生物ポンプのプロセス。白い枠内の数値は炭素フラックス(Gt C yr−1)、黒い枠内の数値は炭素質量(Gt C)です。植物プランクトンは、大気から海洋表層に溶け込んだ CO 2を一次生産中に粒子状有機炭素(POC)に変換します。植物プランクトンは、オキアミや小型動物プランクトンの草食動物に食べられ、さらにそれらはより高次の栄養段階の捕食者に食べられます。食べられなかった植物プランクトンは凝集体を形成し、動物プランクトンの糞粒とともに急速に沈降し、混合層から排出されます。オキアミ、動物プランクトン、微生物は、表層海洋で植物プランクトンを、深層で沈降するデトリタス粒子を捕捉し、このPOCを消費して呼吸し、CO2(溶存無機炭素、DIC)に変換するため、表層で生成された炭素のごく一部だけが深海(すなわち、水深1000m以上)に沈降します。オキアミや小型の動物プランクトンは摂食時に、粒子を物理的に細かく砕き、沈降速度が遅い、あるいは沈降しない断片にします(粗雑な摂食、糞を砕く場合は糞の破砕)。これによりPOCの流出が抑制されます。この過程で、溶存有機炭素(DOC)が細胞から直接、または細菌による溶解(DOCを囲む黄色の円)を介して間接的に放出されます。その後、細菌はDOCをDIC(CO2、微生物園芸)に再鉱化することができます。日周垂直移動を行うオキアミ、小型動物プランクトン、魚類は、夜間に表層でPOCを消費し、日中の生息深度である中深層で代謝することにより、炭素を積極的に深層へ輸送することができる。種の生活史によっては、能動輸送は季節的にも起こる可能性がある。[ 129 ]
"Our results show how future climate change can potentially weaken marine food webs through reduced energy flow to higher trophic levels and a shift towards a more detritus-based system, leading to food web simplification and altered producer–consumer dynamics, both of which have important implications for the structuring of benthic communities."[209][210]
"...increased temperatures reduce the vital flow of energy from the primary food producers at the bottom (e.g. algae), to intermediate consumers (herbivores), to predators at the top of marine food webs. Such disturbances in energy transfer can potentially lead to a decrease in food availability for top predators, which in turn, can lead to negative impacts for many marine species within these food webs... "Whilst climate change increased the productivity of plants, this was mainly due to an expansion of cyanobacteria (small blue-green algae)," said Mr Ullah. "This increased primary productivity does not support food webs, however, because these cyanobacteria are largely unpalatable and they are not consumed by herbivores. Understanding how ecosystems function under the effects of global warming is a challenge in ecological research. Most research on ocean warming involves simplified, short-term experiments based on only one or a few species."[210]
The distribution of anthropogenic stressors faced by marine species threatened with extinction in various marine regions of the world. Numbers in the pie charts indicate the percentage contribution of an anthropogenic stressors' impact in a specific marine region.[176][211]Anthropogenic stressors to marine species threatened with extinction[176]
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