Complexity is understood as a large computational effort needed to assemble numerous interacting parts. Global patterns of biological diversity are complex. This biocomplexity stems from the interplay among ecological processes that influence patterns at different scales, such as transitional areas or ecotones spanning landscapes. Complexity stems from the interplay among levels of biological organization as energy, and matter is integrated into larger units that superimpose onto the smaller parts.[76]:209 Small scale patterns do not necessarily explain larger ones, as in Aristotle's expression "the sum is greater than the parts".[77][78][E] "Complexity in ecology is of at least six distinct types: spatial, temporal, structural, process, behavioral, and geometric."[79]:3 From these principles, ecologists have identified emergent and self-organizing phenomena that operate at different environmental scales of influence, ranging from molecular to planetary, and these require different explanations at each integrative level.[38][80]
Holism
Holism is a critical part of the theory of ecology. Holism addresses the biological organization of life that self-organizes into layers of emergent whole systems that function according to non-reducible properties. This means that higher-order patterns of a whole functional system, such as an ecosystem, cannot be predicted or understood by a simple summation of the parts.[81] "New properties emerge because the components interact, not because the basic nature of the components is changed."[39]:8
これは、ヘッケルのオリジナルの定義のコピーです (原文: Haeckel, E. (1866) Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzige derorganischen Formen- Wissenschaft, mechanisch begriindet durch die von Charles Darwin Reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. 2 vols. Reimer, Berlin.) を翻訳し、Stauffer より引用しました。 (1957年)。
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