1977年、彼はいつかベネズエラに左派政権を導入できることを期待して、軍内部で革命運動を立ち上げた。ベネズエラ人民解放軍(Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela、略称ELPV)は、彼と数人の仲間の兵士で構成され、直接行動を起こす計画は今のところなかったが、政府の右派政策と極左の赤旗党の立場の中間の道を望んでいることは分かっていた。[ 59 ]それにもかかわらず、ベネズエラの民間左派グループとの同盟を得ようと、チャベスはアルフレド・マネイロ(急進主義運動の創始者)やダグラス・ブラボーなど、さまざまな著名なマルクス主義者と秘密裏に会合を開いた。
2018年のドキュメンタリー映画『チャベス主義:21世紀の疫病』(スペイン語:Chavismo : la peste del siglo XXI)は、チャベスがベネズエラの大統領に就任するに至った社会的、政治的、経済的な原因を分析している。「彼の権力乱用と、学生運動を含む市民社会の反応、彼の政治的失脚、そして彼の病気とニコラス・マドゥロの後継者をめぐる秘密主義」[ 513 ] 。
1 2ヴァレリー、ヨランダ(1970 年 1 月 1 日)。「El marxismo según Chavez」[チャベスによるマルクス主義]。 BBC 。2014 年5 月 19 日に取得。
1 2カンポス、ズリマール。"Chávez afirma que es "marxista" pero reconoce que todavía no ha leído "El Capital" en" [チャベスは自分を「マルクス主義者」と言っているが、まだ『資本論』を読んでいないことを認めている]。お知らせ24.2014 年 12 月 5 日のオリジナルからアーカイブ。2014 年5 月 19 日に取得。
↑エレーラ、カルロス(2017年9月21日)。El Legado: Frases y Pensamientos de Hugo Chavez [ The Legacy: Phrases and Thoughts of Hugo Chavez ]。ソフトアンドネット。ISBN978-980-12-7509-12021年9月2日に取得。
1234"Venezuela Country report Freedom in the World 1999". Freedom House. 28 July 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
↑"PDVSA Names Mandini To Head State Oil Firm". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones Newswires. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
↑Biardeau R. Javier . Del Árbol de las Tres Raíces al "Socialismo Bolivariano del siglo XXI" ¿Una nueva narrativa ideológica de emancipación?. Revista Venezolana de Economía y Ciencias Sociales [en linea]. 2009, 15(1), 57–113[fecha de Consulta 30 de Agosto de 2024]. ISSN: 1315-6411. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=17721678005
12Millard, Peter; Hoffman, Cindy; Gertz, Marisa; Lin, Jeremy C. F. "A Timeline of Venezuela's Economic Rise and Fall". Bloomberg. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
↑"Venezuelan Soldiers Leave Their Barracks ... To Implement Chavez's Civil-Military Public Works Program"(PDF). United States Department of State. Archived from the original(PDF) on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
↑Ma, Alexandra (19 December 2015). "Will A Venezuelan Opposition Party's Election Victory Bring Real Change?". HuffPost. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
123Colgan, Jeff (31 January 2013). Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. p.209. ISBN978-1107029675. Retrieved 27 June 2016– via Google Books. For Chávez the show accomplishes a number of political objectives. First, it sustains and builds popular support for his leadership. By spending hours each week in front of a camera Chávez reinforces the message that he is the leader of his political movement and the government of Venezuela, its living symbol. Second, the television show is oriented to, and popular among, the lower classes of Venezuela who have traditionally remained outside of the political process.
↑"Conozca los acuerdos petroleros que dejó Hugo Chávez"[Learn about the oil agreements left by Hugo Chávez]. 22 August 2014. p.Finanzas Digital. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
123Wiseman, Colin and Daniel Béland. "The Politics of Institutional Change in Venezuela: Oil Policy During the Presidency of Hugo Chávez." Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, Vol 35, No. 70 (2010), pp. 141–164. JSTOR. Accessed 3 November 2018.
↑"Ley Orgánica de Hidrocarburos aprobada en 2001"[Organic Hydrocarbons Law approved in 2001](PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 August 2006. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
123456Johnson, Keith (16 July 2018). "How Hugo Chávez Blew Up Venezuela's Oil Patch". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 21 July 2018. The fuse for the bomb that is now blowing up Venezuela's oil industry – and the country along with it – was deliberately lit and fanned by ... the strongman Hugo Chávez ...
↑Kahn, Jeremy (3 February 2003). "Pumping Trouble: A strike in Venezuela has raised temperatures in Caracas and oil prices around the world". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑"Chávez wins Venezuelan election". Gulf News. 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
↑Ireland On-Line. Chávez promises more-radical turn toward socialism. (4 December 2006). Retrieved 4 December 2006.
↑"Students stage anti-Chavez rally". BBC News. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2007.
↑Morsbach, Greg (19 December 2006). "Venezuela head seeks party merger". BBC News. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
↑Walter, Mathew. "Venezuela May Lower Voting Age, Add Gay Rights in Constitution"Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg. 11 October 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
12"En Pdvsa y Sidor se concentra criminalización de las protestas – Economía"[In PDVSA and Sidor the criminalization of protests is concentrated – Economy]. El Universal (in Spanish). 16 June 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
↑"Chavez to shut down opposition TV". BBC. 29 December 2006. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
123"Marches and Counter-Marches Over TV Station's End". Inter Press Service News Agency. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"Estudiantes de la UCAB y la USB protestan en apoyo a RCTV". El Universal (in Spanish). 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"Ucevistas protestaron en la autopista Francisco Fajardo cierre de RCTV". El Universal (in Spanish). 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑Ellsworth, Brian (26 May 2007). "Venezuelans march against closure of TV station". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
↑"Secretary General expresses concern over decision not to renew broadcasting license of Venezuelan television station" (Press release). Organization of American States. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression expresses concern over the situation of RCTV in Venezuela". Organization of American States. 31 December 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"IAPA assails Venezuela's Chávez over non-renewal of TV station license" (Press release). Inter American Press Association. 29 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"Venezuela: TV Shutdown Harms Free Expression". Human Rights Watch. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"'Lack of transparency' in Venezuelan broadcast case" (Press release). Committee to Protect Journalists. 12 January 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
↑"Non-renewal of RCTV license a threat to media pluralism, will cost 2,000 their jobs, says IFJ" (Press release). International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX). 24 April 2007. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2007.
