel and called for the armed liberation of all of Palestine. As well, by 1996 the PA and its police forces had become increasingly successful in their efforts to end the terrorism of Hamas and other Islamic extremists, even cooperating with the Israeli forces. As a result, there were now far fewer terrorist attacks than in the preceding few years."
↑Dennis Ross and the Peace Process: Subordinating Palestinian Rights to Israeli "Needs". Archived from the original on 13 August 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
↑Human Rights Watch, An Analysis of the Wye River Memorandum
↑Amnesty International, The United States, Israel and the Palestinian Authority
↑Dennis Ross (2005). The Missing Peace. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-0-374-52980-2.
↑Watson 2000, pp.211–236: "The Palestinian side has repeatedly run afoul of its obligation to refrain from incitement and hostile propaganda."
↑Watson 2000, pp.211–236: "the Palestinian record of compliance with these obligations is at best mixed...the PA's record on security cooperation has been mixed... The PA has a mixed record on fighting terror group."
12Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). Prophets Without Honor. Oxford University Press. pp.e-book section 38. ISBN978-0-19-006047-3. Camp David failed because of the two sides' conflicting interpretations of the terms of reference of the peace process. The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear-cut process of decolonization based on "international legitimacy" and "all UN relevant resolutions."
↑Finkelstein 2007, p.352: "In a letter to President Clinton, who presided over the proceedings, Palestinian representatives stated that their aim was implementation of U.N. Resolution 242 and that "[w]e are willing to accept adjustments of the border between the two countries, on condition that they be equivalent in value and importance." Repeatedly the Palestinian negotiators asked: "Will you accept the June 4border [as the basis of discussion]? Will you accept the principle of the exchange of territories?" The Israeli position was that "[w]e can't accept the demand for a return to the borders of June 1967as a pre-condition for the negotiation," while Clinton "literally yells," in response to the Palestinian view that "international legitimacy means Israeli retreat to the border of 4 June 1967," that "[t]his isn't the Security Council here. This isn't the U.N. General Assembly."
12Karsh, Efraim (2003). Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press. p.168. Arafat rejected the proposal
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↑Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). Prophets Without Honor. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-006047-3. I myself am on record as having said, "If I were a Palestinian, I would have rejected what was offered at the Camp David Summit." This book stands by this assertion.
12345Pressman, Jeremy (Fall 2003). "Visions in Collision – What Happened at Camp David and Taba"(PDF). International Security. 28 (2): 6. doi:10.1162/016228803322761955. S2CID57564925. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
↑Slater 2020: "After Camp David, a new mythology emerged perpetrated by Barak and his foreign minister Shlomo Ben-Ami, with the support of Dennis Ross, Clinton's secretary of state Madeleine Albright, and to a considerable extent Clinton himself. The mythology holds that at Camp David, Barak made a generous and unprecedented offer to the Palestinians, only to be met by a shocking if not perverse rejection by Arafat who then ordered a violent uprising at just the moment when the chances for peace had never been greater. For example, shortly after the conclusion of Camp David, Ben-Ami gave a long interview with Haaretz, claiming that Arafat did not go to Camp David to reach a compromise settlement but rather treated the negotiations as "a huge camouflage net behind which he sought to undermine the very idea of two states for two nations. ... Camp David collapsed over the fact that [the Palestinians] refused to get in the game. They refused to make a counterproposal ... and didn't succeed in conveying ... that at some point the demands would have an end." The implied premise of Barak and Ben-Ami was that Arafat thought the Palestinians held all the cards, so that if he held out long enough, he would eventually reach his goal: the destruction of Israel in stages and the takeover of all of historic Palestine. This view became widely accepted in US and Israeli public opinion... This and other Camp David mythologies have been rejected, both at the time and in retrospect, by nearly all scholars and knowledgeable journalists and by most Israeli and US officials who participated in the negotiations. In particular, they were challenged in interviews and memoirs by the leading Israeli negotiators, among them Ron Pundak, Yossi Beilin, Oden Era, Shaul Arieli, Yossi Ginosser, Moshe Amirav, and General Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, chief of staff of the IDF in 1995–1998. As well, the mythologies were strongly—and subsequently, publicly—rejected by Israel's leading military intelligence officials, including Ami Ayalon, the 2000 head of Shin Bet, and Matti Steinberg, his chief advisor—and by Amos Malka, head of the IDF's military intelligence bureau, and his second in command, Ephraim Lavie."
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↑Solomon, Solon (20 August 2024). "The Limits of the ICJ Advisory Opinion on Israel's Occupation and the West Bank". Lawfare.
