立法上の暴力

立法暴力とは、大まかに言うと、議会内で、対立を呼ぶ問題や僅差の票決がきっかけとなって、立法府の議員間で起こる暴力的な衝突のことを指し、多くの場合は物理的な衝突である。このような衝突は多くの国で発生しており、注目すべき事件は今も起きている。

政治家が口論する光景は、議会の威厳あるイメージとは相容れないが、他の職場と同様に、議会の職員もストレスや怒りに駆られやすい。場所を問わず、政治の論争的な性質と、それに関わる大きな利害関係は、くすぶる緊張をさらに高めることが多い。^[1]

立法上の暴力に精通している米国下院議員ガルーシャ・A・グロウ氏は、その前兆を次のように描写している。^[2]

暑い午後や夜に数百人の男たちを集め、党派的な情熱の炎で彼らを燃え上がらせ、争点となっている問題に対する投票によって生じるかもしれない個人的な利益や損失について疑念を抱かせて彼らを困惑させ、仲間に対する嫉妬や悪意を植え付ければ、口論の材料は豊富に得られる。必要なのは言い訳だけであり、それはあまりにも頻繁に見つかる。

いくつかの研究では、立法府での暴力の原因と影響を分析している。^{[3] [4]}「パンチを数える: 立法府での乱闘の個人的な論理」の共著者は、個々の政治家が立法府で暴力を振るうのは、計算された戦略であると推測している。「[政治家は] 特定の対象者に対して、自分は誰で、どのような人間であるかというメッセージを送ろうとしている。そのメッセージは、政治家としてのキャリアに役立つはずだ」と、この本の共著者であるネイサン・F・バット氏は述べた。^[5]

ナジファ・ザキとハミダ・アフマドザイはパキスタンからのロケット攻撃をめぐって国会議事堂内で争った。 ^[6]

議員たちは新しい議長の選出をめぐって乱闘した。^[7]

2023年11月20日、アルバニア野党民主党のメンバーが、エディ・ラマ首相が着席した際に会議場の中央に照明弾を点火し、椅子を積み重ねて、国の予算に関する議会の投票を妨害したため、小さな火災が発生したが、すぐに消し止められた。 ^[8]

電気、ディーゼル燃料、3G携帯電話サービスの料金を引き上げる税法案は、2015年11月30日に議会で乱闘を引き起こした^。[9]

将軍で独裁者の ジュリアス・シーザーは紀元前44年3月15日、ローマ元老院の会議中に元老院議員の一団により暗殺されたことで有名である。カッシウスとブルータスに率いられ、リベラトーレスと名乗った元老院議員たちは、シーザーを暗殺しようと密かに共謀し、さまざまな方法を検討していた。最終的に彼らは、元老院の会議中にシーザーを殺害することを決定した。会議には元老院議員しか出席できず、シーザーは一人きりになるからだった。元老院議員たちは、シーザーが元老院に権力を委譲することを要求する偽の請願書を起草し、シーザーはそれを読み上げるため元老院の会議を招集した。シーザーがポンペイウス劇場で元老院議員たちと会ったとき、彼らはトーガの下に隠した短剣でシーザーを何度も刺し、殺害した。カエサルの暗殺は共和国の支配権をめぐる内戦を引き起こし、最終的にはカエサル・アウグストゥスの台頭とローマ帝国の建国に至った。^{[10] [11]}

アルメニアでは立法暴力が発生している。^{[12] [13] [14] [15]}

二重帝国時代、帝国のオーストリア半分である帝国評議会 ( ‹Tfd› ドイツ語 : Reichsrat ) の代議院( ‹Tfd›ドイツ語: Abgeordnetenhaus )では、頻繁な暴​​力行為が続いた。1898 年にハーパーズ誌に寄稿したマーク・トウェインは、次のように述べている。