↑"Insulza: RCTV case will be solved by Venezuelan courts". El Universal. 18 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
↑"Insulza hopes Venezuela "to continue to be democratic"". El Universal. 11 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
↑Ellsworth, Brian (16 August 2007). "Venezuela's Chávez calls for end to term limits". Reuters. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
↑Romero, Simon (4 December 2007). "Venezuela Vote Sets Roadblocks on Chávez Path". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
↑"Chávez: "Fue una victoria de mierda y la nuestra una derrota de coraje"". Libertad Digital. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
12"Unos 170 millones de kilos de alimentos importados por Venezuela se han vencido, afirma la oposición"[About 170 million kilos of food imported by Venezuela have expired, the opposition claims]. Google (in Spanish). Agencia EFE. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
↑Agencia Venezolana de Noticias (1 August 2010). "Audiencia preliminar por caso PDVAL será el 10 de agosto"[Preliminary hearing for PDVAL case will be on August 10]. El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2010.
↑García Mora, Ileana (6 November 2011). "Los tres acusados por el caso PDVAL serán enjuiciados en libertad condicional"[The three accused in the PDVAL case will be tried under conditional release]. El Mundo (Venezuela). Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
↑"Imputados de PDVAL volvieron a sus cargos en Pdvsa"[Those charged in the PDVAL case returned to their positions at PDVSA]. Últimas Noticias. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
↑Ackerman, Sasha (15 May 2012). "Rechazan incluir en orden del día caso de alimentos descompuestos de PDVAL"[They reject including in the agenda the case of spoiled PDVAL food]. Globovisión. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
↑Valery, Yolanda (8 June 2010). "Venezuela: escándalo por alimentos vencidos". BBC (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 July 2010.
↑Forero, Juan (16 February 2009). "Chávez Wins Removal of Term Limits". The Washington Post.
12"Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez wins another 6-year term, electoral council says". Fox News Channel. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
↑Neuman, William (7 October 2012). "Chávez Wins a Third Term in Venezuela Amid Historically High Turnout". NYT. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
↑"Church warns Venezuela govt on constitution". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
↑"Nuevos rumores de muerte para Hugo Chávez" (in Spanish). Univision Communications Inc. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
↑"Former envoy claims Venezuela's Chávez is dead". PanArmenian.Net. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
↑"Even after death, Hugo Chavez gets his choice of successor". National Post. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
↑Fundación Empresas Polar. "1999 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[1999 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2024.
12"VENEZUELA: Chávez a la conquista de Asia"[VENEZUELA: Chávez sets out to conquer Asia]. Inter Press Service (in Spanish). 7 October 1999. Retrieved 22 November 2024.
↑Fundación Empresas Polar. "1999 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[1999 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2024.
123456789Fundación Empresas Polar. "1999 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[1999 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2024.
↑"Venezuelan president gets red-carpet welcome in Malaysia". Associated Press. 19 October 1999. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
↑"2000 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[2000 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2024.
↑"Chávez visita naciones de la OPEP llega a Bagdad"[Chávez visits OPEC nations, arrives in Baghdad]. CNN. 10 August 2000. Archived from the original on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008.
↑"Informe petrolero: Visita del Presidente Chávez al Medio Oriente"[Oil report: Visit of President Chávez to the Middle East] (in Spanish). 15 August 2000. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
12Hugo Chávez de visita en Irán hasta el lunes.Archived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback MachineEl Universal, 18 May 2001, consulted 1 July 2006.
↑"Kisah keakraban antara Gus Dur dan Hugo Chavez"[The story of the closeness between Gus Dur and Hugo Chávez]. Photos (in Indonesian). Merdeka.com. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
↑Fundación Empresas Polar. "2000 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[2000 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2024.
↑Fundación Empresas Polar. "2000 - Cronología de historia de Venezuela"[2000 – Chronology of the history of Venezuela]. Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2024.
↑"Chávez inicia hoy una visita oficial a Chile tras intervenir en la Cumbre del Grupo de Río"[Chávez begins an official visit to Chile today after speaking at the Rio Group Summit]. Europa Press (in Spanish). 19 August 2001. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"Presidente venezolano inició visita de Estado a Chile"[Venezuelan president began state visit to Chile]. EMOL (in Spanish). 19 August 2001. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"United Kingdom: Queen Elizabeth II Receives Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez at Buckingham Palace". Reuters Archive Licensing. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
12"UK politicians pay tribute to Venezuela's Hugo Chavez". BBC News. 6 March 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"Newly appointed ambassador of Venezuela presents credentials to President". BD News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2026.
1234"Relaciones entre China y Venezuela"[Relations between China and Venezuela]. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 November 2024.
↑"President Hugo Chavez attends the Monterrey Consensus Conference in Monterrey, Mexico; 2002". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
↑"On European tour, Venezuela's Chavez meets France's Chirac". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
↑Herrera, Noel Gómez (28 September 2023). "19 de febrero de 2004: El día que Hugo Chávez entregó el Esequibo a Guyana"[19 February 2004: The day Hugo Chávez handed over Essequibo to Guyana] (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 September 2025.
12México-Chávez, una relación de altibajos comerciales y diplomáticos
↑"Cronologías de visitas del Presidente Hugo Chávez a Cuba"[Chronologies of visits by President Hugo Chávez to Cuba]. www.granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Presidente de la República de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, 22 de noviembre de 2004. Congreso de los Diputados"[President of the Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, 22 November 2004. Congress of Deputies.]. Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 November 2024.
↑"2008 CHÁVEZ DE VISITA EN GUATEMALA"[2008 CHÁVEZ VISITS GUATEMALA]. La Hora (in Spanish). 14 January 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑Marirrodriga, Jorge (12 March 2006). "Bachelet se convierte en la primera mujer que asume la presidencia de Chile"[Bachelet becomes the first woman to assume the presidency of Chile]. El País (in Spanish). ISSN1134-6582. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"President Chavez on private "political" visit to London". MercoPress. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"HUGO CHÁVEZ VISITA A GADDAFI"[HUGO CHÁVEZ VISITS GADDAFI]. El País (in Spanish). 18 May 2006. ISSN1134-6582. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chávez en Ecuador: Visita corta pero fructífera"[Chávez in Ecuador: A short but fruitful visit]. América Latina en movimiento (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
12"Vietnam and Venezuela in oily embrace". Vietnam aujourd'hui (in French). 13 September 2008. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
↑Chávez condecorado en Irán; pactos iniciales de cooperación.Archived 2007-01-21 at the Wayback MachineEl Universal, 31 July 2006.
