ブラーフミー文字（/ ˈ b r ɑː m i / BRAH -mee ; 𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻 ; ISO : Brāhmī）は、古代インドの文字体系であり[2] 、紀元前3世紀に完全に発達した文字として登場しました。[3]その子孫であるブラーフミー文字は、今日でも南アジアと東南アジア全域で使用されています。[4] [5] [6]
ブラーフミー文字のUnicodeブロックはU+11000–U+1107Fである。これは補助多言語面内にある。2022年6月現在、ブラーフミー文字をサポートする非商用フォントが2つあり、1つはGoogleが委託したNoto Sans Brahmiで、ほぼすべての文字をカバーしている[207]、もう1つはタミル・ブラーフミー文字のみをカバーするAdinathaである。 [208] Windows 10と連携したSegoe UI Historicにもブラーフミー文字が含まれている。[209]
^Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015). Ashoka in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. pp. 14, 15. ISBN 978-0-674-05777-7. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-03-20. Facsimiles of the objects and writings unearthed—from pillars in North India to rocks in Orissa and Gujarat—found their way to the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The meetings and publications of the Society provided an unusually fertile environment for innovative speculation, with scholars constantly exchanging notes on, for instance, how they had deciphered the Brahmi letters of various epigraphs from Samudragupta's Allahabad pillar inscription, to the Karle cave inscriptions. The Eureka moment came in 1837 when James Prinsep, a brilliant secretary of the Asiatic Society, building on earlier pools of epigraphic knowledge, very quickly uncovered the key to the extinct Mauryan Brahmi script. Prinsep unlocked Ashoka; his deciphering of the script made it possible to read the inscriptions.
^Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. pp. 11, 178–179. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8. Archived from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-03-20. The nineteenth century saw considerable advances in what came to be called Indology, the study of India by non-Indians using methods of investigation developed by European scholars in the nineteenth century. In India the use of modern techniques to 'rediscover' the past came into practice. Among these was the decipherment of the brahmi script, largely by James Prinsep. Many inscriptions pertaining to the early past were written in brahmi, but knowledge of how to read the script had been lost. Since inscriptions form the annals of Indian history, this decipherment was a major advance that led to the gradual unfolding of the past from sources other than religious and literary texts. [p. 11] ... Until about a hundred years ago in India, Ashoka was merely one of the many kings mentioned in the Mauryan dynastic list included in the Puranas. Elsewhere in the Buddhist tradition he was referred to as a chakravartin, ..., a universal monarch but this tradition had become extinct in India after the decline of Buddhism. However, in 1837, James Prinsep deciphered an inscription written in the earliest Indian script since the Harappan, brahmi. There were many inscriptions in which the King referred to himself as Devanampiya Piyadassi (the beloved of the gods, Piyadassi). The name did not tally with any mentioned in the dynastic lists, although it was mentioned in the Buddhist chronicles of Sri Lanka. Slowly the clues were put together but the final confirmation came in 1915, with the discovery of yet another version of the edicts in which the King calls himself Devanampiya Ashoka. [pp. 178–179]
^Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015). The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-521-84697-4. Archived from the original on 2021-11-10. Retrieved 2021-03-20. Like William Jones, Prinsep was also an important figure within the Asiatic Society and is best known for deciphering early Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. He was something of a polymath, undertaking research into chemistry, meteorology, Indian scriptures, numismatics, archaeology and mineral resources, while fulfilling the role of Assay Master of the East India Company mint in East Bengal (Kolkata). It was his interest in coins and inscriptions that made him such an important figure in the history of South Asian archaeology, utilising inscribed Indo-Greek coins to decipher Kharosthi and pursuing earlier scholarly work to decipher Brahmi. This work was key to understanding a large part of the Early Historical period in South Asia ...
