According to Polak, these are alternative descriptions of the four dhyanas, describing the cognitive aspects instead of the bodily aspects.[69] According to Polak, in the final stages of dhyana no ideation of experience takes place, and no signs are grasped (animitta samādhi), which means that the concentrated attention cannot be directed (appaṇihita samādhi) towards those signs, and only the perception of the six senses remains, without a notion of "self" (suññata samādhi).[69]
In the Chinese Buddhist tradition these are called the 'three doors of liberation' (sān jiětuō mén, 三解脫門):[70] These three are not always cited in the same order. Nagarjuna, a Madhyamaka Buddhist scholar, in his Maha-prajnaparamita-sastra, listed apraṇihita before ānimitta in his first explanation on these "three samādhi", but in later listings and explanations in the same work reverted to the more common order. Others, such as Thích Nhất Hạnh, a Thien Buddhist teacher, list apraṇihita as the third after śūnyatā and ānimitta.[70][71] Nagarjuna lists these three kinds of samādhi among the qualities of the bodhisattva.[70]
Indian dhyāna was translated as chán in Chinese, and zen in Japanese. Ideologically the Zen-tradition emphasizes prajñā and sudden insight, but in the actual practice prajñā and samādhi, or sudden insight and gradual cultivation, are paired to each other.[73][74] Especially some lineages in the Rinzai school of Zen stress sudden insight, while the Sōtō school of Zen lays more emphasis on shikantaza, training awareness of the stream of thoughts, allowing them to arise and pass away without interference. Historically, many traditional Japanese arts were developed or refined to attain samādhi, including incense appreciation (香道, kodō), flower arranging (華道, kadō), the tea ceremony (茶道, sadō), calligraphy (書道, shodō), and martial arts such as archery (弓道, kyūdō). The Japanese character 道 means the way or the path and indicates that disciplined practice in the art is a path to samādhi.
Hinduism
Patanjali's Yoga Sūtras
Samādhi is the eighth limb of the Yoga Sūtras, following the sixth and seventh limbs of dhāraṇā and dhyāna respectively.
Samyama
According to Taimni, dhāraṇā, dhyāna, and samādhi form a graded series:[75]
Dhāraṇā ― In dhāraṇā, the mind learns to focus on a single object of thought. The object of focus is called a pratyaya. In dhāraṇā, the yogi learns to prevent other thoughts from intruding on focusing awareness on the pratyaya.
サマーディ― ヨーギンがプラティヤーヤに意識を集中させ、自己意識を最小限に抑えると、ディヤーナはサマーディへと変化し、ヨーギンはプラティヤーヤと融合する。パタンジャリはこれを、色付きの表面に置かれた透明な宝石に例えている。宝石は表面の色を帯びる。同様に、サマーディでは、ヨーギンの意識は思考の対象であるプラティヤーヤと融合する。プラティヤーヤは色付きの表面のようなものであり、ヨーギンの意識は透明な宝石のようなものである。[ a ]
アーナンダ(「至福と共に」):別名「至高の至福」または「恍惚と共に」とも呼ばれるこの状態は、瞑想におけるさらに微細な至福の状態を強調するものであり、アーナンダはヴィタルカとヴィチャーラから解放されている。 [ web 2 ]
Āsmitā、「自我と共に」:チッタは「我あり」という感覚または感情に集中している。[ web 2 ]
Asamprajñata samādhi (also called nirvikalpa samādhi and nirbija samādhi)[web 3] refers to samādhi without the support of an object of meditation,[web 2] which leads to knowledge of purusha or consciousness, the subtlest element.[83][note 23]
Samprajñata samādhi
According to Paramahansa Yogananda, in this state one lets go of the ego and becomes aware of Spirit beyond creation. The soul is then able to absorb the fire of Spirit-Wisdom that "roasts" or destroys the seeds of body-bound inclinations. The soul as the meditator, its state of meditation, and the Spirit as the object of meditation all become one. The separate wave of the soul meditating in the ocean of Spirit becomes merged with the Spirit. The soul does not lose its identity, but only expands into Spirit. In savikalpa samādhi the mind is conscious only of the Spirit within; it is not conscious of the exterior world. The body is in a trancelike state, but the consciousness is fully perceptive of its blissful experience within.[88]
According to Ian Whicher, the status of ānanda and āsmitā in Patanjali's system is a matter of dispute.[90] According to Maehle, the first two constituents, deliberation and reflection, form the basis of the various types of samāpatti.[80] According to Feuerstein:
"Joy" and "I-am-ness" [...] must be regarded as accompanying phenomena of every cognitive [ecstasy]. The explanations of the classical commentators on this point appear to be foreign to Patanjali's hierarchy of [ecstatic] states, and it seems unlikely that ānanda and asmita should constitute independent levels of samādhi.[90]
According to Maehle, asamprajñata samādhi (also called nirvikalpa samādhi and nirbija samādhi)[web 3] leads to knowledge of purusha or consciousness, the subtlest element.[83]Heinrich Zimmer distinguishes nirvikalpa samādhi from other states as follows:
Nirvikalpa samādhi, on the other hand, absorption without self-consciousness, is a mergence of the mental activity (cittavṛtti) in the Self, to such a degree, or in such a way, that the distinction (vikalpa) of knower, act of knowing, and object known becomes dissolved — as waves vanish in water, and as foam vanishes into the sea.[93]
Swami Sivananda describes nirbija samādhi (lit. "samādhi" without seeds) as follows:
"Without seeds or Samskaras[...] All the seeds or impressions are burnt by the fire of knowledge [...] all the Samskaras and Vasanas which bring on rebirths are totally freed up. All Vrittis or mental modifications that arise from the mind-lake come under restraint. The five afflictions, viz., Avidya (ignorance), Asmita (egoism), Raga-dvesha (love and hatred) and Abhinivesha (clinging to life) are destroyed and the bonds of Karma are annihilated [...] It gives Moksha (deliverance from the wheel of births and deaths). With the advent of the knowledge of the Self, ignorance vanishes. With the disappearance of the root-cause, viz., ignorance, egoism, etc., also disappear".[web 3]
Sahaja samadhi is a state in which a silent level within the subject is maintained along with (simultaneously with) the full use of the human faculties.[94]
ケヴァラ・ニルヴィカルパ・サマーディは一時的なものであるのに対し、[ web 5 ] [ web 6 ]サハジャ・ニルヴィカルパ・サマーディは日常活動を通して継続する状態である。[ 94 ]この状態は、生活のいくつかの側面、すなわち外的な活動、内的な静寂、そしてそれらの間の関係を含むため、サマーディよりも本質的に複雑であるように思われる。 [ 94 ]また、サマーディを習得した後に訪れるため、より高度な状態であるように思われる。[ 94 ] [注24 ] [注25 ]
↑ Lusthaus 2014、p.266: 「Sangharakshita はapraṇihita を「目的のなさ」と訳し、Conze は「願望のなさ」と訳し、 Buddhist Thought in India (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press、1967) p. 67 に次のように書いています。「a-pra-ni-hita という言葉は、文字通り「何も前に置かない」という意味で、未来の計画を立てず、未来に希望を持たず、目的がなく、何にも執着せず、無相[ animitta ]への集中によって拒絶された知覚の対象に対する好みや欲望を持たない人を指します。」
↑ Thomas L. Palotas、「神聖な遊び、シヴァバラヨギの沈黙の教え」、pp 87–9、
↑Lt. Gen. Hanut Singh, Shri Shri Shri Shivabalayogi Maharaj: Life & Spiritual Ministration, pp. 110. and Jestice, Phyllis G, Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. (2004) ISBN978-1-57607-355-1 pp 723.
↑"Glossary Of Siddha Yoga Terminology". Siddhayoga.org. 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
12Blackman, Sushila (1997). Graceful Exits: How Great Beings Die: Death Stories Of Tibetan, Hindu & Zen Masters. New York: Weatherhill. ISBN0-8348-0391-7.
↑Yogananda, Paramahansa (1997). Autobiography of a Yogi – Chapter 36. Los Angeles: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN0-87612-086-9.
↑"Mahasamadhi —". Yogoda Satsanga Society of India. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
↑Goldberg, Philip (2018). The Life of Yogananda. California: Hay House, Inc. p.277. ISBN978-1-4019-5218-1.
↑Sutton, Nicholas (2016). Bhagavad-Gita. Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. pp.42, 45. ISBN978-1-366-61059-1.
↑Thurman, Robert (1984). The Central Philosophy of Tibet. Princeton University Press. p.34.
↑Partial transcript from the workshop entitled “Self-Discovery through Buddhist Meditation”, presented by John Myrdhin Reynolds at Phoenix, Arizona, on October 20, 2001, http://www.vajranatha.com/articles/what-is-meditation.html?showall=1Archived 2020-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
↑Donald Jay Rothberg, Sean M. Kelly (1998), Ken Wilber in Dialogue: Conversations with Leading Transpersonal Thinkers
↑Candradhara Śarmā (1996), The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy: A Study of Advaita in Buddhism, Vedānta and Kāshmīra Shaivism, Motilal Banarsidass, p.139: "In the Buddhist works, both in Pale and in Sanskrit, the words used for nirvikalpa-samadhi are samnja-vedayita-nirodha and nirodha-samāpatti".
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