↑FoxNews.com Venezuela's Chavez, Iran's Ahmadinejad Pledge Mutual Support (“Chávez of Venezuela and Ahmadinejad of Iran pledge mutual support”), Associated Press, 29 July 2006.
↑"Hugo Chávez viajó a Siria en pleno conflicto de Medio Oriente"[Hugo Chávez traveled to Syria in the midst of the Middle East conflict]. Infobae (in Spanish). 20 October 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Venezuela gains support of Malaysia in UN bid". The Montreal Gazette. Reuters. 28 August 2006. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
↑"Venezuela gains support of Malaysia in UN bid". Daily Express (Malaysia). 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
↑Chavez: Bush 'devil;' U.S. 'on the way down'.CNN (20 September 2006).
↑"¿Por qué Bielorrusia está obsesionada con Hugo Chávez?"[Why is Belarus obsessed with Hugo Chávez?] (in Spanish). BBC. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
↑"Visita de Chávez a Ecuador impulsará importantes pactos bilaterales"[Chávez's visit to Ecuador will promote important bilateral pacts]. Aporrea (in Spanish). ABN. 13 January 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chávez, de gira en Bolivia"[Chávez on tour in Bolivia] (in Spanish). 11 March 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chávez concluye visita a Nicaragua"[Chávez concludes visit to Nicaragua]. www.granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑«Las 74 horas del “valijero”»Archived 2008-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, article in Perfil, 23 December 2007.
↑"Chávez llama a Aznar "fascista" tres veces en la XII Cumbre Iberoamericana"[Chávez calls Aznar a "fascist" three times at the 12th Ibero-American Summit]. 20 minutos (in Spanish). 9 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"On European tour, Venezuela's Chavez meets France's Chirac". Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
↑"HUGO CHÁVEZ ANUNCIA VISITA A URUGUAY"[HUGO CHÁVEZ ANNOUNCES VISIT TO URUGUAY]. Montevideo Portal (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Presidente venezolano visitará Honduras"[Venezuelan president will visit Honduras]. www.laprensa.hn (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
12"Chavez backs Sarkozy's call for financial summit". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
↑"Venezuela y Turkmenistán ratifican lazos de amistad bilateral en el Mnoal"[Venezuela and Turkmenistan ratify bilateral bonds of friendship in the NAM]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela (in Spanish). 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
↑"Chavez: Danmark undertrykker mere end Venezuela"[Chavez: Denmark represses more than Venezuela]. Politiken (in Danish). 17 December 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
↑"Venezuelan Climate Envoy Recalls 'Bloody Palm' Incident, Has High Hopes for Cancun". The New York Times. 10 November 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
↑Delgado, Felipe (10 December 2009). "Hugo Chávez visita Argentina para fortalecer relación bilateral"[Hugo Chávez visits Argentina to strengthen bilateral relations]. BioBioChile (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Japan, Venezuela to Cooperate on Oil, Gas Projects (Update3)". Bloomberg. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007.
↑"Chávez confirma visita a Ecuador"[Chávez confirms visit to Ecuador]. El Universo (in Spanish). 21 March 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
12"Hugo Chávez inicia visita oficial a Irán"[Hugo Chávez begins official visit to Iran]. BBC (in Spanish). 18 October 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
12"Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
↑"Urge crear un mundo solidario, afirma Chávez en Libia"[There is an urgent need to create a world of solidarity, Chávez says in Libya]. www.granma.cu (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chavez signs nuclear deal in Russia". English.aljazeera.net. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
↑"La visita de Chávez a Uruguay"[Chávez's visit to Uruguay]. Voice of America (in Spanish). 29 March 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chávez llega a Bolivia y pide unidad contra imperialismo "enloquecido""[Chávez arrives in Bolivia and calls for unity against "crazed" imperialism]. www.laestrella.com.pa (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Hugo Chávez llegó en la madrugada a Ecuador"[Hugo Chávez arrived in Ecuador in the early hours]. El Universo (in Spanish). 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
↑"Chávez llega a Cuba tras ceder algunos poderes"[Chávez arrives in Cuba after handing over some powers]. El País (in Spanish). 17 July 2011. ISSN1134-6582. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"¿Por qué Chávez se opera en Cuba?"[Why is Chávez having surgery in Cuba?]. BBC (in Spanish). 28 February 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑Lozano, Daniel. "Hugo Chávez nombra sucesor y regresa a Cuba para operarse de nuevo"[Hugo Chávez names successor and returns to Cuba for another operation]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2024.
↑"Chavez to make economy priority". The Washington Times. 1 August 2000.
↑Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution By Bart Jones, 2009
12"BBC Mundo - América Latina - El marxismo según Chávez". www.bbc.com.
↑"BBC Mundo | A fondo | 2009 | Chavez 10 | La revolución del discurso de Chávez". 27 January 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
↑"New Charter Shuns 'Savage Capitalism'". Los Angeles Times. 20 November 1999.
↑"Alocución del Ciudadano Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías en Sesión Especial de la Asa".
12"ENTREVISTA DE MARTA HARNECKER HUGO CHÁVEZ FRÍAS UN HOMBRE, UN PUEBLO Publicado en España por Editorial: Tercera Prensa, San Sebastián, noviembre 2002, P.69-70"(PDF).
↑"BBC Mundo | AMÉRICA LATINA | Nueva medición de fuerzas en Venezuela". 1 May 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
↑"Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez, en el encuentro Solidaridad con la Revolución Bolivariana con Venezuela e".
↑Torres, Ana Teresa (2009). La Herencia de la Tribu(PDF) (in Spanish). Alfa. pp.146–147. ISBN978-9803542849. Con diferentes matices estas ambigüedades del discurso se mantuvieron hasta el triunfo en la reelección presidencial de 2006, siendo su contrincante Manuel Rosales, gobernador del estado Zulia. En el discurso del 3 de diciembre, desde el llamado «Balcón del Pueblo» del Palacio de Miraflores, el socialismo apareció expuesto con toda claridad.