ある夜、いつもの騒乱が最高潮に轟き、轟音が響き渡る中、喧嘩が勃発した。それは、激しくうねり、もがき、肩を並べて争うようなものだった。多くの殴打が繰り広げられた。シェーネラーは二度、大臣の重い長椅子を持ち上げ（片手で持ち上げたという者もいる）、多数派の議員を脅したが、椅子はシェーネラーから引き離された。議員の一人が大統領のベルでヴォルフの頭を殴り、別の議員が首を絞めた。教授は投げ倒され、拳で殴られ、首を絞められた。教授は、殴打から身を守るために開いたペンナイフを掲げたが、ナイフはシェーネラーから奪われ、遠くに投げ飛ばされた。ナイフは、何もしていなかった平和的なキリスト教社会主義者に当たり、その手から血を流した。^[16]

2019年2月13日、ブライアン・バーストンと顧問のジェームズ・アシュビーは、バーストンとワン・ネーション党のポーリン・ハンソンがお互いにセクハラを非難した後、国会議事堂で衝突した。^{[17] [18] [19]}

2007年、多民族立法議会の下院である代議院で争いが勃発した。争いは、汚職容疑で4人の裁判官を裁判にかけるかどうかをめぐる議論の最中に勃発した。^[20]

ゴラジュデのボスニア・ポドリニェ県議会での激しい議論の後、自由党の党首でもあったダリボルカ・ミロヴィッチ議員が、新法の起草をめぐる意見の相違から、プラスチック製の水のボトルを投げ、当時議会議長であった民主戦線党員エディタ・ヴェリッチに当てた。事件後、ミロヴィッチ議員は市警察に速やかに建物から連れ出された。^[21]

PDPの有力な党員であるドラシュコ・スタニヴコヴィッチは、当初、セルビア共和国政府を標的としたさまざまな行為を理由に、ミロラド・ドディクの右派SNSD主体のクラブから叱責された。国会議員として、スタニヴコヴィッチは挑発的とみなされる派手なアイデアの発表で有名になった。その日、スタニヴコヴィッチは、SNSD 党員でもあったセルビア共和国の内務大臣ドラガン・ルカーチから暴行を受けた。衝突の直前、ルカーチはスタニヴコヴィッチに対し、政府を標的とした挑発をやめるよう警告し、「彼が持ってきた小さな旗と同じように、床に倒れることになるだろう」と警告した。ルカーチは声明後、スタニヴコヴィッチに近寄るよう頼んだ。スタニヴコヴィッチは既に国会議事堂内を歩き回ってNATO旗を配り、出席者に配っていた。ルカーチはスタニヴコヴィッチに近寄るよう頼み、その際にスタニヴコヴィッチを「猿」と呼んだ。スタニヴコヴィッチはこれに応え、短い言葉のやり取りの後、ルカーチは右拳でスタニヴコヴィッチの頭を殴った。この出来事は国営放送局RTRSで生中継された。これはボスニアの3人の大統領が全員一致で改革プログラムに署名することに合意した事件の後に起こった。この改革プログラムは未公開のSMO協定であると広く推測されており、ボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナがNATOへの正式加盟を追求することを可能にするものだった。この出来事の後、ルカーチは国民に謝罪したが、スタニヴコヴィッチには謝罪しなかった。^[21]

1963年12月4日、後の大統領フェルナンド・コロールの父でアラゴアス州上院議員のアルノン・デ・メロは、メロの政敵でアラゴアス州上院議員のシルベストル・ペリクレスに38口径のリボルバーで3発の銃弾を発射した。ペリクレスから銃弾は逃れたが、アクレ州上院議員ホセ・カイララの腹部に2発の銃弾が命中した。カイララはすぐにブラジリアの病院に搬送されたが、その後死亡した。アルノン・デ・メロは1964年7月まで投獄されたが、ブラジリア陪審裁判所で正当防衛を理由に無罪となった。^{[22] [23]}

ブリティッシュコロンビア州選出の改革派議員ダレル・スティンソンは、オンタリオ州選出の自由党議員ジョン・カニスに異議を唱えた。カニスはスティンソンを「人種差別主義者」と呼び、さらに侮辱的な言葉を浴びせた。スティンソンはその後、議場を横切ろうとしたが、他の議員らが介入し、議長は秩序を求めた。^{[24] [25]}

