都市圏

大都市圏とは、人口増加と物理的な拡大により、複数の大都市、市、大都市圏、その他の都市部が合併して、1つの連続した都市部または工業的に発達した地域を形成した地域です。ほとんどの場合、大都市圏は交通機関が発達して地域間を結んでいる多中心都市化地域です。それらは単一の都市労働市場または通勤圏を形成します。^[1]

パトリック・ゲデスは著書『都市の進化』（1915年）の中でこの用語を造語した。彼は当時の電力と自動車輸送の新技術が都市の拡散と集積を可能にしたことに注目し、イギリスのミッドランドトン、ドイツのルール地方、オランダのランドスタッド、アメリカの北東海岸を例に挙げた。 ^[2]

この用語はイギリスで使用されているが、アメリカでは、サンフランシスコ湾岸地域やダラス・フォートワース大都市圏など、多中心の「大都市圏」はそれぞれ独自の共通名称を持つ場合がある。国際的には、「都市集積地」という用語は「大都市圏」と同様の意味を伝えるためによく使用される。^{[3] [4]}

大都市圏はメガロポリスと対比されるべきものである。メガロポリスでは、都市部は近いが物理的に連続しておらず、労働市場の融合はまだ発達していない。

大都市圏は巨大都市とも対比されるべきです。巨大都市は階層的で、議論の余地のない支配的な都市中核を有しますが、大都市圏は多中心的で、単一の都市中核が他のすべての中核に対して支配的な役割を果たすことはありません。

都市人口率: 47% (2015) ^[5]

ポートルイス、ボー・バッサン・ローズ・ヒル、キュールピップ、カトル・ボルヌ、ヴァコア・フェニックスなどの都市や町、その他の都市化された村は、モーリシャス島の大規模で中心的な大都市圏を形成しています。この大都市圏の大部分はプレーン・ウィルヘルム地区にあります。都市圏のネットワークには、2011年時点で総人口606,650人（島の人口の49%）がいます。

ラバト・サレ・ケニトラ^[7]

ラゴスは、当初のラゴス市域とイケジャやオジョなどの他の都市や町が融合して発展した大都市圏である。また、アゲゲ、アリモショ、イファコ・イジャイエ、コソフェ、ムシン、オショディ、ショモルなどのさまざまな郊外のコミュニティもこの地域に含まれています。^[8]

ヨハネスブルグ、エクルレニ（イーストランド）、ツワネ（グレータープレトリア）が合併して人口1,460万人の地域を形成した。^[9]

都市人口率：25％（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率：67%（2015年）^[5]

• エレバン首都圏：1,132,741人（2015年）^[6]
• レニナカン首都圏：105,161人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 55% (2015) ^[5]

• バクー首都圏: 1,961,523 (2015) ^[6]
• スムガイト都市圏: 425,195 (2015) ^[6]
• ガンツァ都市圏: 344,734 (2015) ^[6]
• ミンチェビル都市圏：124,961人（2015年）^[6]
• ナクシバン都市圏: 123,266 (2015) ^[6]
• ランカラン都市圏: 113,449 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：23%（2015年）^[5]

• アル・マナマ首都圏: 1,247,787 (2015) ^[6]

ダッカ市はナラヤンガンジ市およびガジプール市とつながっており、ダッカとこれら 2 つの都市の間には隔たりはありません。ダッカ市とその周辺の都市や町の地域で構成されるこの大都市圏は、総称してグレーター ダッカ市と呼ばれています。ダッカ市は大都市圏の中心都市であり、人口は約 1,000 万人です。大都市圏の衛星都市には、ナラヤンガンジ、ガジプール、トンギ、ファトゥラ、ケラニガンジ、タラボ、カリガンジなどがあります。

都市人口率：22%（2015年）^[5]

• プノンペン首都圏：1,816,032人（2015年）^[6]
• シェムリアップ首都圏：273,620人（2015年）^[6]
• バットダンバン都市圏: 175,941 (2015) ^[6]
• パオイペト首都圏（パオイペト+バンタカム）：122,897人（2015年）^[6]

中国には3つの有名な大都市圏がある。^[10]

• 上海、南京、杭州、寧波からなる長江デルタには1億5000万人が住み、2016年には2兆7600億ドルを生み出し、中国の国内総生産の20％を占めた。中国の輸出入の3分の1を占めている。^[11]
• 天津、北京、唐山、秦皇島からなる京津址には推定1億3000万人が住み、GDPは1兆1000億ドルに上ります。^[12]
• 広州、深圳、東莞、香港、マカオを含む珠江デルタには6000万人が住み、GDPは1.5兆ドルで、中国の国内GDPの9％を占めています。^[13]

データは1974年以前のトルコ軍占領地域を参照。都市人口率: 59% (2015) ^[5]

• ニコシア都市圏: 228,293 (2015) ^[6]
• レメソス都市圏: 159,460 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率: 31% (2015) ^[5]

• ディリ都市圏: 262,234 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率: 56% (2015) ^[5]

• トビリシ都市圏: 1,077,840 (2015) ^[6]
• バトゥミ都市圏: 175,251 (2015) ^[6]
• クタイシ都市圏: 163,971 (2015) ^[6]

大ジャカルタ圏またはジャボデタベックは、インドネシア最大の都市圏であり、人口約3000万人で世界でも2番目に大きい都市圏です。^[14]中心都市であり首都であるジャカルタには、1030万人の人口が住んでいます。^[15]

インドネシアで2番目に人口の多い都市であるスラバヤも、ゲルバンケルトスシラと呼ばれる大都市圏を形成しており、都市圏人口は約1000万人であるのに対し、市街地人口は300万人である。^{[16]大都市圏は}バンドンとメダンの周辺にも存在している。

ムンバイ都市圏（MMR）はムンバイとその衛星都市から構成されています。約20年かけて発展し、7つの自治体と15の小規模な自治体議会から構成されています。この地域の面積は4,355 km ²、人口は2,050万人で^[17]、世界でも人口の多い都市圏のトップ10に数えられています。この地域はムンバイ郊外鉄道システムと大規模な道路網によって結ばれています。

首都圏（NCR）は、デリー首都圏全体と、隣接するウッタル・プラデーシュ州、ハリヤーナー州、ラジャスタン州のいくつかの周辺地区を含む調整計画地域の名称です。ただし、デリーの大都市圏は実際にはデリーの首都圏と、グルガーオン、ファリダバード、ノイダ、グレーター・ノイダ、ガジアバードを含む隣接する都市部に限定されています。この地域は正式には中央首都圏（CNCR）と呼ばれ、NCR全体の小さな一部です。^[18]この大都市圏の人口は2011年に2,170万人と推定されました。^[19]これは世界で3番目に人口の多い都市圏です。

アーンドラ プラデーシュ州のアマラヴァティ都市圏(AMR)は、ヴィジャヤワダ、エルル、グントゥールの 3 つの都市と、マンガラギリ、タデパッレ、テナリ、ポンヌル、チラカルリペタ、ナラサラオペタ、サテナパリ、ナンディガマ、ジャガヤペタ、ヌジヴィドゥ、グディバダを含む 11 の他の町からなる都市圏です。そしてヴイユル。州の新しい首都アマラヴァティは、大都市圏の中心にあるヴィジャヤワダ市とグントゥール市の間で開発が進められています。この地域の総人口は580万人です。

ジャムシェドプル首都圏はグレータージャムシェドプルの計画を持っています。この場所にはアディティヤプル、マーンゴ、ジャグサライの地域と都市が含まれます。

データは1948年の第一次世界大戦後の1949年休戦協定の境界線を参照。都市人口率: 59% (2015) ^[5]

• テルアビブ首都圏：2,362,273人（2015年）
• エルサレム首都圏（イスラエル側とパレスチナ側の両方）：1,521,423人（2015年）
• ハイファ都市圏: 430,883 (2015)
• ベエルシェバ都市圏：198,325人（2015年）

都市人口率：69%（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率：80％（2015年）^[5]

• アンマン首都圏: 3,672,403 (2015) ^[6]
• イルビド都市圏: 574,578 (2015) ^[6]
• マダバ都市圏: 104,759 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：62%（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率: 38% (2015) ^[5]

• ビシュケク首都圏：1,119,915人（2015年）^[6]
• オシ首都圏：401,135人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：98%（2015年）^[5]

• クウェート首都圏：1,816,032人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 37% (2015) ^[5]

• ビエンチャン都市圏 (ビエンチャン +シーチェンマイ): 407,100 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：74%（2015年）^[5]

• マレ都市圏: 131,839 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：65%（2015年）^[5]

• ウランバートル都市圏: 1,316,070 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：21%（2015年）^[5]