12"Hugo Chavez admits to being Marxist, just like Christ | World | RIA Novosti". En.ria.ru. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
↑Marcano, Cristina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (14 August 2007). Hugo Chavez. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-58836-650-4.
↑Malinarich, Nathalie (10 January 2007). "Chávez accelerates on path to socialism". BBC News.
↑Martin, Jorge (12 January 2007). ""What is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist!" – Chavez is sworn in as president of Venezuela". In Defense of Marxism.
↑"ENTREVISTA DE MARTA HARNECKER HUGO CHÁVEZ FRÍAS UN HOMBRE, UN PUEBLO Publicado en España por Editorial: Tercera Prensa, San Sebastián, noviembre 2002, P.105"(PDF).
↑Cameron, Maxwell (2001). "Venezuela's Hugo Chávez: Savior or Threat to Democracy?". Latin American Research Review. 36 (3): 263. doi:10.1017/S0023879100019270. ISSN0023-8791. S2CID252749214.. Online at
↑Marx, Karl (1858). "Bolivar y Ponte". marxists.org. Retrieved 18 August 2010. First published in the New American Cyclopedia, Vol. III, 1858.
12Beddow, D. Méndez; Thibodeaux, Sam J. (2010). Gangrillas: the unspoken pros and cons of legalizing drugs. [U.S.]: Trafford on Demand Pub. p.29. ISBN978-1426948466.
123"Venezuela after Chávez Now for the reckoning". The Economist. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
123Lendman, Stephen. "Wall Street Journal Claims Chávez Oil Policy "Aims to Weaken US"". COA News. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009.
↑Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution by Richard Gott with photographs by Georges Bartoli, Publisher: Verso, 2005 edition, P.189
12"Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez durante cátedra impartida ante estudiantes e intelectuales, en la Universi".
↑Hugo Chávez: Charming provocateur, Robin Lustig, BBC News, Paris
↑"Chávez promises a socialist Venezuela as he starts new 6-year term", 10 January 2007, USA Today.
↑"Garibaldi, l'eroe di Chávez"[Garibaldi, Chávez's hero]. La Stampa (in Italian). 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
↑"Venezuela: il NO vince al fotofinish". Carmilla on line. 6 December 2007.
↑Redazione Il Fatto Quotidiano (18 March 2011). "North Africa, french fightings, anti-Berlusconi. 300 at Toni Negri's lesson" (in Italian). Il Fatto Quotidiano.
↑Understanding the Venezuelan Revolution: Hugo Chavez Talks to Marta Harnecker, New York: Monthly Review, 2005
↑Rocco, Cotroneo (17 August 2007). "Chávez insists for socialism" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
↑"Chavez says U.S. may have orchestrated 9/11". msnbc.com. 12 September 2006.
↑Hitchens, Christopher (2 August 2010). "Hugo Boss". Slate.
123López Maya, Margarita (2016). El ocaso del chavismo: Venezuela 2005–2015. Editorial Alfa. pp.354–355. ISBN9788417014254.
12"Estrategia de Cooperación de OPS/OMS con Venezuela 2006–2008"(PDF) (in Spanish). Pan American Health Organization. June 2006. pp.p. 54. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 October 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
12"Banco de la Vivienda transfirió 66 millardos para subsidios". El Universal (in Spanish). 10 November 2006. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
12Barreiro C., Raquel (4 March 2006). "Mercal es 34% más barato". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 December 2006.
12남민우, 기 (2 May 2018). 화폐경제 무너졌는데…최저임금 인상에 목매는 베네수엘라. 朝鮮日報 (in Korean). Retrieved 22 May 2018. Venezuela's fall is considered to be mainly caused by the populist policy ... Venezuela, for decades, has increased the number of public sector employees and has promoted populist support to maintain the regime
12"Venezuela's Expensive Friendships". Stratfor. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
↑Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2 April 2015). Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez. Brookings Institution Press. p.5. ISBN978-0815725930.
↑Meade, Teresa. A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (Oxford 2010), p. 313.
↑Voigt, Kevin (6 March 2013). "Chavez leaves Venezuelan economy more equal, less stable". CNN. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
↑UNESCO, Education in Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
↑"Propaganda, not policy". The Economist. 28 February 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
↑"Hogares pobres por ingreso, 1er semestre 1997-1er semestre 2015"[Poor households by income, 1997-1er semester 1st semester 2015]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Archived from the original(xls) on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
↑Keppel, Stephen (17 January 2014). "5 Ways Hugo Chavez Has Destroyed the Venezuelan Economy". Fusion. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
12Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015). "Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
↑Corrales, Javier; Romero, Carlos (2013). U.S.–Venezuela relations since the 1990s: coping with mid-level security threats. New York: Routledge. pp.79–81. ISBN978-0415895248.
↑"Venezuela Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
↑"Health expenditure, total (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
↑James, Ian (19 July 2010). "Despite Chávez, Venezuela economy not socialist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
↑"2013 Index of Economic Freedom"(PDF). Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
↑George W. Schuyler. 2002. Globalization and Health: Venezuela and Cuba Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement Vol. 23, Iss. 4,
↑Parker, Dick. 2005. Chávez and the Search for an Alternative to Neoliberalism. Latin American Perspectives 32:39 p. 36
12Devereux, Charlie (22 November 2011). "Chávez Activates Price Law to End Capitalist Speculation". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
↑Derham, Michael. 2010 Politics in Venezuela: Explaining Hugo Chávez. Peter Lang. p. 296.