新民主党の下院議長ネイサン・カレンは保守党の予算案の可決を遅らせようとしたが、その結果、保守党政府下院議長ピーター・ヴァン・ローンとNDP党首トム・ムルケアの間で脅迫的な対立が起こり、メディアでは「乱闘寸前」と評された。^[26]

下院での採決の前に、 ジャスティン・トルドー首相は 保守党野党院内幹事ゴード・ブラウンを「乱暴に扱い」 、誤って新民主党議員ルース・エレン・ブロソーを肘で殴った。この事件は「エルボーゲート」として知られるようになり、下院では正式に「ベルティエ＝マスキノンジェ選出議員への身体的嫌がらせ事件」と呼ばれた。^{[27] [28]}

2017年、香港立法会の会議の前に泛民主派の議員が梁振英行政長官にグラスを投げつけ、暴行罪で起訴された。^[要出典]別の事件では、香港立法会の議場に許可なく侵入した2人の議員が乱闘を起こし、その後議員らは就任宣誓を読み上げようとした。^{[リンク切れ] [29]}

保健大臣のデイヴィッド・ラートと右派のライバルであるミロスラフ・マチェクは、プラハで不満を抱く歯科医の集会中に対立した。^[30]

極右政党「統一愛国者のための選択肢」のリーダーである国会議員ルボミール・ヴォルニー 氏は、 COVID-19パンデミックによる非常事態の延長に関する議論の最中に、トマーシュ・ハンゼル副議長を攻撃した。ハンゼル副議長がこの件について発言しないよう叱責された後、ヴォルニー氏はハンゼル氏を侮辱し始め、マイクがオフになると、副議長に近づいて対峙し、代わりにマイクを使おうとした。他の議員らがハンゼル氏を助けに来たが、結局警備員がヴォルニー氏を連行した。^{[31] [32] [33]}

カマル・アハメドは、イスラエル大使ハイム・コーレンを接待した国会会議中にタウフィク・オカシャに靴を投げつけた。^[34]

地理学者のサイード・アル・フセニー氏がガザ地区はエジプトの一部であると説明しようとしていたところ、国会議員のアハメド・タンタウィ氏が演壇に上がり、フセニー氏のマイクを壊した。^[35]

1929年2月5日、リーギコグの会議中に、農民会議は社会主義労働者党の教育福祉大臣 レオポルド・ヨハンソンが賄賂を受け取ったと告発した。農民会議のアルトゥール・トゥピッツはヨハンソンの顔を2回平手打ちし、2人は引き離された。騒動は翌日も続いた。トゥピッツは2か月間逮捕された。彼の名前は、エストニア語で乱闘を表す新しい表現（tupitsat tegema 、以前の表現tuupi tegemaに似ている）に影響を与えた。^[36]

1988年、ヨハネ・パウロ2世が欧州議会で演説した際、当時の欧州議会議員であった強硬派のアルスター支持者 イアン・ペイズリーは、教皇を反キリストと非難し、他の議員からブーイングを浴び、物を投げつけられた。^[37]オットー・フォン・ハプスブルクは、ペイズリーを物理的に部屋から追い出すのを手伝った者の一人であった。^[38]

マイク・フックムは2016年に英国独立党の会議でスティーブン・ウルフの顔を殴った^。[39]

2014年12月26日、国際機関におけるジョージア代表団の構成をめぐる口論の後、乱闘が勃発した。^[40]

2024年4月15日、物議を醸している「外国エージェント」法案に関する議論の最中、与党ジョージア・ドリーム党の議会派閥のリーダーであるマムカ・ムディナラーゼは、演説台で演説中に野党議員のアレコ・エリサシビリから顔面を殴打された。^[41]

1950年3月10日、ヴォルフガング・ヘドラー [de]は、ナチスドイツに対するレジスタンスを裏切り者と呼び、一般的に無秩序な行動をとる反ユダヤ主義の演説をしたために連邦議会から追放された後も、建物を離れなかった。ヘルベルト・ヴェーナー、ルドルフ＝エルンスト・ハイランド、その他の社会民主党員が、休憩室でインタビューを受け、彼が追放された理由を繰り返している彼を見つけ、襲撃した。逃走中、ヘドラーはガラスのドアを突き破って階段から転落し、頭部に裂傷を負った。ヘドラーは極右ドイツ党員であり、ナチス時代には国家社会主義ドイツ労働者党員だった。ヴェーナー、ハイランド、その他の社会民主党員は、罰として連邦議会から10日間追放された。^[42]