↑"Israel must end its occupation of Palestine to stop fuelling apartheid and systematic human rights violations". Amnesty International. 19 February 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
↑'Legal Consequences Arising from the Policies and practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Including East Jerusalem:Advisory Opinion,'Archived 23 July 2024 at the Wayback MachineUnispal 19 July 2023 pp. 6, 73, 79.
↑Ghousoon Bisharat,'Israel always sold the occupation as legal. The ICJ now terrifies them'Archived 24 July 2024 at the Wayback Machine+972 magazine 23 July 2024
↑"Hamas presents new charter accepting a Palestine based on 1967 borders". The Guardian. May 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
↑Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967"(PDF). The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. ISSN0002-9300. JSTOR2203016. S2CID145514740. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2020. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
↑Pertile, Marco (2005). "'Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law?". In Conforti, Benedetto; Bravo, Luigi (eds.). The Italian Yearbook of International Law. Vol.14. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.141. ISBN978-90-04-15027-0. the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars.
↑Barak-Erez, Daphne (2006). "Israel: The security barrier—between international law, constitutional law, and domestic judicial review". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 4 (3): 548. doi:10.1093/icon/mol021. The real controversy hovering over all the litigation on the security barrier concerns the fate of the Israeli settlements in the occupied territories. Since 1967, Israel has allowed and even encouraged its citizens to live in the new settlements established in the territories, motivated by religious and national sentiments attached to the history of the Jewish nation in the land of Israel. This policy has also been justified in terms of security interests, taking into consideration the dangerous geographic circumstances of Israel before 1967 (where Israeli areas on the Mediterranean coast were potentially threatened by Jordanian control of the West Bank ridge). The international community, for its part, has viewed this policy as patently illegal, based on the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention that prohibit moving populations to or from territories under occupation.
↑Drew, Catriona (1997). "Self-determination and population transfer". In Bowen, Stephen (ed.). Human rights, self-determination and political change in the occupied Palestinian territories. International studies in human rights. Vol.52. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp.151–152. ISBN978-90-411-0502-8. It can thus clearly be concluded that the transfer of Israeli settlers into the occupied territories violates not only the laws of belligerent occupation but the Palestinian right of self-determination under international law. The question remains, however, whether this is of any practical value. In other words, given the view of the international community that the Israeli settlements are illegal under the law if belligerent occupation, what purpose does it serve to establish that an additional breach of international law has occurred?
↑Harel, Amos (24 October 2006). "Settlements grow on Arab land, despite promises made to U.S."Haaretz 24 October 2006. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
↑Stone, Julius (2004). Lacey, Ian (ed.). International Law and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Extracts from "Israel and Palestine Assault on the Law of Nations" by Professor Julius Stone (2nded.). Jirlac Publications. ISBN978-0-975-10730-0.
↑Byron, Christine (2013). War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-847-79275-4.
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↑Baconi 2018: "Sharon's plan was the latest in a long series of measures Israel had taken to separate the Gaza Strip from the West Bank. Although policies of isolation reach back to the 1950s, more contemporary measures began with the "soft quarantining" of Gaza after the signing of the Oslo Accords, including the gradual tightening of border crossings and the construction of barriers to geographically sever the coastal enclave from Israel.9 Sharon's initiative also reflected a continuation of his use of the pretext of security to unilaterally consolidate Israel's grip on the territories while avoiding any form of political engagement with the Palestinians. This goal was explicitly articulated by Sharon's top aide, Dov Weisglass, in an interview several months later. "The disengagement is actually formaldehyde," Weisglass told the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. "It supplies the amount of formaldehyde that is necessary so that there will not be a political process with the Palestinians."
↑Roy 2016: "But complete control over the West Bank-the obvious goal of the settlement enterprise and the separation barrier-cannot be achieved as long as Gaza remains a source of resistance and as along as the possibility of a unified Palestinian state exists."
↑"What's the ICJ case against Israel's illegal occupation of Palestine?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
↑Cited in Roy 2016: "This situation has not substantially changed: In late 2012, the World Bank reported that "access to Gaza remains highly controlled, and only consumer goods and construction material for donor-supervised projects are allowed in. Products from Gaza to the West Bank and Israeli markets.. are prohibited. Only small shipments of certain agricultural and manufactured products are exported to other markets through donor-supported projects. East Jerusalem, which is considered a highly lucrative market, is beyond reach." The virtual ban on exports from Gaza has not been lifted to this day (August 2014). Israel has claimed security reasons, but since the prohibitions involved such items as furniture destined for PA schools in the West Bank,» citrus fruit to West Bank grocers, and textiles to Israeli companies," it is difficult not to conclude that the restrictions have little if anything to do with security. Instead, their purpose clearly is to maintain the separation of Gaza and the West Bank. Indeed, Israeli security officials themselves have attribut- ed the export ban "to a political decision to separate Gaza from the West Bank." The government terms the policy a "political-security" necessity.*° Significantly, "decisions regarding [the] sale of goods from Gaza to the West Bank.. could only be made by the prime minister's office.""' Diminution of the Private Sector: Some Statistics Among the consequences of the blockade (worsened by severe economic restrictions and continuing military assaults) is the extreme degradation of Gaza's private sector and productive base...The Israeli government officially justifies closure as a security measure despite the fact that the Israeli security establishment itself has stated that closure is of limited value against extremist attacks."