↑In Venezuela, Land 'Rescue' Hopes Unmet, Washington Post, 20 June 2009
↑"Venezuelan food shortages bode ill for Chavez's re-election". USA Today. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
↑Neuman, William (20 April 2012). "With Venezuelan Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
12Romo, Rafael (13 December 2011). "Food shortages worry Venezuelans". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
↑Neuman, William (20 April 2012). "With Venezuelan Food Shortages, Some Blame Price Controls". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
↑"El ascenso de la escasez". El Universal. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑"Las principales causas de la escasez en Venezuela". Banca & Negocios. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑Minaya, Ezequiel; Schaefer Muñoz, Sara (9 February 2015). "Venezuela Confronts Retail Sector". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
↑"Empty shelves and rhetoric". The Economist. 24 January 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
123A Food Fight for Hugo Chávez, Business Week, 11 March 2010
↑Bowman, Betsy; Stone, Bob (July–August 2006). "Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution". Dollars and Sense. 15 (266). Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
12Chávez' Government has built 24 percent of scheduled houses.El Universal (31 July 2006). Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
↑"Misión Vivienda incumplió 70% de su objetivo de 2014". La Patilla. 30 December 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
↑CADIVI, CADIVI, una medidia necesariaArchived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
↑Hanke, Steve. "The World's Troubled Currencies". The Market Oracle. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
↑"Venezuela's black market rate for US dollars just jumped by almost 40%". Quartz. 26 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
↑Pons, Corina (14 January 2014). "McDonald's Agrees to Cut the Price of a Venezuelan Big Mac Combo". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
↑Goodman, Joshua (22 January 2014). "Venezuela overhauls foreign exchange system". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
↑Gulotty, Robert; Kronick, Dorothy (2021). "The Arbitrage Lobby: Theory and Evidence on Dual Exchange Rates". International Organization. 76: 105–125. doi:10.1017/S002081832100031X. ISSN0020-8183.
↑"Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia". Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia. Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
↑Rueda, Manuel (8 January 2014). "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?n". Fusion TV. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
12"Global Study On Homicide 2011"(PDF). UNODC. Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
12"Global Study On Homicide 2014"(PDF). UNODC. Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
↑"Global homicide rates drop, but nearly 500,000 murdered in 2012". Agence France-Presse. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
123"Venezuela: Gravísima Crisis de Seguridad Pública by Lexys Rendon". ISSUU. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
12"Según el Cicpc el 2011 cerró con 1.150 secuestros en todo el país – Sucesos". El Universal. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
↑Reid, Michael.Forgotten continent: the battle for Latin America's soul, p. 248. Yale, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN0-300-11616-0
↑Rueda, Manuel. "How Did Venezuela Become So Violent?". Fusion. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
↑Jones, Gareth A.; Rodgers, Dennis (2008). Youth violence in Latin America: gangs and juvenile justice in perspective (1sted.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.84–85. doi:10.1057/9780230101333. ISBN9780230600560.
12"Welcome to Venezuela, the kidnap capital of the world". news.com.au. News.com.au. 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
12Brabazon, James (10 October 2013). "Taking no prisoners in the kidnap capital of the world: On the streets of Caracas with an elite police squad". London. The Independent. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
↑Gallegos, Raul (10 January 2014). "Miss Venezuela's Murder Is the Price of Politics". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
↑Pretel, Enrique Andres (2 September 2010). "Chavez defends his record on crime in Venezuela". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
↑"Chavez criticizes US take on crime in Venezuela". The Boston Globe. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
↑"Venezuela's Homicide Rate Quadruples in Fifteen Years, NGO Reports". HuffPost. 26 December 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑Ramírez Miranda, Deivis (25 August 2010). "Caracas has become the deadliest city in the world". El Universal. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010.
James, Ian (28 August 2010). "Venezuelans protest rampant violence, some liken bloodshed to 'undeclared war'". startribune.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Bowman, Michael (24 August 2010). "Venezuelans Despair Over Rampant, Deadly Violence". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Romero, Simon (22 August 2010). "Venezuela, More Deadly Than Iraq, Wonders Why". The New York Times.
↑"Los muertos que esconde Chávez". La Razón (in Spanish). 22 August 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
↑"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – Murder rates (most recent year) – spreadsheet". Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
↑"En el 2009 se cometieron más de 16.000 secuestros en Venezuela, según el gobierno local LOCAL". ABC Color. Noticias24. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
12"Hubo 16,917 secuestros en 2009 en Venezuela". La Prensa. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
12"Venezuela favorece a los familiares de fallecidos que no informan a la prensa". El Mundo. 22 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
↑Pretel, Enrique Andres (2 September 2010). "Chávez defends his record on crime in Venezuela". Reuters. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
↑"Violence in Venezuela". The Stream. Al Jazeera English. 6 August 2011. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
↑"The Stream – Violence in Venezuela". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2015– via YouTube.
↑Gupta, Girish (14 May 2012). "In Venezuela's prisons, inmates are the wardens". Global Post. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
↑Jay, Paul (19 April 2014). "The Modern History of Venezuela, Why Still So Much Crime? – Edgardo Lander on Reality Asserts Itself (7/9)". The Real News. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
↑"Venezuela's Collapse". Bloomberg. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
12345Aleem, Zeeshan (19 September 2017). "How Venezuela went from a rich democracy to a dictatorship on the brink of collapse". Vox. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
1234Weisbrot, Mark (3 October 2012). "Why the US demonises Venezuela's democracy". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
↑Norris, Michele (16 August 2004). "Chavez Wins Recall as Venezuelan President". NPR. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
↑"Venezuela: World's first national e-Voting with paper trail election (2004–2017)". smartmatic. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
↑Coronel, Gustavo. "Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela". Cato Institute.
↑Coronel, Gustavo. "The Corruption of Democracy in Venezuela". Cato Institute. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
↑Cutler, David (5 December 2012). "Factbox: Transparency International's global corruption index". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
↑"Global Corruption Barometer 2010/11". Transparency International. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
↑Crabtree, Steve; Naurath, Nicole. "Gallup Launches Worldwide Corruption Index". Gallup Poll News Service. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
↑Fuentes, F. (2005), "Challenges for Venezuela's Workers’ Movement".Green Left Weekly. Accessed 15 February 2006.
↑Márquez, H. (2005), "ENVIRONMENT-VENEZUELA: Indigenous Peoples Protest Coal Mining". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2014.Inter Press Service. Accessed 2 February 2006.
↑Martinez, Michael (10 May 2011). "Study: Colombian rebels were willing to kill for Venezuela's Chavez". CNN. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑Padgett, Tim (3 September 2008). "Chávez and the Cash-Filled Suitcase". TIME. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
↑"Colombia: Chavez funding FARC rebels". USA Today. 4 March 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
↑Cristóbal Nagel, Juan (28 April 2015). "Something Is Rotten in the State of Venezuela". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
↑Forero, Juan; de Córdoba, José (15 September 2019). "Venezuela's Hugo Chávez Worked to Flood U.S. With Cocaine, U.S. Prosecutors Say". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
↑"Countries". Amnesty International. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑BBC NEWS. Venezuela expels rights activists. (19 September 2008).
↑Seliktar, Ofira (2000). Failing the crystal ball test: the Carter administration and the fundamentalist revolution in Iran ([Online-Ausg.]ed.). Westport, Conn [u.a.]: Praeger. p.44. ISBN978-0275968724.
↑"Taking Human Rights Watch to Task on the Question of Venezuela's Purported Abuse of Human Rights" (Press release). Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 18 December 2008.
↑"Scholars Respond to HRW's Kenneth Roth's Riposte on Venezuelan Human Rights" (Press release). Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 12 January 2009.
↑Moynihan, Michael (24 February 2014). "Venezuela's Useful Idiots". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
↑Alonso, Juan Francisco (24 March 2010). "Human rights groups denounce in OAS flaws in Venezuela's justice system". El Universal. Archived from the original on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
↑"Jueza Afiuni se impuso de su libertad condicional en el Tribunal". El Universal. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
↑Neuman, William; María Eugenia Díaz (14 June 2013). "Court in Venezuela Orders Release of a Judge Once Scorned and Jailed by Chávez". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
↑"Lawyer: Judge Afiuni has been professionally disabled". 13 December 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
↑"Tribunal en Venezuela condena a 5 años de prisión a jueza inculpada por pedido de expresidente Chávez". Reuters (in Spanish). 22 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
↑"Venezuelan government deliberately targeting opponents". Amnesty International. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
↑"Freedom in the World – Venezuela (2009)."Archived 28 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Freedom House. 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
12Forero, Juan (24 February 2010). "Venezuela, President Chávez criticized in OAS report". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
12"Venezuela violates human rights, OAS commission reports". CNN. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
↑"Press release N° 20/10, IACHR publishes report on Venezuela". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Press release). Organization of American States. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
↑Schimizzi, Carrie (24 February 2010). "Venezuela government violating basic human rights: report". Jurist: Legal news and research. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
12Prado, Paulo (24 February 2010). "OAS Report Chastises Venezuela". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
↑"Chávez Rejects Report Citing Rights Violations". The New York Times. Associated Press. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
↑"Venezuelan official disputes report on human rights abuses". CNN. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
↑"Venezuela ante la ONU: "Puede haber individuos armados dentro de los colectivos"". Infobae. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
↑"Venezuela tuvo que responder por más de 3.000 casos de tortura ante Naciones Unidas". Infobae. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
12"Como "una tragedia" cataloga la ONU situación de las cárceles en el país". El Nacional. 28 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
↑"La situación de las cárceles venezolanas es una tragedia, dice la ONU". La Patilla. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
↑"Lauder urges Venezuela to fight anti-Semitism, resume ties with Israel". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
↑"Hugo Chavez And Anti-Semitism". Forbes. 15 February 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
12"Venezuela's oldest synagogue vandalized by armed men". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
↑"Chávez responsabiliza a "oligarquía" por ataque a la sinagoga". El Universal. 1 February 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
↑"Venezuela's Jews Defend Leftist President in Flap Over Remarks". The Jewish Daily Forward. 13 January 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
↑"Playing the 'Anti-Semitism' Card Against Venezuela". NACLA. North American Congress on Latin America. September 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2026.
↑"Presentó los resultados de la investigación de los ataques a la Sinagoga". Noticias24.com. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
↑"Trasladan a los Tribunales a implicados en ataque a la sinagoga". Noticias24.com. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
12"As it slides toward authoritarianism, Venezuela targets one of its last independent newspapers". The Washington Post. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
12"World Press Freedom Index 2009: Obama effect in US, while Europe continues to recede Israel in free fall, Iran at gates of infernal trio". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015.
↑Forero, Juan (16 May 2005). "And Now, the News in Latin America's View". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331.
↑Bruce, Ian (28 June 2005). "Venezuela sets up 'CNN rival'". BBC News.
↑"Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez's Movie Studio". Newsweek. 23 October 2009.
↑"Map of Press Freedom 2011".Archived 23 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Freedom House.org. 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
↑"Hugo Chávez Frías (@chavezcandanga) op Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
↑Carroll, Rory (28 April 2010). "Hugo Chávez embraces Twitter to fight online 'conspiracy'". The Guardian.
↑Carroll, Rory (10 August 2010). "Hugo Chávez's Twitter habit proves a popular success". The Guardian. London.
↑Duboff, Josh (9 May 2010). "Hugo Chavez Has a Team of 200 Helping Him Tweet". New York.
1234Marthoz, Jean-Paul. "Venezuela's foreign policy: a mirage based on a curse"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
↑Davis, Stuart (2023). Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy. Haymarket Books. p.275. ISBN978-1-64259-812-4. OCLC1345216431.
↑"Using oil to spread revolution". The Economist. 28 July 2005.
↑"Guyana to Try for Better Oil Rates Under Caracas Accord". Stabroek News. 20 January 2004. Archived from the original on 16 December 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
12Mander, Benedict (16 September 2012). "Venezuela: Up in smoke". Financial Times.
↑"Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil'". BBC News. 10 September 2006.
↑"Venezuela expels 3 American Diplomats over Violence Conspiracy". IANS. Bihar Prabha. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
↑Byrne, Jennifer. "Venezuela – Bolivarian Revolution"Archived 26 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.Foreign Correspondent. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2005.
↑"With Marx, Lenin and Jesus Christ". The Economist. 11 January 2007.
↑Jairo Vargas (2013). "Ni el poder ni el dinero...Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine". Latino News
↑"Bocaranda: La nueva religiosidad de Chávez revela la gravedad de su cáncer"[Bocaranda: Chávez's new religiosity reveals the seriousness of his cancer]. NotiActual (in Spanish). 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
↑O'Shaughnessy, Hugh (6 July 2011). "Hugo Chávez keeps the faith". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
↑"Chávez condena ataque "genocida" del "maldito" Estado de Israel"[Chávez condemns "genocidal" attack by the "damned" State of Israel]. La Nación (in Spanish). Caracas. 2 June 2010.
↑Otaola, Javier (12 February 2006). "Chávez y sus demonios"[Chávez and his demons]. La Jornada (in Spanish).
↑"Chávez condenó al "infierno" a un líder evangélico"[Chávez condemned an evangelical leader to "hell"]. El Mercurio (in Spanish). 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.
↑Ceaser, Mike (21 June 2004). "The goddess and the president". BBC News. Caracas.