^Kopf, David (2021). British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1773–1835. Univ of California Press. pp. 265–266. ISBN 978-0-520-36163-8. Archived from the original on 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-26. In 1837, four years after Wilson's departure, James Prinsep, then Secretary of the Asiatic Society, unravelled the mystery of the Brahmi script and thus was able to read the edicts of the great Emperor Asoka. The rediscovery of Buddhist India was the last great achievement of the British orientalists. The later discoveries would be made by Continental Orientalists or by Indians themselves.
^Verma, Anjali (2018). Women and Society in Early Medieval India: Re-interpreting Epigraphs. London: Routledge. pp. 27ff. ISBN 978-0-429-82642-9. Archived from the original on 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-20. In 1836, James Prinsep published a long series of facsimiles of ancient inscriptions, and this series continued in volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. The credit for decipherment of the Brahmi script goes to James Prinsep and thereafter Georg Buhler prepared complete and scientific tables of Brahmi and Khrosthi scripts.
^Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. London: Routledge. pp. 39ff. ISBN 978-1-317-24212-3. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-03-20. Ashoka's reign of more than three decades is the first fairly well-documented period of Indian history. Ashoka left us a series of great inscriptions (major rock edicts, minor rock edicts, pillar edicts) which are among the most important records of India's past. Ever since they were discovered and deciphered by the British scholar James Prinsep in the 1830s, several generations of Indologists and historians have studied these inscriptions with great care.
^Wolpert, Stanley A. (2009). A New History of India. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-533756-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2021-03-26. James Prinsep, an amateur epigraphist who worked in the British mint in Calcutta, first deciphered the Brāhmi script.
^Chakrabarti, Pratik (2020). Inscriptions of Nature: Geology and the Naturalization of Antiquity. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 48ff. ISBN 978-1-4214-3874-0. Archived from the original on 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-20. Prinsep, the Orientalist scholar, as the secretary of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (1832–39), oversaw one of the most productive periods of numismatic and epigraphic study in nineteenth-century India. Between 1833 and 1838, Prinsep published a series of papers based on Indo-Greek coins and his deciphering of Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.
^Salomon 1998, pp. 204–205. "Prinsep came to India in 1819 as assistant to the assay master of the Calcutta Mint and remained until 1838, when he returned to England for reasons of health. During this period Prinsep made a long series of discoveries in the fields of epigraphy and numismatics as well as in the natural sciences and technical fields. But he is best known for his breakthroughs in the decipherment of the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts. ... Although Prinsep's final decipherment was ultimately to rely on paleographic and contextual rather than statistical methods, it is still no less a tribute to his genius that he should have thought to apply such modern techniques to his problem."
^Sircar, D. C. (2017) [1965]. Indian Epigraphy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 11ff. ISBN 978-81-208-4103-1. Archived from the original on 2021-10-14. Retrieved 2021-03-20. The work of the reconstruction of the early period of Indian history was inaugurated by European scholars in the 18th century. Later on, Indians also became interested in the subject. The credit for the decipherment of early Indian inscriptions, written in the Brahmi and Kharosthi alphabets, which paved the way for epigraphical and historical studies in India, is due to scholars like Prinsep, Lassen, Norris and Cunningham.
^ a b c dGarg, Sanjay (2017). "Charles Masson: A footloose antiquarian in Afghanistan and the building up of numismatic collections in museums in India and England". In Himanshu Prabha Ray (ed.). Buddhism and Gandhara: An Archaeology of Museum Collections. Taylor & Francis. pp. 181ff. ISBN 978-1-351-25274-4. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2018-09-05.
^Salomon 1998, p. 20.
^ a bScharfe, Hartmut (2002). "Kharosti and Brahmi". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2): 391–393. doi:10.2307/3087634. JSTOR 3087634.
^Damodaram Pillai, Karan (2023). "The hybrid origin of Brahmi script from Aramaic, Phoenician and Greek letters". Indialogs: Spanish Journal of India Studies. 10: 93–122. doi:10.5565/rev/indialogs.213. S2CID 258147647.
^Keay 2000, p. 129–131.
