2010年平等法が施行されているにもかかわらず、多くの人々が英国政府に対し、職場でのセクシャルハラスメントを阻止するための政策をさらに強化するよう求めている。特に「This is Not Working」という団体は、女性と平等委員会が行った最近の調査によると、現行法があっても職場でのセクシャルハラスメントは依然として非常に蔓延しているため活動している。この運動は、より多くの雇用主が責任を負い、セクシャルハラスメントを積極的に防止するよう求めている。[ 234 ]
2010年職場における女性へのハラスメント防止法は、南アジアで職業環境におけるセクシャルハラスメントに対処するために特別に制定された最初の立法措置でした。この法律は、市民社会ネットワークAASHA(Alliance Against Sexual Harassment)によって設計、起草、提唱され、AASHAはその発展において中心的な役割を果たしました。同時に、パキスタン刑法(1860年法律第XLV号)第509条[ 257 ]および1898年刑事訴訟法(1898年法律第V号)第509条の関連改正が可決され、署名されました。保護法は、ハラスメントの苦情申立人のセクシャルハラスメント法の審査と解決のための組織内の内部メカニズムを確立しましたが[ 258 ] 、刑法改正は、個人が全国的にハラスメントの苦情を申し立てることを可能にし、そのような事件の警察への登録を義務付けることで、法的救済の範囲を拡大しました。
フランクリン対グウィネット郡公立学校事件(1992年)において、米国最高裁判所は、教師が生徒に性的嫌がらせをした場合、私人が損害賠償を請求できると判示した。[ 281 ]ベテル学区第403号対フレイザー事件(1986年)において、裁判所は、教育過程を著しく妨害し、「公立学校教育の基本的価値」と矛盾すると考えられる「わいせつで冒涜的な言葉やジェスチャー」を生徒が使用した場合、学校は生徒を懲戒する権限を有すると判示した。[ 282 ]タイトルIXを管理する米国教育省が1997年に発行した規則では、嫌がらせをした者が「学校における権限のある立場によって生徒への性的嫌がらせの実行を助けられた」場合、学区は教育者による嫌がらせに対して責任を負うべきであるとされている。[ 283 ] 1999 年のDavis v. Monroe County Board of EducationおよびMurrell v. School Dist. No. 1では、原告が学校当局の対応が差別の「実際の認識」に対する「意図的な無関心」を示していることを十分に立証した場合、学校は生徒間の性的嫌がらせに対する責任を負うことになった。[ 284 ] [ 285 ]
報復とは、従業員がセクシャルハラスメントを報告したり、苦情を申し立てたり、他の人の苦情を支援したり、差別防止活動に参加したりした後に、不利益な措置を受けた場合に発生する。不利益な措置には、解雇、降格、停職、昇進拒否、低い評価、不利な職務再配置など、「合理的な労働者」が差別の申し立てをしたり支持したりすることを思いとどまらせる可能性のあるあらゆる不利益な雇用上の決定や扱いが含まれる。(Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White を参照。)[ 293 ]報復はセクシャルハラスメント自体と同様に違法であるが、立証するのも同様に難しい。また、報復は、当初のセクシャルハラスメントの申し立てが立証されなかった場合でも違法である。
ニュージャージー州
ニュージャージー州は、歴史的に米国で最も強力なセクシャルハラスメント防止法の一つを持つことで知られていました。差別禁止法では、セクシャルハラスメントが上級管理職によって行われた場合、雇用主に責任があるとされていました。2015年、ニュージャージー州最高裁判所は、ニュージャージー州の判例を修正し、企業が周知徹底され、施行されているハラスメント防止ポリシーを持っている場合は、責任を負わないとしました。したがって、ポリシーが存在し、施行されている場合、セクシャルハラスメントの被害者または目撃者は、その行為を報告する必要があります。企業が問題を調査し、ハラスメントが停止するように是正措置を講じれば、責任を負わないことになります。企業が責任を負うのは、その行為が再び発生した場合のみです。(Aguas v. NJを参照。)[ 294 ]
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Sources
Boland, Mary L. Sexual Harassment: Your Guide to Legal ActionArchived 20 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Naperville, Illinois: Sphinx Publishing, 2002. ISBN978-1-57248-217-3.
Further reading
Baker, Carrie (2008). The Women's Movement Against Sexual Harassment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521704946.
Bravo, Ellen; Cassedy, Ellen (1999). The 9 to 5 Guide to Combating Sexual Harassment. Milwaukee: 9to5 Working Women Education Fund. ISBN978-0-9673398-0-1.
Coburn, Jennifer. (1995). Take Back Your Power: A Working Woman's Response to Sexual Harassment. ism press. ISBN978-0-910383-13-4
Drawing the Line: Sexual Harassment on Campus. American Association of University Women. 2006.
Hostile Hallways: Bullying, Teasing, and Sexual Harassment in School. American Association of University Women. 2002.
Dromm, Keith (2012). Sexual Harassment: An Introduction to the Conceptual and Ethical Issues. Broadview Press. ISBN978-1554810109.
Friedman, Gabrielle S., and James Q. Whitman. "The European transformation of harassment law: discrimination versus dignity." Columbia Journal of European Law 9 (2002): 241+.
LaLonde, Jane; O'Shea, Tracy (1998). Sexual Harassment: A Practical Guide to the Law, Your Rights, and Your Options for Taking Action. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN978-0-312-19524-3.
MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1979). Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-02299-5.
MacKinnon, Catharine A.; Siegel, Reva B., eds. (2004). Directions in Sexual Harassment Law. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. ISBN978-0-300-09800-6.
McLaughlin, Heather; Uggen, Christopher; Blackstone, Amy (June 2017). "The economic and career effects of sexual harassment on working women". Gender & Society. 31 (3): 333–358. doi:10.1177/0891243217704631. PMC5644356. PMID29056822.
Morewitz, Stephen J. (1996). Sexual Harassment and Social Change in American Society. Lanham, MD: Austin & Winfield, Publishers, University Press of America, Inc., Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Group. ISBN 978-1880921760
Paludi, Michele A., ed. (1990). Ivory Power: Sexual Harassment on Campus. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN978-0-7914-0457-7.
Patai, Daphne. Heterophobia: Sexual Harassment and the Future of Feminism. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. ISBN978-0-8476-8987-3.
Pina, Afroditi, and Theresa A. Gannon. "An overview of the literature on antecedents, perceptions and behavioural consequences of sexual harassment." Journal of Sexual Aggression 18.2 (2012): 209–232. online
Roberts, Barry S.; Mann, Richard A. "Sexual Harassment In The Workplace: A Primer"Archived 25 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
Saguy, Abigail C. (2003). What is Sexual Harassment: From Capitol Hill to the Sorbonne (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
Uggen, Christopher; Powers, Ráchael A.; McLaughlin, Heather; Blackstone, Amy (2021). "Toward a Criminology of Sexual Harassment". Annual Review of Criminology. 4 (1): 33–51.
Wadham, John, et al. Blackstone's guide to the Equality Act 2010 (Oxford University Press, 2010) in UK; online .