2017年5月16日、ギリシャ議会でニコス・デンディアスとイリアス・カシディアリスの間で争いが勃発した。^[43]

1988年1月、タミル・ナードゥ州議会で、 1987年12月に夫のMG・ラマチャンドランが死去した後、首相を務めていたVN・ジャナキ氏に対する多数決をめぐって暴動が起きた。インド国民会議派（ADMK）は分裂し、ほとんどの議員がジャナキ氏を支持し、一部はジャヤラリター氏の首相就任を支持した。60名の議員を擁するインド国民会議は「キングメーカー」の役割を果たすことができた。^[44]ニューデリーの国民会議派主導の中央政府はジャナキ氏に反対票を投じるよう議員に命じたが、一部の議員は辞職を選び、ジャナキ政権が多数決で生き残ることを可能にした。議会では暴動が起こり、議員らがマイクスタンドや履物で互いを殴り合ったが、機動隊が議会に突入し警棒で全員を殴りつけたことで暴動はようやく収束した。^[44]しかしジャナキ派はインド憲法第356条に基づき、政権に就いてわずか24日で中央政府に解任された。州は1989年1月に予定されている次回の州議会選挙まで1年間大統領の統治下に置かれることになった。

1989年3月25日、州議会で、国家予算の読み上げをめぐって、与党ドラヴィダ・ムンネトラ・カザガム党と統一野党ADMKの議員の間で暴動が発生した。 ^[45]乱闘の中で、ドゥライ・ムルガンはジャヤラリターの衣服を剥ぎ取ろうとし、^[46]ムトゥベル・カルナニディのサングラスを壊され、^[46]怒った暴徒たちは予算書を破り捨てた。^[47]

1997年10月21日、ウッタル・プラデーシュ州議会で暴動が発生し、議員らがマイクや椅子などを拾い上げて互いに投げつけた。警備員は議長を守る盾として机の上を引き剥がした。^[48]

マハラシュトラ州議会議員のアブ・アズミは、 2009年11月10日に州議会で暴行を受けた。事件は、マラーティー語を話せないアズミがウルドゥー語で宣誓した後に起きた。この事件に対して、マラーティー語を州の公用語にしたい右派政党マハラシュトラ・ナヴニルマン・セナ（MNS）が反対した。MNS議員4人は、議会の議事進行を妨害したとして4年間の停職処分を受けた。^[49]

2018年に同国の経済財務大臣マスード・カルバシアンが解任された後、イスラム諮問議会で乱闘が勃発した。^[50]

イラク代表評議会で暴力行為があった。^{[51] [52]}

クルド人議員らは、マスード・バルザニ大統領の任期をめぐってクルディスタン地域議会で乱闘を起こした。 ^[53]

1992年、第一次インティファーダの余波で、ユダヤ人とアラブ人の国会議員が養育費の支払いをめぐってクネセトで争った。 ^[54]

2010年、バラド州議員ハニーン・ゾアビがイスラエル国防軍兵士を「殺人者」と呼んだ後に乱闘が勃発した。極右議員らは彼女をハマス支配下のガザ地区に強制送還するよう叫び始め、ミッキー・レヴィはクネセトの案内係に彼女を強制的に議場から退去させるよう命じた。彼女はハマド・アマル議長に謝罪したいと主張して戻ってきたが、ガザ地区封鎖を非難しガザ船団の新たな襲撃を呼びかけたことで再び退場させられ、さらなる暴力を引き起こした。この事件で多数の議員が本会議から退去させられたり、クネセト倫理委員会から懲戒処分を受けた。リクード政権を代表してオフィール・アクニスは「狂気の煽動」を非難したが、ゾアビの演説を「裏切り者」「テロリスト」「ネオファシスト」と呼んだ。リクード政権は、この事件を理由に中央選挙委員会によるゾアビの再選資格剥奪を試みたものの、イスラエル最高裁判所によって阻止された。^{[55] [56] [57]}