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^Plofker 2009, p. 47. "A firm upper bound for the date of this invention is attested by a Sanskrit text of the mid-third century CE, the Yavana-jātaka or 'Greek horoscopy' of one Sphujidhvaja, which is a versified form of a translated Greek work on astrology. Some numbers in this text appear in concrete number format."
^Hayashi 2003, p. 119.
^Plofker 2007, pp. 396–397.
^Chhabra, B. Ch. (1970). Sugh Terracotta with Brahmi Barakhadi: appears in the Bulletin National Museum No. 2. New Delhi: National Museum.
^ a bGeorg Bühler (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. K.J. Trübner. pp. 6, 14–15, 23, 29. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2016-10-18., Quote: "(...) a passage of the Lalitavistara which describes the first visit of Prince Siddhartha, the future Buddha, to the writing school..." (page 6); "In the account of Prince Siddhartha's first visit to the writing school, extracted by Professor Terrien de la Couperie from the Chinese translation of the Lalitavistara of 308 CE, there occurs besides the mention of the sixty-four alphabets, known also from the printed Sanskrit text, the utterance of the Master Visvamitra[.]"
^Salomon 1998, pp. 8–10 with footnotes
^L. A. Waddell (1914). "The So-Called "Mahapadana" Suttanta and the Date of the Pali Canon". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 46 (3): 661–680. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00047055. S2CID 162074807. Archived from the original on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2022-02-12.
^Nado, Lopon (1982). "The Development of Language in Bhutan". The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 5 (2): 95. Under different teachers, such as the Brahmin Lipikara and Deva Vidyasinha, he mastered Indian philology and scripts. According to Lalitavistara, there were as many as sixty-four scripts in India.
^Tsung-i, Jao (1964). "Chinese Sources on Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 45 (1/4): 39–47. JSTOR 41682442.
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^Goyal, S. R. (1979). S. P. Gupta; K. S. Ramachandran (eds.). The Origin of Brahmi Script., apud Salomon (1998).
^Salomon 1998, p. 19, fn. 42: "there is no doubt some truth in Goyal's comment that some of their views have been affected by 'nationalist bias' and 'imperialist bias,' respectively."
^Cunningham, Alexander (1877). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Vol. 1: Inscriptions of Asoka. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 54.
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^Waddell, L. A. (1914). "Besnagar Pillar Inscription B Re-Interpreted". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 46 (4). Cambridge University Press: 1031–37. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00047523. S2CID 163470608. Archived from the original on 2022-08-27. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
^"Brahmi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1999. Archived from the original on 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2017-03-21. Brāhmī, writing system ancestral to all Indian scripts except Kharoṣṭhī. Of Aramaic derivation or inspiration, it can be traced to the 8th or 7th century BCE, when it may have been introduced to Indian merchants by people of Semitic origin.… a coin of the 4th century BCE, discovered in Madhya Pradesh, is inscribed with Brāhmī characters running from right to left.
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^Salomon 1998, pp. 204–208 Equally impressive was Prinsep's arrangement, presented in plate V of JASB 3, of the unknown alphabet, wherein he gave each of the consonantal characters, whose phonetic values were still entirely unknown, with its "five principal inflections", that is, the vowel diacritics. Not only is this table almost perfectly correct in its arrangement, but the phonetic value of the vowels is correctly identified in four out of five cases (plus anusvard); only the vowel sign for i was incorrectly interpreted as o.
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^Ram Sharma, Brāhmī Script: Development in North-Western India and Central Asia, 2002
^Stefan Baums (2006). "Towards a computer encoding for Brahmi". In Gail, A.J.; Mevissen, G.J.R.; Saloman, R. (eds.). Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy. New Delhi: Shri Jainendra Press. pp. 111–143.
^Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 43. ISBN 9788131711200. Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
^Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
^ a b cHultzsch, E. (1925). Inscriptions of Asoka. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 164–165.
^Avari, Burjor (2016). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 9781317236733. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
^ a b cGreek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries Archived 2021-08-15 at the Wayback Machine Shane Wallace, 2016, p.222-223
^Burjor Avari (2016). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200. Routledge. pp. 165–167. ISBN 978-1-317-23673-3. Archived from the original on 2019-12-29. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
^Romila Thapar (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2018-10-09.
^Archaeological Survey of India, Annual report 1908–1909 p.129
^Rapson, E. J. (1914). Ancient India. p. 157.
^Sukthankar, Vishnu Sitaram, V. S. Sukthankar Memorial Edition, Vol. II: Analecta, Bombay: Karnatak Publishing House 1945 p.266 Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ a bSalomon 1998, pp. 265–267
^Brahmi Unicode (PDF). pp. 4–6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
^James Prinsep table of vowels
^Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin: July 1980. Seaby Publications Ltd. 1980. p. 219.
^"The three letters give us a complete name, which I read as Ṣastana (vide facsimile and cast). Dr. Vogel read it as Mastana but that is incorrect for Ma was always written with a circular or triangular knob below with two slanting lines joining the knob" in Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society. The Society. 1920. Archived from the original on 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^Burgess, Jas (1883). Archaeological Survey Of Western India. p. 103.
^ a bDas Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ... (in German). K. k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1880. p. 126.
^ a b"Gupta Unicode" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
^The "h" () is an early variant of the Gupta script
^Verma, Thakur Prasad (2018). The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana (in Hindi). Notion Press. p. 264. ISBN 9781643248813. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^Sircar, D. C. (2008). Studies in Indian Coins. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 376. ISBN 9788120829732. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^Tandon, Pankaj (2013). Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer 2013. Oriental Numismatic Society. pp. 24–34. Archived from the original on 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2019-08-20. also Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type) Archived 2019-08-09 at the Wayback Machine
^Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [2]
^Ledyard 1994, p. 336–349.
^Daniels, Peter T. (Spring 2000). "On Writing Syllables: Three Episodes of Script Transfer" (PDF). Studies in the Linguistic Sciences. 30 (1): 73–86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
^Gari Keith Ledyard (1966). The Korean language reform of 1446: the origin, background, and early history of the Korean alphabet, University of California, pp. 367–368, 370, 376.
^"Google Noto Fonts – Download Noto Sans Brahmi zip file". Archived from the original on 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
^"Adinatha font announcement". Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
^Script and Font Support in Windows – Windows 10 Archived 2016-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, MSDN Go Global Developer Center.
Bibliography
Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-024003-0.
Bühler, Georg (1898). On the Origin of the Indian Brahma Alphabet. Strassburg K.J. Trübner.
Deraniyagala, Siran (2004). The Prehistory of Sri Lanka: An Ecological Perspective. Department of Archaeological Survey, Government of Sri Lanka. ISBN 978-955-9159-00-1.
Falk, Harry (1993). Schrift im alten Indien: ein Forschungsbericht mit Anmerkungen (in German). Gunter Narr Verlag.
Gérard Fussman, Les premiers systèmes d'écriture en Inde, in Annuaire du Collège de France 1988–1989 (in French)
Hayashi, Takao (2003), "Indian Mathematics", in Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences, vol. 1, pp. 118–130, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 976 pages, ISBN 978-0-8018-7396-6.
Oscar von Hinüber, Der Beginn der Schrift und frühe Schriftlichkeit in Indien, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1990 (in German)
Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
Ledyard, Gari (1994). The Korean Language Reform of 1446: The Origin, Background, and Early History of the Korean Alphabet. University Microfilms.
Masica, Colin (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
Norman, Kenneth R. (1992). "The Development of Writing in India and its Effect upon the Pāli Canon". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies. 36 (Proceedings of the VIIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vienna): 239–249.
Patel, Purushottam G.; Pandey, Pramod; Rajgor, Dilip (2007). The Indic Scripts: Palaeographic and Linguistic Perspectives. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 978-81-246-0406-9.
Plofker, K. (2007), "Mathematics of India", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 685 pages, pp 385–514, pp. 385–514, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9.
Salomon, Richard (1995). "On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
Trautmann, Thomas (2006). Languages and Nations: The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24455-9.
Timmer, Barbara Catharina Jacoba (1930). Megasthenes en de Indische maatschappij. H.J. Paris.
Further reading
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, David S. Jr., eds. (2017). "Brāhmī". The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691157863.
Hitch, Douglas A. (1989). "BRĀHMĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 432–433.
Matthews, P. H. (2014). "Brahmi". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-967512-8.
Red. (2017). "Brahmi-Schrift". Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens Online (in German). Brill Online.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brahmi script.
）はdhとṭhから逆形成して派生したが、dとṭ （セム語の強調音ṭと混同しないように）はdhとṭhから逆形成して派生した。[62]
多くの先人たちが好んだように、
kaph 𐤊ではなくtsade 𐤑と表記します。
.jpg/500px-Classification_of_Brahmi_characters_by_James_Prinsep,_March_1834,_Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society_of_Bengal_Volume_3_(March1834).jpg)
スヴァ（サ+ヴァ）
シャ（サ+ヤ）
Hmī (Ha+Ma+i+i)、"Brāhmī" (𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻) という言葉の通り。_conjunct_consonant.jpg/500px-Brahmi_Kya_(Ka-Ya)_conjunct_consonant.jpg)
.jpg/500px-Brahmi_Sva_(Sa+Va).jpg)
.jpg/500px-Brahmi_Sya_(Sa+Ya).jpg)
.jpg/500px-Brahmi_Hmii_(Ha+Ma+i+i).jpg)
![チャスターナの貨幣に関する初期/中期のブラーフミー伝説: RAJNO MAHAKSHATRAPASA GHSAMOTIKAPUTRASA CHASHTANASA 「大太守、ラジャの、グサモティカの息子、チャシュタナ」。西暦 1 世紀から 2 世紀 [193]](https://img-server.japedia.wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coinage_of_Chastana_with_reverse_Brahmi_legend.jpg/500px-Coinage_of_Chastana_with_reverse_Brahmi_legend.jpg)
チャスターナの貨幣に関する初期/中期のブラーフミー伝説: RAJNO MAHAKSHATRAPASA GHSAMOTIKAPUTRASA CHASHTANASA 「大太守、ラジャの、グサモティカの息子、チャシュタナ」。西暦 1 ～ 2 世紀。[193]![クシャーナ朝の西方太守チャスタナ王の彫像。クシャーナ朝中期ブラーフミー文字（Ṣa-sta-na）で「シャスタナ」と刻まれている。[194] ここで、staはsaとtaの連結子音で、縦に並んでいる。西暦100年頃。](https://img-server.japedia.wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Shastana_inscription.jpg/500px-Shastana_inscription.jpg)
![西方総督の統治者はブラーフミー文字の碑文でマハーカタパ（「偉大なる総督」）と呼ばれており、ここでは首相アヤマが統治者ナハパナの名でマンモディ洞窟に捧げた碑文に紀元100年頃の記述がある。[195]](https://img-server.japedia.wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahakhatapa.jpg/500px-Mahakhatapa.jpg)
![アルコン・フン族の統治者ミヒラクラの貨幣。表面：王の胸像、グプタ文字で伝説が刻まれている（）[198] (Ja)yatu Mihirakula（「ミヒラクラに勝利あれ」）。[199][200][201]](https://img-server.japedia.wiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg/500px-Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg)
(cha) は qoph から。"ML" は、この文字がフェニキア語またはアラム語の何らかの段階でmater lectionisとして使用されていたことを示している。matres lectionis は、子音のみの文字体系で、中間母音と末尾母音を示すために、時折母音マーカーとして機能した。Aleph 𐤀 と特に ʿayin 𐤏 は、フェニキア語および関連文字体系の後期になって初めてこの機能を発達させたが、𐤀 は非常に初期の時代から、頭母音 (または人工母音)を示す機能を果たすこともあった。 [61]
「Li」ではなく
）。
) is an early variant of the Gupta script