• カトマンズ首都圏：3,529,143人（2015年）^[6]
• イタハリ都市圏 (イタハリ +ビラートナガル+ジョグバニ): 837,791 (2015) ^[6]
• ポカラ首都圏：252,903人（2015年）^[6]
• バラトプル首都圏：152,712人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：76%（2015年）^[5]

• マスカット都市圏 (マスカット +アル シーブ+ルウィ): 905,831 (2015) ^[6]
• サラハ都市圏: 208,005 (2015) ^[6]
• スハール都市圏: 110,977 (2015) ^[6]

データは、 1971 年のインド・パキスタン戦争後の 1972 年のシムラ協定の境界を参照しています。

都市人口率: 39% (2015) ^[5]

データは、1948 年の第一次世界大戦後の1949 年の休戦協定の境界を参照しています。

• ガザ地区人口 (ガザ +ラファ): 1,706,220 (2015) ^[6]
• ヘブロン都市圏：238,426人（2015年）^[6]
• トゥルカーム都市圏（トゥルカーム＋タイベ）：158,781人（2015年）^[6]
• ナブルス都市圏：140,931人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：10％（2015年）^[5]

• ポートモレスビー都市圏：262,015人（2015年）^[6]
• マダン都市圏: 110,610 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率: 59% (2015) ^[5]

都市人口率: 46% (2015) ^[5]

• ドーハ首都圏：1,646,118人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：84%（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率：17%（2015年）^[5]

• コロンボ首都圏: 4,303,603 (2015) ^[6]
• キャンディ都市圏：548,245人（2015年）^[6]
• マータラ都市圏: 225,584 (2015) ^[6]
• ジャフナ都市圏：214,344人（2015年）^[6]
• ゴール都市圏：197,578人（2015年）^[6]
• カルムナイ都市圏: 134,013 (2015) ^[6]
• バッティカロア都市圏: 125,685 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：80％（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率：29%（2015年）^[5]

• ドゥシャンベ都市圏 (ドゥシャンベ +ヒソール+コファルニホン): 1,224,160 (2015) ^[6]
• チュカンド都市圏（チュカンド＋チャロフスク＋キスタクズ）：353,276人（2015年）^[6]
• クリャーブ都市圏：112,702人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 37% (2015) ^[5]

都市人口率：71%（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率: 53% (2015) ^[5]

• アスガバート都市圏: 901,080 (2015) ^[6]
• メアリー都市圏：159,946人（2015年）^[6]
• ダショグズ都市圏: 136,183 (2015) ^[6]
• バルカナバート都市圏: 124,782 (2015) ^[6]
• トルクメナバート都市圏: 108,822 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：85%（2015年）^[5]

• ドバイ首都圏（ドバイ＋シャルジャ）：4,979,694人（2015年）^[6]
• アブダビ首都圏（グレーターアブダビ）：787,746人（2015年）^[6]
• アルアイン首都圏（アルアイン＋アルブライミ）：783,519人（2015年）^[6]
• ラス・アル・ハイマ首都圏（グレーター・ラス・アル・ハイマ）：181,691人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 40% (2015) ^[5]

都市人口率: 33% (2015) ^[5]

都市人口率: 56% (2015) ^[5]

• ティラネ都市圏 (大ティラネ): 719,252 (2015) ^[6]
• ドゥラス都市圏 (大ドゥラス): 128,104 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：69%（2015年）^[5]

• ウィーン首都圏（グレーターウィーン）：1,856,676人（2015年）^[6]
• グラーツ都市圏（グレーターグラーツ）：262,476人（2015年）^[6]
• リンツ都市圏（グレーターリンツ）：202,652人（2015年）^[6]
• ザルツブルク首都圏（グレーターザルツブルク）：140,052人（2015年）^[6]
• インスブルック首都圏（グレーターインスブルック）：113,301人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：76%（2015年）^[5]

都市人口率：98%（2015年）^[5]

• ブリュッセル首都圏（グレーターブリュッセル）：1,381,517人（2015年）^[6]
• アントワープ首都圏（グレーターアントワープ）：792,029人（2015年）^[6]
• リエージュ都市圏（グレーター・リエージュ）：381,673人（2015年）^[6]
• ゲント都市圏 (ゲント + サス ヴァン ゲント): 263,643 (2015) ^[6]
• シャルルロワ大都市圏（グレーター・シャルルロワ）：253,691人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 52% (2015) ^[5]

• サラエボ首都圏（大サラエボ圏）：371,884人（2015年）^[6]
• バニャ・ルカ都市圏 (グレーター・バニャ・ルカ): 159,289 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：73%（2015年）^[5]

• ソフィア首都圏（グレーターソフィア）：926,881人（2015年）^[6]
• プロヴディフ首都圏（グレータープロヴディフ）：309,004人（2015年）^[6]
• ヴァルナ都市圏 (大ヴァルナ): 283,835 (2015) ^[6]
• ブルガス都市圏 (大ブルガス): 111,381 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：61%（2015年）^[5]

• ザグレブ首都圏（グレーターザグレブ）：660,653人（2015年）^[6]
• スプリット都市圏（グレーター・スプリット）：218,497人（2015年）^[6]
• リエカ都市圏 (グレーターリエカ): 143,702 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：76%（2015年）^[5]

• プラハ首都圏（プラハ大都市圏）：1,126,681人（2015年）^[6]
• ブルノ首都圏（グレーターブルノ）：316,980人（2015年）^[6]
• オストラヴァ首都圏（グレーターオストラヴァ）：186,520人（2015年）^[6]
• プルゼニ首都圏（グレーター・ピゼニ）：142,249人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率: 88% (2015) ^[5]

• コペンハーゲン首都圏（グレーターコペンハーゲン）：1,225,959人（2015年）^[6]
• オーフス都市圏 (大オーフス): 209,181 (2015) ^[6]
• オーデンセ都市圏 (オーデンセ都市圏): 124,557 (2015) ^[6]
• オールボー都市圏 (グレーター オールボー): 100,079 (2015) ^[6]

都市人口率：71%（2015年）^[5]

• タリン首都圏（グレータータリン）：344,511 ^[6]

都市人口率：86%（2015年）^[5]

• ヘルシンキ都市圏 (ヘルシンキ + エスポー): 907,386 (2015) ^[6]
• タンペレ首都圏（グレータータンペレ）：134,673人（2015年）^[6]
• トゥルク首都圏（グレータートゥルク）：112,492人（2015年）^[6]

都市人口率：86%（2015年）^[5]

Urban population rate: 76% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 64% (2015)^[5]

• Athens Metropolitan Area (Greater Athens): 3,315,199 (2015)^[6]
• Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area (Greater Thessaloniki): 813,775 (2015)^[6]
• Patras Metropolitan Area (Greater Patras): 176,257 (2015)^[6]
• Heraklion Metropolitan Area (Greater Heraklion): 155,251 (2015)^[6]
• Larisa Metropolitan Area (Greater Larisa): 126,570 (2015)^[6]
• Volos Metropolitan Area (Greater Volos): 104,289 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 70% (2015)^[5]

• Budapest Metropolitan Area (Greater Budapest): 1,758,468 (2015)^[6]
• Debrecen Metropolitan Area (Greater Debrecen): 166,658 (2015)^[6]
• Miskolc Metropolitan Area (Greater Miskolc): 124,422 (2015)^[6]
• Pecs Metropolitan Area (Greater Pecs): 119,904 (2015)^[6]
• Szeged Metropolitan Area (Greater Szeged): 112,516 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 65% (2015)^[5]

• Dublin Metropolitan Area (Greater Dublin): 1,004,263 (2015)^[6]
• Cork Metropolitan Area (Greater Cork): 138,514 (2015)^[6]

Some Regional Laws approved during the 1970-1980s^[20] tried to define what an Italian conurbation is, but nowadays there's no government organization for a metropolitan area in Italy, so a conurbation has no official boundaries.

Urban population rate: 70% (2015)^[5]

• Pristina Metropolitan Area (Greater Pristina): 196,913 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 69% (2015)^[5]

• Riga Metropolitan Area (Greater Riga): 556,672^[6]

Urban population rate: 69% (2015)^[5]

• Vilnius Metropolitan Area (Greater Vilnius): 355,430 (2015)^[6]
• Kaunas Metropolitan Area (Greater Kaunas): 276,335 (2015)^[6]
• Klaipeda Metropolitan Area (Greater Klaipeda): 111,199 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 86% (2015)^[5]

• Luxembourg Metropolitan Area (Greater Luxembourg): 119,160 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 88% (2015)^[5]

• Birkirkara Metropolitan Area (Valletta and nearby cities): 279,473 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 50% (2015)^[5]