↑"Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza". Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
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↑Webteam, Web (6 September 2011). "Palmer Report Did Not Find Gaza Blockade Legal, Despite Media Headlines". Amnesty International USA.
↑The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs The Humanitarian Monitor. December Overview, 2011Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, OCHA 31 December 2011
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↑"Israeli minister says Palestinians losing UN bid". Almasry Alyoum. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
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↑Horn, Jordana. "Obama at UN declares 'no shortcuts' to peace". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 1 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
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↑Gilead Sher, The Israeli–Palestinian Peace Negotiations, 1999–2001: Within Reach, Taylor & Francis, 2006 p. 19.
12Sales, Ben. "Some experts question extent of Palestinian incitement". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Jesper Svartvik, Jakob Wirén (eds.), Religious Stereotyping and Interreligious Relations, Palgrave Macmillan 2013, pp. 12, 222–224.
↑Tanya Reinhart, Israel/Palestine: How to End the War of 1948, Seven Stories Press, 2011 p. 107.
↑Sherwood, Harriet (6 August 2011). "Academic claims Israeli school textbooks contain bias – Israel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
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↑Israeli, Raphael (2012). The Oslo Idea: The Euphoria of Failure. Transaction Publishers. ISBN978-1-4128-4653-0.
↑"PA TV glorifies murderers of Fogel family". Jerusalem Post. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
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↑Cohen, Gili (22 April 2016). "Israeli Soldier Indicted for Shooting Wounded Palestinian Assailant Released for Passover". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
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↑Stern-Weiner, Jamie (2017). "Introduction". Moment of Truth. OR Books. ISBN978-1-68219-114-9.
↑Avineri, Shlomo (2017). "Introduction". The Making of Modern Zionism. Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-09479-0.
↑Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). Prophets Without Honor. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-006047-3. The Israelis came to the negotiations with the conviction inherent in the letter of the Oslo Accords that this was an open-ended process where no preconceived solutions existed and where every one of the core issues would be open to negotiation so that a reasonable point of equilibrium between the needs of the parties could be found. The Palestinians saw the negotiations as a step in a journey where they would get their rights as if this were a clear-cut process of decolonization based on 'international legitimacy' and 'all UN relevant resolutions.'
↑Finkelstein, Norman G. (2018). "Appendix". Gaza. University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-29571-1. I was the Minister of Justice. I am a lawyer," Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni told her Palestinian interlocutors during a critical round of the peace process in 2007, "but I am against law—international law in particular.
12Louwerse, Colter (16 April 2024). "3". Deluge. OR Books. ISBN978-1-68219-619-9.
12Roy, Sara M. (2016). "Preface to the Third Edition". The Gaza Strip extended 3rd edition. Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN978-0-88728-260-7.
↑Scheindlin (2017). "The shrinking Two-State Constituency". Moment of Truth. OR Books. ISBN978-1-68219-114-9.
↑Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). "The Occupation's Traits of Permanence". Prophets Without Honor. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-006047-3. But the abject submission of the Palestinians and the ever deepening system of occupation and discrimination in the territories are Israel's sole and exclusive responsibility. As brilliantly explained by Michael Sfard, this is a system built on three pillars: the gun, the settlements, and the law that formalizes the network of colonization.1 Under the mantle of security claims, the Jewish state has created in the Palestinian territories one of the most efficient occupation regimes in history, which is, moreover, also cost-effective, for it is the international community's donor money to the Palestinian Authority that saves the occupier the burden of having to directly administer the territories. This leaves Israel free to cater to its insatiable security needs with draconic measures, such as limiting the Palestinians' freedom of movement, erecting walls that separate communities, dotting roads with checkpoints where innocent people are manhandled, activating sophisticated intelligence mechanisms that control the lives of an ever growing number of suspects, conducting surprise searches of private houses in the middle of the night, and carrying out arbitrary administrative detentions. If this were not enough, vigilantes among the settlers, some known as "the Youth of the Hills," constantly harass Palestinian communities, destroy orchard trees, and arbitrarily apply a "price tag" of punishments to innocent civilians for whatever terrorist attack might have been perpetrated by a Palestinian squad. Underlying this very serious problem of the unpardonable depravity of settlers' extremism is the even more serious problem that has to do with the involvement of the entire Israeli body politic in maintaining and continuously expanding a regime of dominance in the territories. For too long, the peace process has served as a curtain behind which the policy of practical annexation has flourished.