2012年、イスラエル・ベイテイヌMKアナスタシア・ミカエリがハアボダMKラレブ・マハデレに水をかけた。^[58]

2017年、クセニア・スヴェトロワはリア・ファディダの家の窓に口紅で落書きをしているところを捕まった。 ^[59]同年、ミハル・ビランとハニーン・ゾアビはオレン・ハザンを「ポン引き」と呼んだ。^{[60] [61] [62]}

2019年、オレン・ハザンとアイェレット・ナミアス＝ヴェルビンはクネセトの駐車場で口論になった。^[63]

2003年と2010年にギバタイム市庁舎で乱闘が勃発した。 ^{[64] [65]}

2010年にイタリア議会で、新しい青少年社会センターへの資金提供の問題をめぐって乱闘が勃発した。 ^[66]

2024年に地方自治権を強化する提案の採決中に下院で再び乱闘が起こった。^[67]

2015年9月17日、参議院が、第二次世界大戦後初めて自衛隊を海外に派遣することを可能にする物議を醸している安全保障関連法案を可決した後、国会で乱闘が勃発した。野党民主党議員らはマイクを奪い、参議院特別委員会の佐藤正久委員長代理が採決を行うのを阻止しようとした。^[68]

国会会期中に暴力事件が発生しており、ある議員が議場から同僚議員に向けてAK-47を発砲した後、建物から退去させられた例もある。 ^{[69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]}

2014年には、安全保障法案をめぐって国会議事堂内で議員らが殴り合いになり、警察は建物の外で抗議活動を行う人々を逮捕した。 ^[75]

ワジル東議員ラシド・カシム・アミンはワジル女性議員ファトゥマ・ゲディを暴行した。^[76]

野党政治家らは議会の開会を妨害するため、議会内で催涙ガスを発射した。^[77]

アルビン・クルティ首相が北部のセルビア人民族との緊張を緩和するための対策について話している最中に、水が投げつけられ、乱闘が起こった。^{[78] [79] [80]}

2016年6月16日、ハムダン・エル・アズミが政府に反対を表明し、新しい地方自治法で選挙区の配分に関する修正案を提示した後、靴の争いが始まった。^[81]

2015年10月5日、エネルギー不足に関する議会委員会の会議中に議員らが論争を巻き起こした。 ^{[82] [83] [84]}

2024年1月28日、人民議会で閣僚3名の任命をめぐって乱闘が勃発した。 ^[85]

2006年12月1日、立法宮殿で予定されていたフェリペ・カルデロン大統領就任宣誓式の数時間前、連邦議会で乱闘が勃発した。この事件はテレビで生中継された。それにもかかわらず、式典は行われた。カルデロンは裏口から直接演壇に上がり、素早い式典で野次の中で就任宣誓を行った。その後、野党をしばらく沈黙させた国歌斉唱の後、議会で就任演説（宣誓後の伝統的な儀式）を行わずに急いで退場した。^{[リンク切れ] [86] [87]}

2014年10月11日、ハミド・チャバトはアジズ・レバーと乱闘騒ぎを起こした。^{[88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93]}

2015年、連邦議会で国の新憲法をめぐる議論中に乱闘が勃発した。^[94]

国会議員の一団が議長の汚職を告発したために停職処分を受けた後、国会で乱闘が勃発した。 ^[95]

人民民主党（PDP）の一団が議会で演説しようとした後、政治家らが乱闘に巻き込まれた。 ^[96]

2014年、アルバニア民主党は、同党員オルハン・イブラヒミと与党民主統合連合のレクハイル・イスマイリの間で議会内で殴り合いの喧嘩が勃発した後、議会をボイコットすると発表した。^[97]

パキスタン国会では、与党パキスタン・ムスリム連盟（N）と野党パキスタン・テフリク・エ・インサフの議員らがパナマ文書事件をめぐって殴り合いになり、暴力沙汰となった。乱闘と白熱した議論の中、議員らは平手打ち、蹴り、突き飛ばし合いをするなど、議会で異例の衝突となった。^[98]

議会の選出議員らが、押し合い、乱暴に扱い、さらには殴り合う様子がカメラに捉えられた。

この闘いの焦点は、冒涜法違反で死刑囚として8年間服役した後、パキスタン最高裁判所の判決により絞首刑を免れたアシア・ビビという女性だった。^[99]

議会は暴動に陥り、野党と財務省の議員たちが互いに乱闘した。その後、議会の審議中に起きた「不快な事件」への関与について、3人の議員に説明命令が出された。^[100]

ペルーが二院制議会だった頃、国会議員のロムロ・レオン( APRA ) は、同僚のフェルナンド・オリベラ( FIM ) からスイスの銀行に秘密口座があると非難された後、オリベラをつかんで殴ろうとした。同氏は120日間の国会議員資格停止処分を受けた。

アルベルト・フジモリ大統領が議会を解散し、一院制議会を承認した後、ハビエル・ディエス・カンセコ下院議員（PS ）は、フジモリ派下院議員との白熱した議論を顎へのパンチで終わらせることを決意した。この行為により、彼は議会から120日間の資格停止処分を受けた。

宣誓の日、議員らは同僚のロジェ・カセレス氏にコインを投げつけた。同氏は政権政党ペルー2000に移った裏切り者だと非難したためだ。同氏の息子ロジェ・カセレス・ペレス氏（同じく議員）はコインを投げた議員らを侮辱した。

ペルー連合の女性議員ナンシー・オブレゴンとエルサ・マルパルティダは、ペルー・米国貿易促進協定を承認しなかった。そのため、二人は議会の警備員を殴ったり蹴ったりして逃亡を図った。二人はその行為により、議会から120日間の資格停止処分を受けた。

ビクトル・アンドレス・ガルシア・ベラウンデ下院議員（AP通信）は、同僚のルイス・ウィルソン下院議員（PAP通信）が親戚を国立病院で高給で働かせていると非難した。ウィルソン下院議員はガルシア・ベラウンデ下院議員の非難を否定し、その後自分のデスクに行き、彼を侮辱し始め、彼と喧嘩しようとしたが、同僚らがそれを阻止した。

In September 2016, Senator Antonio Trillanes IV turned off the microphone of his colleague Alan Peter Cayetano during a televised hearing on the Philippine war on drugs^[101] and engaged in January 2017 with Senator Migz Zubiri in near fistfighting, after the Kilusang Pagbabago Coalition Members rejected Trillanes' resolution for an investigation for the Bureau of Immigration bribery scandal.^[102]

In September 2024, both Zubiri and Cayetano nearly engaged in a fistfight due to Cayetano's last minute introduction of a resolution on the Makati–Taguig boundary dispute.^[103]

In the lower house, Representative Prospero Pichay Jr. got into a heated argument with fellow legislator Robert "Ace" Barbers during a hearing over constitutional amendments in October 2016. After the hearing was suspended, Barbers walked towards Pichay. Reporters covering the forum overheard the two congressmen hurl expletives at each other. Barbers then pointed at the face of Pichay, who was seated. Pichay pushed away the other lawmaker's hand, then stood up. Their colleagues quickly stood between them as they tried to push each other and managed to break up the fight.^[104]

In September 2024, Representatives Rodante Marcoleta and Joseph Stephen Paduano made threatening gestures against each other before being restrained by other lawmakers during an argument over a House investigation into Vice President Sara Duterte.^[105]

Members of the Economic Freedom Fighters engaged in a brawl with security guards after attempting to prevent President Jacob Zuma from addressing parliament.^[106]

Before the 2019 general election, members of the EFF and Black First Land First parties began hitting each other and throwing chairs.^{[citation needed]}

There have been several events of legislative violence in the National Assembly of South Korea; often, the politicians who are involved in such violence do not receive criminal penalties under civil laws.^[107][108]

During an interpellation session on saccharin smuggling, