導入 テュルク諸民族 の言語は、英語を含む様々な言語に数多くの痕跡を残している。社会・政治用語に属するテュルク語からの借用語は、一般的に、テュルク系民族やイスラム教徒の生活に関する専門文学や歴史・民族誌作品で用いられている。 民族誌的な用語は、一般的に、学術文献や歴史・民族誌のテキストで用いられている。
インド語（主にヒンドゥスターニー語 ）の単語の採用は、その中にトルコ語からの借用語も含まれており、トルコ語起源の単語が英語に浸透する一つの方法となった。さらに、トルコ語起源の単語のいくつかは、ロシア語やポーランド語 などの中央ヨーロッパまたは東ヨーロッパの言語を介して英語に浸透した。アルバニア語 、ドイツ語 、ラテン 語 、スペイン語 、イタリア語、フランス語 、ハンガリー語、セルビア ・クロアチア語 も、トルコ語が英語に浸透する中間言語であり、また、これらの言語自体にも多数のトルコ語からの借用語が含まれている（例えば、セルビア・クロアチア語には、主にトルコ語からの約5,000のトルコ語からの借用語が含まれている [ 1 ]
19世紀には、トルコ語由来の借用語が、旅行 者、外交官、商人の著作や民族誌、歴史書だけでなく、新聞を通じても英語に浸透し始めた。1847年には、イスタンブールには英語の新聞が2紙（ 『レバント・ヘラルド』 と『レバント・タイムズ』） 、フランス語の新聞が7紙、ドイツ語の新聞が1紙、トルコ語の新聞が37紙あった。トルコ語は、英語に直接浸透したトルコ語からの借用語の中で最大の割合を占めている。これは、 トルコが イギリス と最も密接かつ広範な関係を持っていたという事実によって説明できる。しかしながら、英語には、アゼルバイジャン人 、タタール人 、ウズベク人、 カザフ人 、キルギス人 など、他の民族との交流を通じて取り入れられたトルコ語からの借用語も数多く存在する。
ジャニサリ のアガ Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle Ages , the Turkic loanwords found their way into English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts between England and Turkey, and Russia , in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, French, Arabic , Armenian , Afrikaans , Hungarian, Yiddish , Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan , to a different extent, took part in the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
B バクラヴァ の切れ端バハドゥール from Hindi bahādur "brave, brave person", from Persian , probably from Mongolian , cf. Classical Mongolian baγatur , which is from Turkic, perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.[ 26] Bairam from Turkish bayram , literally "a festival"[ 27] [ 28] Baklava from Turkish baklava [ 29] Balaclava from Balaklava , village in the Crimea , which is from Turkish balıklava . A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.[ 30] [ 31] Balalaika from Russian balalaika , of Turkic origin.[ 32] [ 33] Balkan from Turkish balkan "a mountain chain", relating to the states of the Balkan Peninsula , or their peoples, languages, or cultures.[ 34] Bamia from Turkish bamya .[ 35] Ban from Romanian , from Serbo-Croatian ban , "lord", which is from Turkic bayan , "very rich person" : bay , "rich" + -an , intensive suff.[ 36] Barbotte from Canadian French barbotte , which is from Turkish barbut . A dice game.[ 37] Barchan /Barkhanfrom Russian, which is from Kirghiz barkhan . A moving sand dune shaped like a crescent and found in several very dry regions of the world[ 38] Bashaw from Turkish başa , a variant of pasha [ 39] Bashi-bazouk from Turkish başıbozuk [ 40] Bashlyk from Turkish başlık , "a hood", from baş , "a head"[ 41] Batman from Turkish batman . Any of various old Persian or Turkish units of weight[ 42] Beetewk from Russian bityug , bityuk , which is from Turkic bitük , akin to Chagatai bitü , Uzbek bitäü . A Russian breed of heavy draft horses.[ 43] [ 44] Beg from Turkic beg , an alternative form of bey [ 45] Beglerbeg from Turkish beylerbeyi , a variant of beylerbey [ 46] Begum from Urdu begam , which is from East Turkic begüm [ 47] Behcet from the name of Turkish scientist Hulusi Behçet , a multisystem, chronic recurrent disease.[ 48] Bektashi from Turkish bektaşi [ 49] Bergamot from French bergamote , from Italian bergamotta , ultimately from Turkish bey armudu , literally, "the bey 's pear"[ 50] Bey from Turkish bey [ 51] Beylerbey from Turkish beylerbeyi [ 52] Beylik from Turkish beylik [ 53] [ 54] [ 55] Binbashi from Turkish binbaşı , "chief of a thousand", bin "thousand" + bash "head". (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.[ 56] Bogatyr from Russian bogatyr "hero, athlete, warrior", from Old Russian bogatyri , of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batur "brave"[ 57] Borek from Turkish börek , ultimately from root bur- , "twisted" Borunduk from Russian burunduk , which is from Mari uromdok or from Turkic burunduk . A Siberian ground squirrel.[ 58] [ 59] [ 60] Bosa or boza from Turkish boza , a fermented drink [ 61] [ 62] Bosh from Turkish boş , which means "nonsense, empty"[ 63] Bosh on wiktionary ) Bostanji トルコ語のbostancı 、文字通り「庭師」に由来[ 64 ] ブズーキ 現代ギリシャ語の mpouzoúki から来ており、これはトルコ語のbozuk 「壊れた、破滅した、堕落した」またはbüzük 「縮んだ、しわくちゃの」に由来する。[ 65 ] ボヤール ロシア語のboyarin から、古ロシア語のboljarin から、テュルク語のbaylar から、bayの複数形、「裕福な」。トルコ語の bay 、「裕福な紳士」と同源。 [ 66 ] ブリッジゲーム この単語はロシア語のbiritch ラッパ手 」（現代トルコ語ではborucu 、borazancı ）に由来するか、トルコ語のbir、üç 、つまり「1、3」に由来する可能性がある[ 67 ]。 ちくしょう 中英語の bougre 、「異端者」から、古フランス語の boulgre から、中世ラテン語の Bulgarus から、ギリシャ語の Boulgaros 、「ブルガリア人 」から、おそらく最終的にはテュルク語のbulghar 、「混血の、乱交の」または「反逆者」から、bulgamaq 、「混ぜる、かき混ぜる、かき混ぜる」から。[ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] ブルガリア ボルガル、ボルガルは 、カザン周辺の ヴォルガ 川沿いの旧王国（bugger を 参照 ） 。元々はボルガル産の ロシアの革製品 。[ 69 ] [ 72 ] ブルグル トルコ語のbulgur は「挽いた小麦」を意味する[ 73 ] ブラン ロシア語のburan から、トルコ語起源、おそらくタタール語の buranから [ 74 ] [ 75 ] ブルカ ロシア語から、おそらくburyi 「濃い茶色（馬の）」に由来し、おそらくテュルク語起源。トルコ語のbur 「狐のように赤い」と同源。テュルク語はおそらくペルシア語の bor 「赤褐色」に由来し、サンスクリット語の babhru 「赤褐色」と同源。[ 76 ]
C Dervishes wearing calpacks Cafeneh from Turkish kahvane , kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"[ 77] [ 78] Caïque from Turkish kayık [ 79] Caiquejee alteration (influenced by caique ) of earlier caikjee , from Turkish kayıkçı , "a boatman"[ 80] Calpack from Turkish kalpak [ 81] Caracal from Turkish karakulak , which means "black ear"[ 82] Caraco from French, perhaps from Turkish kerrake "alpaca coat". A woman's short coat or jacket usually about waist length.[ 83] Caracul from Uzbek karakul , an alteration of karakul [ 84] Caragana from Neo-Latin , of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz karaghan "Siberian pea tree".[ 85] Caramoussal from Turkish karamürsel , karamusal , perhaps from kara "black" + mürsel "envoy, apostle"[ 86] Casaba from Turkish Kasaba, a small town with 2.000 to 20.000 people in Turkey[ 87] Cassock from Middle French casaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of Cossack ), an allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand , from Persian kazhagand "padded coat".[ 88] Cham from French, which is from Turkish khan , "lord, prince"[ 89] Chekmak from Turkish, a Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.[ 90] Chelengk from Ottoman Turkish çelenk , a bird's feather used as a sign of bravery Chiaus from Turkish çavuş .[ 91] Chibouk from Turkish çubuk .[ 92] Choga シンド語 に由来し、トルコ・モンゴル起源。トルコ語の çuha 「布」に類似。主にインド とパキスタン で着用される、男性用の長袖で裾の長いマント。[ 93 ] チョウス おそらくトルコ語のçavuş 「門番、使者」[ 94 ]から来ている。 コーヒー オスマン・トルコ語のkahve からイタリア語のcaffè を経て[ 95 ] コルサック ロシア語のkorsak から、キルギス語の karsak から、「小さくて黄褐色のふさふさした尾のキツネ」[ 96 ] コサケ フランス語から、文字通り「コサック」、ロシア語のKazak とウクライナ語の kozakから、トルコ語の Kazak から。クラッカー。[ 97 ] コサック トルコ語のquzzaq は「冒険家、ゲリラ、遊牧民」を意味する[ 98 ] ウィクショナリーのコサック ）
E Elchee or elchi from Turkish elçi , which means "an ambassador".[ 118] Eleme figs from Turkish eleme "selected, sifted". Smyrna figs of superior quality packed flat.[ 119]
G Galiongee from Turkish kalyonçi , kalyoncu , "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon , Italian galeone + çi or cu , the Turkish suffix.[ 120] Ganch modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish suffix -lamak .[ 121] Giaour from Turkish gâvur Gilet from French, from Spanish gileco , jaleco , chaleco , from Arabic jalikah , "a garment worn by slaves in Algeria ", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat, vest"[ 122]
H Hajduk from Ottoman Turkish haydut , "bandit, soldier" Harambaša from Turkish haramibaşı , "bandit leader" (from harami , "bandit" + baş , "head") Haremlik from Turkish haremlik , from harem (from Arabic harim & Arabic haram) + the Turkish suffix -lik "a place"[ 123] Horde from Turkic ordu or orda ("khan's residence")[ 124] [ 125] Horde on wiktionary ) Hungary most directly from Latin, ultimately from Turkic, c.f. Onogur .
K A konak in Safranbolu , Karabük Kadi from Ottoman Turkish kadı , "judge" Kadiluk from Ottoman Turkish kadıluk , "jurisdiction" Kaftan from Turkish kaftan (also in Persian)[ 131] Kaique from Turkish kayık , an alternative form of caïque .[ 132] Kalderimi from Ottoman Turkish kaldırım , "paved road" Kalpak from Turkish kalpak Kangal from Turkish kangal or sivas kangal köpeği [ 133] [ 134] Karabagh A type of rug, named after the Karabagh region in the Caucasus.[ 135] Karabash from Turkish karabaş , literally "a blackhead"[ 136] [ 137] Karadagh アゼルバイジャン 州、イラン 北西部の山脈、アゼルバイジャン ・ カラダグ に由来する、大胆なデザインと豊かな色彩が特徴のペルシャ絨毯。[ 138 ] カラガネ ロシア語のkaragan から来ており、これはトルコ語のkaragan に由来する。ロシアに生息するハイイロギツネの一種。[ 139 ] [ 140 ] カラクル 文字通りウズベキスタン の村、ウズベク語の カラクール から[ 141 ] カラクルト ロシア語由来で、テュルク語起源のkarakurt 、「毒グモ」。[ 142 ] カセリ 新ギリシャ語 kaseri , トルコ語kaşer , kaşar [ 143 ] カヴァス トルコのカヴァ から[ 144 ] [ 145 ] カザフスタン アゼルバイジャンの カザク オリエンタル ラグ。[ 146 ] ケフィア ロシア語から、おそらく最終的には古テュルク語の köpür 「ミルク、泡、泡」から、köpürmäk 「泡立てる、泡」に由来する。[ 147 ] [ 148 ] ケレク トルコ語のkelek （膨らませた動物の皮で支えられたいかだまたは浮き）に由来する。[ 149 ] ケンディル ロシア語のkendyr 、トルコ語のkendirに由来。インド 麻 に似た丈夫な靭皮繊維で、アジア ではロープや綿や麻の代用品として使われている。[ 150 ] [ 151 ] ケッチ おそらく中英語の cacchen 「捕らえる」から、あるいはトルコ語のkayık 「ボート、小舟」から来ていると思われる。[ 152 ] [ 153 ] カガン トルコ語のカーン( カーン [ 154 ] カーン トルコ語のkhan に由来し、トルコ語のhan (「支配者」を意味する称号)に類似している[ 155 ] ハヌム トルコ語のkhanum に由来し、トルコ語のhanımと類似しており、「 Khan の女性形」である[ 156 ]。 カトゥン トルコ語のkhatūn から、おそらく古トルコ語 またはソグド語の kwat'yn 、「女王」から[ 157 ] [ 158 ] キビトカ ロシア語由来、テュルク語起源。カザン・タタール語の kibit 「屋台、露店、テント」、ウイグル語の käbit に類似。[ 159 ] キルバサ ポーランド語のkiełbasa から、東および西スラヴ語の *kŭlbasa から、東テュルク語のkül bassï 、「グリルしたカツレツ」から、テュルク語のkül bastï から：kül 、「炭、灰」+ bastï 、「プレスした（肉）」（basmaq、プレスするから）[ 160 ] キリジ トルコ語の kılıç から来ており、三日月形の刃を持つトルコのサーベルである。[ 161 ] キオスク トルコ語の köşk から、開放的な夏の小屋またはパビリオン[ 162 ] キプチャク ロシア語から、チャガタイ語 から。 1.ウイグル人 やキルギス人 と関連のある、金帳汗国 の古代テュルク系民族の1つ。 2.キプチャク人 のテュルク語。[ 163 ] キス・キリム トルコ語のkızkilim は 、一種の絨毯を意味する。[ 164 ] キジルバシュ トルコ語のkızılbaş 、文字通り「赤い頭」から[ 165 ] [ 166 ] クニッシュ イディッシュ語、ウクライナ語の knysh に由来し、おそらくテュルク起源。[ 167 ] コクサギズ ロシア語のkok-sagyz から、トルコ語のkök-sagız から、kök 「根」+ sagız 「ゴム、ガム」[ 168 ] コミタジ トルコ語のkomitacı（ 反逆者、秘密革命組織のメンバー）に由来する。[ 169 ] コナック トルコ語のkonak （トルコの大きな家）に由来する。[ 170 ] クリムサギズ ロシア語のkrym-sagyz から来ており、テュルク語起源で、Krym 「クリミア」[ 171 ] sagız 「ゴム、ガム」[ 172 ]に由来する。 クラ from Turkish Kula , a town in western Turkey. A Turkish rug that is often a prayer rug and that uses the Ghiordes knot.[ 173] Kulak from Russian kulak "a fist", of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kol "arm".[ 174] [ 175] Kulan from Kirghiz kulan , "the wild ass of the Kirghiz steppe".[ 176] Kumiss from Turkic kumyz or kumis [ 177] kumiss on wiktionary ) Kurbash from Turkish kırbaç [ 178] [ 179] Kurgan from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kurgan "fortress, castle"[ 180] Kurus from Turkish kuruş , a Turkish piaster equal to 1/100 lira.[ 181]
L Lackey from French laquais , from Spanish lacayo , ultimately from Turkish ulak , which means "runner" or "courier".[ 182] Ladik from Turkish Ladik , a village in Turkey. A rug of fine texture woven in and near Ladik in central Anatolia .[ 183] Latten from Middle English latoun , laton , from Middle French laton , leton , from Old Provençal , from Arabic latun , of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish altın "gold"[ 184] Lokshen from Yiddish, plural of loksh "noodle", from Russian dial. loksha , of Turkic origin; akin to Uyghur & Kazan Tatar lakca "noodles", Chuvash läskä .[ 185]
O Odalisque with a slaveOda from Turkish oda , literally "a room, chamber". A room in a harem.[ 190] Odalisque from French, which is from Turkish odalık , from oda , "a room"[ 191] Oghuz or Ghuzfrom Turkic oghuz . A group of Turks from Central Asia. Osmanli from Turkish osmanlı , from Osman , founder of the Ottoman Empire + lı "of or pertaining to"[ 192] Ottoman is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and as a rule it is what upholsterers call "overstuffed” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture consisting of a padded, upholstered ... Ottoman from French, adjective & noun, probably from Italian ottomano , from Turkish osmani , from Osman , Othman died 1326, founder of the Ottoman Empire [ 193]
S サルマは ドルマ の一種で、トルコ料理 の定番料理です。サボ 古フランス語 のçabot 、savate 「古い靴」の変形であり、おそらくトルコ語またはアラビア語起源。[ 207 ] サイク フランス語のsaïque から、トルコ語のshaika から。[ 208 ] サイガ ロシア語のsaĭgá(k) から、テュルク語から。チャガタイ語の sayğak [ 209 ] [ 210 ]を参照。 セイカー 古フランス語 を経てアラビア語のsaqr から、おそらくトルコ語のsonqur （「ハヤブサ」を意味する）に由来する。[ 211 ] シムーン トルコ語のsamyeli 、sam 、「有毒な」+ yel 、「風」から。 [ 212 ] サンジャク from Turkish sancak , which means "a banner"[ 213] [ 214] Sarma from Turkish sarma , which means "wrapping"[ 215] [ 216] Saxaul from Russian saksaul , which is from Kazakh seksevil . A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.[ 217] [ 218] Selamlik from Turkish Selamlık .[ 219] Seljuk from Turkish Selçuk , "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.[ 220] Seraskier from Turkish serasker , from Persian ser "head, chief" + Arabic asker "an army".[ 221] Sevdalinka originally Arabic sawda , via Turkish sevda , "black bile". Genre of Balkan folk-music Sevruga through Russian sevryuga ultimately from Tatar söirök .[ 222] Shabrack from French schabraque , from German schabracke , from Hungarian csáprág , from Turkish çaprak [ 223] Shagreen from Turkish sağrı , which means "the back of a horse"[ 224] Shaman from Turkic word šamán . Shashlik from Russian шашлык , which is from Crimean Tatar şışlık , which means "shish kebab"[ 225] Shawarma ultimately from Turkish çevirme , which literally means "turning"[ 226] Shish from Turkish şiş , which literally means "a skewer"[ 227] [ 228] Shish kebab from Turkish şiş kebabı [ 229] Shor from Russian, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Kalmyk & Mongolian sor "salt", Turkish sure "brackish soil". A salt lake in Turkestan , a salina.[ 230] Som from Kirghiz , "crude iron casting, ruble"[ 231] Sofa a long upholstered seat with a back and arms, for two or more people. Sujuk a dry, spicy and fermented sausage of Central Asian origin; from Turkic word "Sucuk", which is probably derived from "Suɣutçuk" (itself means dried thing or sujuk)[ 232]
T Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent Taiga from Russian taiga , of Turkic origin; akin to Teleut taiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain"; Mongolian origin is also possible.[ 233] [ 234] Taramasalata from modern Greek taramas "preserved roe", from Turkish tarama "preparation of soft roe or red caviar" + salata "salad".[ 235] Taranchi from Chagatai Taranci , literally "a farmer".[ 236] Tarantass from Russian tarantas , which is from Kazan Tatar tarıntas .[ 237] Tarbagan from Russian, which is from Teleut . A rodent Tarbush from Arabic tarbūsh , from Ottoman Turkish terposh , probably from Persian sarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh "covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as the inner part of the turban .[ 238] Tarkhan from Old Turkic tarkan , a privileged class.[ 239] Tarpan from Russian, which is from Kirghiz or Kazakh tarpan .[ 240] [ 241] Tartar ペルシア語の タタール語 に由来し、テュルク語起源。凶暴な人または暴力的な人 - ラテン語の「タルタルス」 - 悪、地獄。[ 242 ] タウサギズ ロシア語のtau-sagyz から、トルコ語のtau-sagız から、tau 「山」+ sagız 「ガム、ゴム」。[ 243 ] タブラ トルコ語のtavla （バックギャモンの一種）に由来する。 [ 244 ] 鉄ケ トルコ語のテッケ （ダルヴィーシュの修道院）に由来する。[ 245 ] テンゲ カザフ語の teŋge 「硬貨、ルーブル」に由来する。 [ 246 ] テペ トルコ語のtepe （文字通り「丘、頂上」）に由来する。人工の塚。[ 247 ] [ 248 ] [ 249 ] テレク ロシア南東部のテレク 川に由来し、バルカル・ テルク川に由来する。 旧世界 のシギの一種で、東ヨーロッパ とアジアの最北端で繁殖し、南アフリカ とオーストラリア に渡り、川によく現れる。[ 250 ] [ 251 ] テオルボ イタリア語のtiorba から来ており、これはトルコ語のtorba 「袋」に由来する。[ 252 ] [ 253 ] トーマン ペルシア語の تومانから来ており、これはテュルク語のtümen 、「1 万の単位」に由来する。[ 254 ] トヴァリッチ ロシア語のtovarishch から、古ロシア語の tovarishch は 、tovarishchi の単数形で、「ビジネス仲間」を意味し、これは古テュルク語の tavar ishchi、「ビジネスマン、商人」に由来します。tavar 、 「 富 、貿易」+ ishchi 、「働く人」（ish 、「仕事、ビジネス」から）。[ 255 ] トゥグラ トルコ語のtuğra（ スルタン の名前と称号で構成された精巧なモノグラム）に由来する。 [ 256 ] [ 257 ] ツングース ツングース民族の一員。ロシア語から、東テュルク語のtunguz 「イノシシ、イノシシ」、古テュルク語の tonguz に由来。[ 258 ] トルコ人 from Turkish türk , which has several meanings in English.[ 259] Turki from Persian turki , from Turk , "Turk", from Turkish Türk .[ 260] Turquoise from Middle English Turkeys , from Anglo-French turkeise , from feminine of turkeis Turkish, from Turc Turkish.[ 261] Tuzla from Turkish tuzla , from the name of Lake Tuz in Turkey. A central Anatolian rug.[ 262] Tzatziki from modern Greek tsatsiki , which is from Turkish cacık .[ 263]
U Polish uhlans Ugrian from Old Russian Ugre , which means "Hungarians", of Turkic origin.[ 264] Uhlan from Turkish oğlan "a boy, servant".[ 265] Urdu from Hindustani Urdu "camp", which is from Turkic ordu (source of horde).[ 266] Urman from Russian, which is from Kazan Tatar urman , "a forest", synonymous with taiga [ 267] Turkish word orman . Ushak from Ushak, Turkish Uşak , manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.[ 268]
Z Zill from Turkish zil "bell, cymbals", of onomatopoeic origin.[ 277] [ 278]
External links Encyclopædia Britannica Concise – Turkic languages Ask Oxford – Borrowings into English Association of British Scrabble Players – Turkish words
References ↑ Prince, John Dyneley (1931). "Surviving Turkish Elements in Serbo-Croatian". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 51 (3): 241– 261. doi :10.2307/593448. JSTOR 593448. ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Afshar ↑ TDK Online – Afşar ↑ Parvis Tanavoli On Afshar Rugs ↑ Harper, Douglas. "aga". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Aga ↑ Dictionary.com – Aga Khan ↑ Answers.com – Ayran ↑ Fao.org – Airan in Main Categories of Products ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Airan ↑ "Reference.com – Akbash Dog". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Akche ↑ Wilson, Rodney (2002). Economic Development in the Middle East . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-203-01286-4 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Akhissar ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Altai ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Altai Mountains ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Altilik ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Arnaut ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Astrakhan ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Astrakhan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Atabeg ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – use of Atabeg in an article ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ataghan ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ataman". Archived from the original on 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Aul ↑ Dictionary.com – Bahadur ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bairam ↑ Allwords.com – Bairam ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Baklava ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Balaclava ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Balaklava ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Balalaika ↑ "Encarta Online – Balalaika". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. ↑ "Encarta Online – Balkan". Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bamia ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ban". Archived from the original on 2007-07-07. Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Barbotte ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Barkhan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bashaw ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Bashi-bazouk ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bashlyk ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Batman ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Beetewk ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Bityug ↑ "Reference.com – Beg". Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Beylerbey ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Begum". Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2006-09-01 . ↑ Dictionary.com – Behcet ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Bektashi ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bergamot ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bey ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Beylerbey ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Ottoman art ↑ Answers.com – Beylik ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Beylic ↑ Dictionary.com – Binbashi ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bogatyr ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Borunduk ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Burunduk ↑ Этимологический Словарь – Piotr Czerwinski → BurundukArchived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bosa ↑ "bosa." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition. 1989. ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bosh ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bostanji ↑ Dictionary.com – Bouzouki ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Boyar ↑ Harper, Douglas. "bridge". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Bugger 1 2 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Bulgar ↑ Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories . BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-559-29667-3 . Retrieved 2009-07-28 . ↑ Dybo, Anna. "bulga-". Turkic etymology . StarLing. Retrieved 2009-07-28 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Bulgar ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Bulgur ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Buran". Archived from the original on 2005-11-22. 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Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ Dictionary.com – Chekmak ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Chiaus ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Chibouk ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Choga ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Chouse ↑ "Coffee | Origin and meaning of coffee by Online Etymology Dictionary". ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Corsac ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Cosaque ↑ Harper, Douglas. "cossack". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Desemer ↑ "Lexicorient.com – Devsirme". Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Topic: Devsirme ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Dey ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Dolma ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Dolman ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – DolmanArchived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine ↑ "dolmus." Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd edition. 1989. ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Domra ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Domra ↑ The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English – Doner kebab ↑ Wiktionary.org – Doner kebab ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Donmeh ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Donme ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Donum ↑ Proz.com – Donum ↑ Antlion Pit – Doodle ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Dunam ↑ Wiktionary.org – Dunam ↑ "ABSP – Turkish words – Elchee". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-01-14 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Eleme figs ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Galiongee ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ganch ↑ "Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Gilet". Archived from the original on 2022-09-18. Retrieved 2006-09-04 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Haremlik ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Horde ↑ Harper, Douglas. "horde". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English – Imam bayildi ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Imbat ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Janissary ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Jelick ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Jettru ↑ Harper, Douglas. "caftan". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Dictionary.com – Kaique ↑ PetPlanet.com – Kangal ↑ "Reference.com – Kangal". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karabagh ↑ PetPlanet.com – Karabash ↑ "Reference.com – Karabash". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karadagh ↑ Dictionary.com – Karagane ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Karagan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Karakul ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Karakurt ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kasseri ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kavass ↑ Dictionary.com – Kavass ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kazak ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Kefir". Archived from the original on 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2006-09-16 . ↑ "Encarta Online – Kefir". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. ↑ Dictionary.com – Kelek ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kendyr ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Kendyr ↑ Harper, Douglas. "ketch". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ The Concise Dictionary of English Etymology – Ketch ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Khagan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Khan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Khanum ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Khatun ↑ Highbeam.com – Khatun ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kibitka ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – KielbasaArchived 2008-06-30 at the Wayback Machine ↑ Dictionary.com – Kilij ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kiosk ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kipchak ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kis Kilim ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kizilbash ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Kizilbash ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Knish". Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2006-12-19 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kok-saghyz ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Komitadji ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Konak ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Krym ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Krym-saghyz ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulah ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulak ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Kulak ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kulan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kumiss ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kurbash ↑ Dictionary.com – Kurbash ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Kurgan ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Kurus ↑ Harper, Douglas. "lackey". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ladik ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Latten ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Lokshen ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Mammoth ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Martagon". Archived from the original on 2005-09-01. Retrieved 2006-09-04 . ↑ Guvemli + Guvemli. "The birth and development of the accounting Method in the Middle East (Merdiban Method)"(PDF) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Nagaika ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Oda ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Odalisque ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Osmanli ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ottoman ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Paklava ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Parandja ↑ Harper, Douglas. "pasha". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Pasha ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Pashalic ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – use of Pashalic in an article ↑ DEX Online – Pastrama ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Petcheneg ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Pechenegi ↑ Harper, Douglas. "pirogi". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Pul ↑ "KAJAR". www.merriam-webster.com . ↑ Harper, Douglas. "quiver". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Sabot". Archived from the original on 2006-01-28. Retrieved 2006-12-23 . ↑ Dictionary.com – Saic ↑ Dictionary.com – Saiga ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Saiga". Archived from the original on 2007-03-01. Retrieved 2006-09-10 . ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Saker". Archived from the original on 2007-08-23. Retrieved 2007-01-27 . ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Samiel". Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Sanjak ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Sanjak in Ottoman Bosnia ↑ Answers.com – Sarma ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Sarma in Balkan cuisine ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Saxaul ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Saksaul ↑ Dictionary.com – Selamlik ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Seljuk ↑ Dictionary.com – Seraskier ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Sevruga". Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-01-27 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Shabrack ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Shagreen ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Shashlik ↑ "Arikah.net – Shawarma". Archived from the original on 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2006-09-02 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Shish ↑ Harper, Douglas. "shish kebab". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Shish Kebab ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Shor ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Som ↑ "Sucuk". ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Taiga ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Taiga". Archived from the original on 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ "Encarta Online – Taramasalata". Archived from the original on 2009-11-25. ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Taranchi ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarantass ↑ Dictionary.com – Tarbush ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarkhan ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tarpan ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Tarpan ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tatar/Tartar". Archived from the original on 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2006-09-16 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tau-saghyz ↑ Wiktionary.org – Tavla ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tekke ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tenge ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tepe ↑ Dictionary.com – Tepe ↑ Starling.ru Turkic Etymology – Tepö ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Terek ↑ Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary – Terek ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Theorbo ↑ "Encarta Online – Theorbo". Archived from the original on 2009-11-17. ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – TomanArchived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tovarich". Archived from the original on 2006-04-28. Retrieved 2006-09-03 . ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Ottoman Coins ↑ Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt – Tughra ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Tungus ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Turk ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Turki". Archived from the original on 2005-09-05. Retrieved 2006-09-16 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Turquoise ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Tuzla ↑ "Encarta Online – Tzatziki". Archived from the original on 2009-08-21. ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language – Ugrian". Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2006-12-19 . ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Uhlan ↑ Harper, Douglas. "urdu". Online Etymology Dictionary ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Urman ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Ushak ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Yardang ↑ Dictionary.com – Yardang ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Yarmulke ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Yashmak ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Yataghan ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Yogurt ↑ Merriam-Webster Online – Yurt ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Yuruk ↑ Merriam-Webster Unabridged – Zill ↑ Dictionary.com – Zill