↑"Chávez, después del cancer, recurre a la religión"[Chávez, after cancer, turns to religion] (in Spanish). 7 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.
↑"Hugo Chávez murió "en el seno de la Iglesia""[Hugo Chávez died "in the bosom of the Church"]. ACI Prensa (in Spanish). 6 March 2013.
↑Romero, Simon (1 July 2011). "Chávez Says a Cancerous Tumor Was Removed". The New York Times.
↑JAMES, IAN (30 June 2011). "Chavez reveals he is fighting cancer after surgery". Today.
↑"Venezuela's Chavez back in Cuba for cancer treatment". BBC News. 17 July 2011.
↑Devereaux, Charlie (17 July 2011). "Chavez Delegates Some Powers, Says He Will Rule From Cuba". Bloomberg News.
↑Cambero, Fabian; Ellsworth, Brian (26 January 2013). "Venezuela's Chavez overcomes infection, still having treatment". Reuters.
↑"Venezuela's Chávez 'overcomes infection'". Aljazeera.com. 27 January 2013.
↑"Hugo Chávez 'back in Venezuela' after Cuba cancer care". BBC News. 18 February 2013.
↑"Venezuela Says Chávez Receiving Chemotherapy". Associated Press. 2 March 2013.
↑Gupta, Girish (2 March 2013). "Venezuela says Chávez receiving chemotherapy". USA Today.
↑"Venezuela Chavez having chemotherapy, says VP Maduro". BBC News. 2 March 2013.
↑"Chavez's breathing problems worsen, has severe new infection". NBC News. 5 March 2013.
↑"Venezuela says Chávez's breathing problems have worsened". Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 5 March 2013.
↑Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2 April 2015). Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez. Brookings Institution Press. p.14. ISBN978-0815725930.
123Kraul, Chris; Mogollon, Mery (5 March 2013). "President Hugo Chavez dies at 58; hero to Venezuela's poor". Los Angeles Times.
12"General: Heart attack killed a suffering Chavez". Associated Press. 7 March 2013.
↑"Thousands make pilgrimage to Chávez's tomb". The Times. 17 March 2013.
↑Cawthorne, Andrew (5 April 2013). "Chavez shrine draws crowds of pilgrims a month after his death". Reuters.
12"El jefe de Seguridad de Chávez declaró que el caudillo murió dos meses antes de la fecha oficial"[Chávez's security chief stated that the leader died two months before the official date]. Infobae. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
↑"Diosdado Cabello a Luisa Ortega Díaz: "vente que Chávez se murió""[Diosdado Cabello to Luisa Ortega Díaz: "come, Chávez has died"]. El Nacional (in Spanish). 12 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
↑Condecoro Fidel a Hugo Chavez con Orden Jose Marti Londres2012.ain.cu (in Spanish)
↑Cidadãos estrangeiros agraciados com ordens portuguesas Ordens.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese)
↑"Discurso pronunciado por el Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz en el acto de condecoración con la Orden "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" al Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, en el X Aniversario de su primera visita a Cuba. Teatro "Carlos Marx", 14 de diciembre de 2004"[Speech delivered by Commander-in-Chief Fidel Castro Ruz at the ceremony awarding the Order of "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" to the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, on the 10th anniversary of his first visit to Cuba. "Carlos Marx" Theater, 14 December 2004] (in Spanish). Fidel: Soldado de las Ideas. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
↑"Highest Badge of Honor Granted to Chavez". Fars News Agency. 30 July 2006. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
↑"Syrian President Awarded Iran's Medal of Honor". People's Daily. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
↑Imposición de Orden Amistad de Pueblos al Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo ChávezArchived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela– Washington D.C., US (in Spanish)
↑"Chávez y El Asad crean el "eje de los valientes" frente al imperialismo"[Chávez and Assad create the "axis of the brave" against imperialism]. El País (in Spanish). 27 June 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
↑"Venezuela estrecha relación con Abjasia y Osetia del Sur"[Venezuela strengthens relationship with Abkhazia and South Ossetia] (in Spanish). El Universo. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
↑"Председник Николић постхумно одликовао Уга Чавеса, председника Венецуеле"[President Nikolić posthumously decorated Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela]. Predsednik.rs. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
↑"Presidente Lobo reconoce labor de Hugo Chávez a favor de Honduras"[President Lobo recognizes Hugo Chávez's work in favor of Honduras] (in Spanish). 26 January 2014 – via 20minutos.com.mx.
↑"Maduro recibió al palestino Abbas y desafió a Occidente prometiéndole apoyo internacional"[Maduro received Palestinian Abbas and challenged the West by promising him international support]. Infobae (in Spanish). 16 May 2014.
↑"News – Minsk city executive committee". minsk.gov.by. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
↑"El-Bireh Municipality dedicates a street to Hugo Chavez – Palestinian Daily News". 16 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
↑"Moscow Street Named After Late Venezuelan Leader Chavez". The Moscow Times. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
↑"Gobierno en Línea: Biografía del Presidente Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías"[Online Government: Biography of President Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías] (in Spanish). Government of Venezuela. 2005. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
↑"UNI otorgará "Honoris Causa" a Chávez"[UNI will award Chávez an honorary degree]. El Nuevo Diario (in Spanish). 5 January 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
↑UMSA entrega título de Honoris Causa a ChávezArchived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Eldiario.net, 24 January 2006 (in Spanish)
↑Pérez, Carolina (11 November 2007). "CHÁVEZ RECIBIÓ GRADO DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA DE UNIVERSIDAD ARCIS"[Chávez received an honorary doctorate from ARCIS University]. Crónica Digital (in Spanish). Santiago. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
↑"Chávez recebe título de doutor honoris causa em Damasco"[Chávez receives honorary doctorate in Damascus]. Vermelho (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 August 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
↑"Chávez fue investido doctor "honoris causa" por la Universidad de Trípoli"[Chávez was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Tripoli]. El Espectador (in Spanish). 23 October 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
↑"Chávez fue investido doctor "honoris causa" por la Universidad de Trípoli"[Chávez was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Tripoli] (in Spanish). América Economía. 23 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
↑Brodner, Steve (8 March 2013). "Hugo Chavez Cartoons and Comics". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
↑"Cartoonists Say Goodbye to Hugo Chavez". The Contributor. 6 March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
↑"Hugo Chavez Cartoons and Comics". News Cartoons, Cartoonstock. 21 April 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
↑"Hugo Chavez Cartoons and Comics". The Mercury News. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
↑"Los medios y la telenovela a 10 años de "Cosita Rica", por Carolina Acosta-Alzuru «Prodavinci"[The media and the telenovela 10 years after "Cosita Rica", by Carolina Acosta-Alzuru]. historico.prodavinci.com (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2025.