• Chisinau Metropolitan Area (Greater Chisinau): 460,761 (2015)^[6]
• Tiraspol Metropolitan Area (Greater Tiraspol): 157,770 (2015)^[6]
• Balti Metropolitan Area (Greater Balti): 109,172 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 84% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 64% (2015)^[5]

• Skopje Metropolitan Area (Greater Skopje): 428,210 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 81% (2015)^[5]

• Oslo Metropolitan Area (Greater Oslo): 782,172 (2015)^[6]
• Stavanger Metropolitan Area (Greater Stavanger): 161,284 (2015)^[6]
• Bergen Metropolitan Area (Greater Bergen): 148,005 (2015)^[6]
• Trondheim Metropolitan Area (Greater Trondheim): 147,468 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 64% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 63% (2015)^[5]

• Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Greater Lisbon): 2,169,391 (2015)^[6]
• Porto Metropolitan Area (Greater Porto): 998,283 (2015)^[6]
• Braga Metropolitan Area (Greater Braga): 119,657 (2015)^[6]
• Funchal Metropolitan Area (Greater Funchal): 119,440 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 60% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 59% (2015)^[5]

• Beograd Metropolitan Area (Greater Beograd): 1,106,870 (2015)^[6]
• Novi Sad Metropolitan Area (Greater Novi Sad): 263,087 (2015)^[6]
• Nis Metropolitan Area (Greater Nis): 188,293 (2015)^[6]
• Kragujevac Metropolitan Area (Greater Kragujevac): 126,766 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 58% (2015)^[5]

• Bratislava Metropolitan Area (Greater Bratislava): 352,002 (2015)^[6]
• Košice Metropolitan Area (Greater Košice): 220,297 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 53% (2015)^[5]

• Ljubljana Metropolitan Area (Greater Ljubljana): 250,335 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 79% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 86% (2015)^[5]

• Stockholm Metropolitan Area (Greater Stockholm): 1,305,076 (2015)^[6]
• Gothenburg Metropolitan Area (Greater Gothenburg): 496,226 (2015)^[6]
• Malmo Metropolitan Area (Greater Malmo): 297,226 (2015)^[6]
• Uppsala Metropolitan Area (Greater Uppsala): 109,542 (2015)^[6]

Urban population rate: 74% (2015)^[5]

Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England.

The list below shows the most populous urban areas in the UK as defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Different organisations define conurbations in the UK differently for example, the Liverpool–Manchester or the Manchester–Liverpool conurbation^[21] is defined as one conurbation by AESOP in a comparison report published by the University of Manchester in 2005 found here. The Liverpool–Manchester Conurbation has a population of 5.68 million.

Urban population rate: 89% (2015)^[5]

Urban population rate: 71% (2015)^[5]

The Golden Horseshoe is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Hamilton, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, and Niagara Falls.^[25] If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America.^[26]

The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States.

Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation.^[27] Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development.

British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census.

The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest.^[28]

The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes,^{[further explanation needed]} Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla, and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis.

The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) comprises seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, though they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi).^[29]

The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. This area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area.

One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007.^[30] Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.^{[citation needed]}

Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Greater Boston CSA are interlinked by heavy public transportation infrastructure, maintain continuously urban interstices, and hold mutual commuting patterns.

Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area.^[31]

The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because Southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now.

An example of a conurbation is seen in Greater Houston. Centered in Houston, the area is continuously urbanized from the coastal areas of Galveston extending through the northern side of the metro area, including The Woodlands, Conroe, and Spring, and going up to Huntsville. The suburbs of Fort Bend County, Texas extend through the cities of the Galveston Bay Area and beyond. It has a population of 7,197,883.^[32]

The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area).

The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy.^[33]

Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex"^[34] and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke.^[34] The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas".^[35] Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations.

The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries.^[36]

The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros.

Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital.

The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.

Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million.

Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria.

Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census.^[37]

Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation.^[38] The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603.^[39]

A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market.^[40]

This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270 km with a population of just over 6 million people.^[41]

Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.

Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie).^[42]

The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023).^[43] Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes.

A built-up area 200 kilometres long^[44] which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink.

Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014),^[45] covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads).

The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston.

In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition.

The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200.^[46]

• Greater Buenos Aires (12.046.799) – Greater La Plata (694.253) – Zárate / Campana

The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable.

• Ecumenopolis
• Ekistics
• Megalopolis
• Transborder agglomeration
• Urban sprawl

Patrick Geddes – "Cities In Evolution"

Edward Soja – "Postmetropolis"