↑"Overview of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians". News Basics. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
↑Scott-Baumann 2023: "The Israeli government proceeded to annex East Jerusalem. This act violated international law, and the United Nations General Assembly condemned it... Furthermore, Israel confiscated a large swath of land to the east of the city that would, in time, form a barrier of Israeli settlements surrounding the city, thus cutting off the Palestinian population of Jerusalem from its West Bank hinterland."
↑Avraham Sela (2002). Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Bloomsbury Academic. p.495. ISBN978-0-8264-1413-7.: "Arab-Jewish tensions stemmed from incidents in and around the Temple Mount (al-haram al-sharif) and provocative actions by Jewish extremists against Arabs. Particularly frustrating from a Palestinian viewpoint were the constant efforts made by the Israeli authorities to settle Jews in purely Arab neighborhoods by purchasing Arab or church property, or to appropriate inhabited Arab property by legal means on the grounds that it had been originally owned by Jews."
↑"Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel (Unofficial translation)"Archived 5 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. www.knesset.gov.il. Passed by the Knesset on the 17th Av, 5740 (30 July 1980).
↑Eyal Benvenisti (23 February 2012). The International Law of Occupation. OUP Oxford. pp.205–. ISBN978-0-19-958889-3.
↑Diamond, Jeremy; Labott, Elise (6 December 2017). "Trump recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
↑Ahren, Raphael (6 April 2017). "In curious twist, Russia recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital". Times of Israel. Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
↑"UN security Council Resolution 478". unispal.un.org. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
↑Lapidoth, Ruth. "Jerusalem – Some Legal Issues"(PDF). The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. pp.21–26. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2013. Reprinted from: Rüdiger Wolfrum (Ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, online 2008–, print 2011).
↑Reiter, Yitzhak (2017). Contested Holy Places in Israel–Palestine: Sharing and Conflict Resolution. Routledge. p.xiii. ISBN9781351998857.
↑Breger, Marshall J.; Reiter, Yitzhak; Hammer, Leonard (2010). "Regulation of holy places in the West Bank and Gaza". Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-Existence. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN9780203867457. these sites saw simultaneous worship by Jews and Muslims, with the exception of the period of Jordanian rule in the West Bank, between 1948–67, when Jews had no access to these sites
↑Gold, Dore (2007). The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. pp.5–6.
↑Golden, Jonathan (2004). "Targeting Heritage: The Abuse of Symbolic Sites in Modern Conflicts". In Rowan, Yorke M.; Baram, Uzi (eds.). Marketing heritage: archaeology and the consumption of the past. Rowman Altamira. pp.183–202. ISBN978-0-7591-0342-9. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
↑"Extremists – Talking With Jewish Extremists | Israel's Next War?". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Peled, Alisa Rubin (2001). Debating Islam in the Jewish State: The Development of Policy toward Islamic Institutions in Israel. State University of New York Press. p.96. OCLC929622466. In general, Israeli policy towards holy places can be considered a success with regard to its primary goal: facilitating Israel's acceptance into the international community of nations. However, the repeated failure of the Muslim Affairs Department to fulfill its mandate of protecting the Muslim holy places in Israel has been a largely forgotten chapter in Israeli history that deserves reexamination
↑"Secret tunnel under Al-Aqsa Mosque exposed". Al Arabiya English. 27 March 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
12Peters, Joel; Dajani Daoudi, Mohammed (2011). The Israel–Palestine Conflict Parallel discourses. Routledge. pp.26, 37. ISBN978-0-203-83939-3. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
↑"General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950". United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine. 1950. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
↑"Refugees". United Nations. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
↑Albanese, Francesca P.; Takkenberg, Lex (2020). "The 2009 Consolidated Eligibility and Registration Instructions". Palestinian Refugees in International Law (2nded.). Oxford University Press. §4.2.3. ISBN9780191086793.
↑Khalidi 2024, Fateh, the PLO, and the PA: The Palestinian Para-State: "Outside Palestine, meanwhile, live between 4 and 6 million Palestinians (reliable figures are not available). They exist in situations ranging from the utter misery (since 1982) of those in refugee camps in Lebanon, to a wide diversity of conditions, some of them quite comfortable, in various other Arab countries, Europe, and the United States. These Palestinians 'of the diaspora' (al-shatat in Arabic) possess a variety of passports, laissez-passers, and refugee documents, some of which are looked upon with great suspicion by certain states, and some of them face harsh restrictions on their movement in consequence. The largest single group of Palestinians of the diaspora, between 2 and 3 million, carry Jordanian passports, and most of them live in Jordan. What unites the overwhelming majority of these 4 to 6 million people is that they or their parents or grandparents were obliged to leave their homes and became refugees in 1948 or afterward, and that they are barred from living in any part of their ancestral homeland, Palestine."
↑Slater 2020, p.265: "Refugees. Israel agreed that the refugee problem was a regrettable humanitarian issue, Barak stated, and would recognize the right of the Palestinians to return to their own state, but that "no right of return to Israeli territory would prevail." However, he continued, Israel was prepared to admit several hundred refugees annually for a ten- to fifteen-year period, under a family unification program. In a later interview, Barak made it clear that the "family unification program" was not based on any Palestinian rights: "No Israeli prime minister will accept even one refugee on the basis of the right of return."
↑Slater 2020, p.251: "The Palestinian Position. Since 1948 the official or public position of Arafat, the PLO, Arafat's successor Mahmoud Abbas, and the Palestinian Authority has been—and, rhetorically at least, still is—that the Palestinian refugees as well as their descendants have the right to return to their lands, homes, and villages. Arafat reiterated that "demand" at Camp David, though he and other Palestinian leaders repeatedly assured the Americans and the Israelis that their real goal was Israeli acceptance only of the "principle" of refugee return, as distinct from implementing that "right" in practice."
↑"Right of return: Palestinian dream?". 18 February 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Flapan, Simha (Summer 1987). "The Palestinian Exodus of 1948". Journal of Palestine Studies. 16 (4): 3–26. doi:10.2307/2536718. JSTOR2536718.
12Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab conflict, 1881–2001 (1st Vintage Booksed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp.252–258. ISBN978-0-679-74475-7.
↑Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of 'Transfer' in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948 (4thed.). Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies. p.175. ISBN978-0-88728-235-5.
↑Morris, Benny. "Arab–Israeli War". The Crimes of War Education Project. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
↑Esber, Rosmarie (2009). Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Arabicus Books & Media. p.23. ISBN978-0-9815131-3-3.
↑Pappé, Ilan (2007). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine (Repr.ed.). Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp.2–3. ISBN978-1-85168-467-0.
↑See for example, Masalha, Nur-eldeen (1988). "On Recent Hebrew and Israeli Sources for the Palestinian Exodus, 1947–49". Journal of Palestine Studies. 18 (1): 121–137. doi:10.2307/2537599. JSTOR2537599. And Childers, Irskine (12 May 1961). "The Other Exodus". The Spectator. London.
↑Honig-Parnass, Tikva (2011). The False Prophets of Peace: Liberal Zionism and the Struggle for Palestine. Haymarket Books. p.5. ISBN978-1-60846-130-1. Makdisi rightly argues that almost every law of South African Apartheid has its equivalent in Israel today.18 A significant example is the Law of Return (1950), which even Kretzmer claims is explicitly discriminatory against Palestinian citizens.... The Law of Return, which determines the second-class citizenship of Palestinians, is recognized as a fundamental principle in Israel and "is possibly even its very raison d'etre as a Jewish state."19
↑Schmidt, Yvonne (2008). Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories. GRIN Verlag oHG. pp.245–246. ISBN978-3-638-94450-2. In any case has the Law of Return, 1950 discriminatory effect for Palestinian Arab people since it allows any Jew to immigrate to Israel, while—at the same time—it deprives all native Palestinian Arab refugees residing outside the borders of the state of Israel of their fundamental right to return to their homes and villages from which they were expelled or took flight in the course of the 1948 war that broke out because of the establishment of Israel.
↑Kassim, Anis F. (2002). The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 2001–2002: Vol. 11. Brill. p.150. ISBN978-3-638-94450-2. Under the heading of "Discrimination", the Committee cited Israel's Law of Return as discriminatory against Palestinian refugees because of Israel's refusal to readmit them. The committee said: "The Committee notes with concern that the Law of Return which permits any Jew from anywhere in the world to immigrate and thereby virtually automatically enjoy residence and obtain citizenship in Israel, discriminates against Palestinians in the Diaspora upon whom the Government of Israel has imposed restrictive requirements that make it almost impossible to return to their land of birth."
↑"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947". United Nations. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
↑"A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947". United Nations. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
12"Israel and the Palestinians". The Irish Times. 21 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
↑Shavit, Ari (8 January 2004). "Survival of the Fittest". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
↑Finkelstein, Norman G. (2012). Knowing Too Much: Why the American Jewish Romance with Israel is Coming to an End. New York: OR Books. pp.Chapter 10. ISBN978-1-935928-77-5.
↑Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2007). Scars of War, Wounds of Peace. Oxford University Press. p.50. ISBN978-0-19-532542-3. A massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees would have clashed irreconcilably with the most vital and fundamental ethos of the new State of Israel, indeed with its very raison d'être, namely the consolidation of a Jewish state through the mass immigration of the survivors of the Nazi Holocaust in Europe and the uprooted and dispossessed Jews of North Africa and the Arab Middle East... No Israeli statesman, either in 1948 or in 2005, would conceive of peace based on the massive repatriation of Palestinian refugees as an offer the Jewish state could accept and yet survive. The ethos of Zionism was twofold; it was about demography—ingathering the exiles in a viable Jewish state with as small an Arab minority as possible—and land.
↑Quigley, John B. (2005). The Case for Palestine. Duke University Press. ISBN978-0-8223-3539-9. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel said that returning Palestinians might be a fifth column and a demographic threat to Israel as a Jewish state.
↑Erlanger, Steven (31 March 2007). "Olmert Rejects Right of Return for Palestinians". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Chomsky, Noam (1999). Fateful Triangle. Pluto Press. ISBN978-0-89608-601-2. Evidently, the indigenous population also has a 'security problem'; in fact, the Palestinians have already suffered the catastrophe that Israelis justly fear.
↑Khalidi 2013, Introduction: "Similarly, in this lexicon, "security" is an absolute priority of Israel's, the need for which is invariably described as rooted in genuine, deep-seated existential fears. "Israeli security" therefore takes precedence over virtually everything else, including international law and the human rights of others. It is an endlessly expansive concept that includes a remarkable multitude of things, such as whether pasta or generator parts can be brought into the Gaza Strip, or whether miserably poor Palestinian villagers can be allowed water cisterns.1 By contrast, in spite of the precarious nature of their situation, Palestinians are presumed not to have any significant concerns about their security. This is the case even though nearly half the Palestinian population have lived for more than two generations under a grinding military occupation without the most basic human, civil, or political rights, and the rest have for many decades been dispersed from their ancestral homeland, many of them living under harsh, authoritarian Arab governments."
↑Ben-Ami, Shlomo (2022). "The Occupation's Traits of Permanence". Prophets Without Honor. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-006047-3. The Israeli debate over the occupied territories is, then, not just an ideological divide between right and left; it is also overwhelmingly influenced by the all-encompassing "security network" that injects a security rationale into every political move.
↑Slater 2020, p.221: "In any event, there was no legitimate security argument at all for the Israeli seizure of Arab East Jerusalem immediately after the 1967 war and for subsequently settling religious fanatics in the West Bank. The real motivating forces for most of the postwar Israeli expansionism into the West Bank and East Jerusalem were clearly "Greater Israel" nationalism and religious messianism. If anything, as many Israeli security experts pointed out at the time, the "need" to defend the settlers was a security liability... Israeli governments have long cited "security" as the reason they need to maintain occupation of Arab territories—but when Israel withdrew from Lebanon and Egyptian territory, the attacks against it ended. It is unlikely that an Israeli withdrawal from the Palestinian territories would have a different result—and if it did, there would be little to prevent Israel from reinvading and occupying those territories. Moreover, in those circumstances repression of any continuing Palestinian violence would have a legitimacy that it currently lacks. For these reasons, Israel has a security problem with the Palestinians only in the same way that colonial powers had "security problems" with nationalist uprisings that eventually forced them to withdraw."
12"Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000". Israeli Ministry of Internal Affairs. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 10 April 2007.
↑"Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination and of the speedy granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples for the effective guarantee and observance of human rights:: resolution /: adopted by the General Assembly". 14 December 1990.
↑"Right of peoples to self-determination/Struggle by all available means – GA resolution". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 23 October 2024. 1. Calls upon all States to implement fully and faithfully all the resolutions of the United Nations regarding the exercise of the right to self-determination and independence by peoples under colonial and foreign domination; 2. Reaffirms the legitimacy of the struggle of peoples for independence, territorial integrity, national unity and liberation from colonial domination, apartheid and foreign occupation by all available means, including armed struggle; 3. Reaffirms also the inalienable right of the Namibian people, the Palestinian people and all peoples under foreign occupation and colonial domination to self-determination, national independence, territorial integrity, national unity and sovereignty without foreign interference...
↑"Analysis: Palestinian suicide attacks". BBC News. 29 January 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Baconi 2018, Military Resistance Comes Undone: "On February 25, 1994, an American Jewish settler named Baruch Goldstein walked into the Ibrahimi Mosque in the West Bank city of Hebron during prayer time. Standing behind the rows of kneeling figures in front of him, Goldstein opened fire. Within minutes, twenty-nine Muslim worshippers had been killed and close to one hundred injured. The atrocity jolted the nascent Israeli-Palestinian bilateral negotiations that had gathered pace in the wake of the First Intifada, prompted by the PLO's strategic redirection in 1988. Less than six months before the Hebron attack, in September 1993, PLO chairman Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin had awkwardly shaken hands in a widely publicized event on the South Lawn of the White House. The leaders had assembled in the American capital to sign the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements, popularly known as the Oslo Accords, referring to the capital city where the secretive talks leading to the agreement had taken place. Following the signing, negotiations between Israel and the PLO in the form of a "peace process" were launched.1 Goldstein's attack served as a reminder of the bloody challenges this process faced. Forty-one days after the shooting, once the time allotted for Muslim ritual mourning had been respected, a member of Hamas approached a bus stop in Afula, a city in northern Israel. Standing next to fellow passengers, the man detonated a suicide vest, killing seven Israelis. This was on April 6, 1994, a day that marked Hamas's first lethal suicide bombing in Israel."
↑"The Security Barrier (Fence)". IDF Military Advocate General. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
↑Scott-Baumann 2023: "Far fewer Israelis were killed in Palestinian suicide bombs after the construction of the barrier (130 in 2003 and fewer than 25 in 2005), convincing most Israelis that it saved the lives of fellow Israelis and was necessary for their security. However, the decline in bombings can also be attributed to the permanent presence of Israeli troops inside and around Palestinian cities and increasing security cooperation between the IDF and the PA, particularly after the Second Intifada ended in 2005."
↑Hourani, Albert Habib (2010). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-01017-8. In places the barrier separated farmers from their lands, even children from their schools, while preventing Palestinians from travelling within the West Bank or seeking work in Israel.
↑Shlaim 2015, The Road Map to Nowhere 2003–2006: "The barrier followed a route that ran almost entirely through land occupied by Israel in June 1967."
↑Baconi 2018, Chapter 3: "Rather than building the wall on Israeli land or along the 1967 borders, however, the structure snaked through Palestinian territories, unilaterally seizing more than 10 percent of the West Bank, including whole neighborhoods around East Jerusalem as well as major settlement blocs that were integrated into this de facto border. The structure split whole Palestinian villages in half and had an immediate effect on the freedom of movement for Palestinians within the occupied territories. Jewish settlers living illegally within the same land continued to be linked into Israel through exclusive Jewish-only highways and bypass roads. On July 20, 2004, the International Court of Justice issued an advisory opinion ruling that the wall was illegal, to no effect.4 With Israel's planned disengagement from the Gaza Strip and the construction of advanced "security" infrastructure, Sharon was actively restructuring the framework of Israel's occupation."
↑Erakat, Noura (2019). "Notes". Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine. Stanford University Press. ISBN978-1-5036-0883-2. Its 2004 decision held that the construction of the wall in the West Bank, as opposed to along the 1949 armistice line, violated the Palestinian right to self-determination, contravened the Fourth Geneva Convention, and could not be justified as a measure of Israeli self-defense. It advised Israel to "terminate its breaches of international law; it is under an obligation to cease forthwith the works of construction of the wall being built in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, to dismantle forthwith the structure therein situated." The court also observed that all states had an obligation "not to recognize the illegal situation resulting from the construction of the wall and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining the situation created by such construction."
↑Finkelstein, Norman G. (2012). "Appendix". Knowing Too Much. New York: OR Books. ISBN978-1-935928-77-5. In its advisory opinion the ICJ voiced concern that "the construction of the wall and its associated régime create a 'fait accompli' on the ground that could well become permanent."115 Taking note of this ICJ concern, Israel's High Court rejoined that the ICJ lacked a "factual basis" for reaching definite conclusions.116 Not just the ICJ, however, but also many respected human rights organizations expressed such worries. B'Tselem concluded that the "underlying reason" of the wall's route was "to establish facts on the ground that would perpetuate the existence of settlements and facilitate their future annexation into Israel." Likewise, Human Rights Watch concluded that the "existing and planned route of the barrier appears to be designed chiefly to incorporate and make contiguous with Israel illegal civilian settlements." Likewise, Amnesty International concluded that Israel was building the wall to "consolidate its control over land which is being used for illegal Israeli settlements," and that "the very expensive and sophisticated structure of the fence/wall indicates that it is likely intended as a permanent structure."117
↑Harel, Amos (7 December 2007). "Defense officials concerned as Hamas upgrades Qassam arsenal". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
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↑Khalidi 2020, Chapter 6: "However, none of the rockets had a warhead of the size or lethality of the over 49,000 tank and artillery shells fired by Israel in 2014. The Soviet-designed 122mm Grad or Katyusha rocket commonly used by Hamas and its allies normally carried either a 44- or 66-pound warhead (compared with the 96-pound 155mm shells), although many were fitted with smaller warheads to increase their range. Most of the homemade Qassam rockets that were used had considerably smaller warheads. Together, the 4,000 Qassam, Katyusha, Grad, and other missiles that were fired from the Gaza Strip, and that reached Israel (many were so imprecise and poorly manufactured that they fell short and landed within the strip), would have likely had less explosive power in total than a dozen 2,000-pound bombs."
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↑Hammad, Suzanne Hassan (2023). Emplaced Resistances in Occupied Palestine: Stories of a Village, Its People, and Their Land. Rowman & Littlefield. pp.20–72. ISBN978-1-78661-204-5.
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↑Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Vol. 3. M. Leonard, Thomas.
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↑"The Humanitarian Monitor."Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2007. PDF. Tables on pages 5 and 7, all numbers refer to casualties of the direct conflict as defined therein (p. 23).
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↑Jamaluddine, Zeina; Abukmail, Hanan; Aly, Sarah; Campbell, Oona M R.; Checchi, Francesco (2025). "Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: A capture–recapture analysis". The Lancet. 405 (10477): 469–477. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3. PMID39799952.
↑"Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza". Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
↑"Untangling the reality of famine in Gaza". Refugees International. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
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↑Mor, Avi, et al. "Casualties in Operation Cast Lead: A closer look."Archived 1 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. 2009. PDF.
↑"B'Tselem: 773 of Palestinians killed in Cast Lead were civilians". Ynet News. 9 September 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
↑Norman Finkelstein (2018). Gaza: An Inquest into Its Martyrdom. Univ of California Pres8. ISBN978-0-520-96838-7. Israeli officials alleged that total Palestinian deaths came to 1,166, of whom at least 60 percent were "terrorists." The discrepancy in the ratio of Palestinian combatant to civilian deaths partly resulted from disagreement on the proper classification of Gazan police. See Shay Fogelman, "Shock and Awe," Haaretz (31 December 2010). The broad consensus among human rights organizations was that these police should overwhelmingly be classified as civilians because they did not take a direct part in hostilities and were not members of Palestinian armed groups. The veracity of Israeli figures could be tested by scrutinizing the "under 16" subclassification. Whereas Israel alleged that 89 Palestinians under age 16 were killed, B'Tselem reported that 252 Palestinians under 16 were killed and that it had "copies of birth certificates and death certificates along with other documents regarding the vast majority of the minors who were killed." For critical analysis of Israeli casualty figures, see Public Committee against Torture in Israel (PCATI), No Second Thoughts: The changes in the Israeli Defense Forces' combat doctrine in light of "Operation Cast Lead" (2009), pp. 9–11. This study showed that Israel abruptly altered the figures it tabulated for Palestinian deaths, and concluded that "the casualty estimates provided by other sources (around 1,400 killed) are more credible than those provided by the IDF Spokesperson." Even the largely apologetic US Department of State 2009 Human Rights Report put the number of dead "at close to 1,400 Palestinians, including more than 1,000 civilians."
1234"Country Overviews – Occupied Palestinian Territory". United Nations Mine Action Service. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
↑"Israeli Public Is Increasingly Skeptical About Lasting Peace". Pew Research Center. 3 June 2025.
↑"The Palestine/Israel Pulse, a Joint Poll, 2022". Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research. 2022. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023.
↑Saad, Lydia (29 February 2016). "Americans' Views Toward Israel Remain Firmly Positive". Gallup.
↑"Modest Warming in U.S. Views on Israel and Palestinians". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 26 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022.
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↑"Another poll shows Americans' declining support for Israel". Responsible Statecraft. 26 September 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
↑Silver, Laura (13 June 2025). "Most people across 24 surveyed countries have negative views of Israel and Netanyahu". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
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External links
United Nations
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territoryArchived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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Academic, news, and similar sites (excluding Israeli or Palestinian sources)
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Gaza\Sderot: Life in spite of everything – a web documentary produced by arte.tv, in which daily video-chronicles (2 min. each) show the life of 5 people (men, women, children) in Gaza and Sderot, on both sides of the border.
Global Politician – Middle-East Section
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Crash Course World History 223: Conflict in Israel and Palestine – author and YouTube educator John Green gives a brief history lesson (13 minutes) on the conflict.
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Arabs and Israelis held hostage by a common enemy Salom Now! and METalks are two experimental initiatives which sought to rewrite the script of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. However, such popular, grassroots action is held hostage by some common enemies: despair, hatred, antipathy and distrust. (Jan 2007)
Exchange of friendly fire Anat el-Hashahar, an Israeli and founder of METalks, debates the Arab–Israeli conflict – from Oslo to Lebanon – with Khaled Diab, an Egyptian journalist and writer.
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