↑"South of the Border". Movies.is. 30 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
↑"'La Isla Presidencial' Keeps Venezuelans Laughing, Despite Contentious Politics". HuffPost. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
↑"El ocaso del socialismo mágico – PLAY TV"[The twilight of magical socialism – PLAY TV]. ABC (in Spanish). 2 December 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
↑"Proyección: El ocaso del socialismo mágico"[Screening: The twilight of magical socialism]. El Ucabista (in Spanish). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
↑"'Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI' es premiado como mejor documental en Nueva York"['Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century' is awarded best documentary in New York] (in Spanish). El Nuevo País. Archived from the original on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
↑Sánchez Amaya, Humberto. "El pueblo soy yo, un documental para evitar la indiferencia"[I am the people, a documentary to avoid indifference] (in Spanish). El Nacional. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
Sources
Books
Arráiz Lucca, Rafael (2007). Venezuela: 1830 a nuestros días[Venezuela: 1830 to the present day] (in Spanish) (1sted.). Titivillus. p.201. ISBN9789803542351.
Brewer-Carías, Allan (2010). Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: The Chávez Authoritarian Experiment. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-19587-4.
Carroll, Rory (2013). Commandante: myth and reality in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela. New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN978-1-59420-457-9.
Javier Corrales; Penfold, Michael (2011). Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN978-0-8157-0497-3.
Hawkins, Kirk A. (2010). Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-76503-9.
Marcano, Christina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (2007). Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President. New York: Random House. ISBN978-0-679-45666-7.
Márquez, Laureano; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro[Little history of Venezuela: From Macuro to Maduro] (1sted.). Gráficas Pedrazas. ISBN978-1-7328777-1-9.
Neuman, William (2022). Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela (1sted.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-1250266163.
Tarver, H. Michael; Frederick, Julia C. (2005). The History of Venezuela. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-33525-9.
Trinkunas, Harold A. (2005). Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-0-8078-5650-5.
Woods, Alan (2006). The Venezuelan Revolution: A Marxist Perspective (Third Edition). London: Well Red Books. ISBN978-1-900007-21-4.
Academic articles
Gibbs, Terry, T. (2006). "Business as Usual: what the Chávez era tells us about democracy under globalisation". Third World Quarterly. 27 (2): 265–79. doi:10.1080/01436590500492931. JSTOR4017674. S2CID154147337.
Holland, Alisha (2008). A decade under Chávez: political intolerance and lost opportunities for advancing human rights in Venezuela. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN978-1-56432-371-2.
López Maya, Margarita (2003). "Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency". In Ellner, Steve; Hellinger, Daniel (eds.). Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization and Conflict. Boulder: Lynne Riener. pp.73–92. ISBN978-1-58826-297-4.
Ramírez, Cristóbal Valencia, C. b. V. (2005). "Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution: Who Are the Chavistas?". Latin American Perspectives. 32 (3): 79–97. doi:10.1177/0094582X05275532. JSTOR30040243. S2CID145020614.
Sylvia, Ronald D; Danopoulos, Constantine P. (2003). "The Chávez Phenomenon: Political Change in Venezuela". Third World Quarterly. 24 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1080/713701367. JSTOR3993630. S2CID154551869.
Zúquete, José Pedro, José Pedro (Spring 2008). "The Missionary Politics of Hugo Chávez". Latin American Politics and Society. 50 (1): 91–121. CiteSeerX10.1.1.463.8436. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00005.x. JSTOR30130840. S2CID144481618.
News articles, reports and essays
Anderson, Jon Lee (28 January 2013). "Slumlord: what has Hugo Chávez wrought in Venezuela?". Letter from Caracas. The New Yorker. Vol.88, no.45. pp.40–51. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Beaumont, Peter (7 May 2006). "The new kid in the barrio". The Observer. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Bellos, Alex (17 December 1999). "New Venezuela hands Chávez wide powers". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Carl, Traci (11 January 2007). "Nicaragua's Ortega Signs Trade Pact". The Washington Post. Washington D.C. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Carroll, Rory (16 February 2009). "Hugo Chávez wins referendum allowing indefinite re-election". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
Padgett, Tim (18 April 2005). "Hugo Chávez: The Radical with Deep Pockets". Time. New York City. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Padgett, Tim (30 April 2006). "Hugo Chávez: Leading the Left Wing Charge". Time. New York City. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Padgett, Tim (3 March 2008). "War Drums in Latin America". Time. New York City. Archived from the original on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Pretel, Enrique Andres (21 September 2009). "Venezuela exhumes unnamed dead in riot investigation". Reuters. London. Archived from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
Romero, Simon (16 February 2010). "Purging Loyalists, Chávez Tightens His Inner Circle". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
Shifter, Michael, M. (May–June 2006). "In Search of Hugo Chávez". Foreign Affairs. 85 (3): 45–59. doi:10.2307/20031966. JSTOR20031966.
"Chávez offers oil to Europe's poor". The Observer. London: Guardian Media Group. 14 May 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
"Chávez wins Venezuela re-election". BBC News. London. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
Interviews
Sackur, Stephen; Chávez, Hugo (15 June 2010). "Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela". HARDtalk. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Websites and e-publications
Trinkunas, Harold; McCoy, Jennifer (February 1999). "Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elections: A Report of the Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government"(PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: The Carter Centre. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
"Del Caracazo Case". Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
"Venezuela: Hugo Chávez's Revolution". International Crisis Group. 22 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
External links
Official personal blog(in Spanish)
Multimedia
PBS Frontline documentary: The Hugo Chávez Show
The Guardian:"The Rise and Rule of 'Hurricane Hugo'" audio slide show
Democracy Now! 16 September 2005 Interview: Part IArchived 13 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine and Part IIArchived 4 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine with Hugo Chávez, in New York City
ABC News video, 27 April 2007: Barbara Walters interviews Hugo Chávez
Interview with Hugo Chávez about the American threat on YouTube October 2009
NPR audio report, 18 February 2008: "The Politics of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez"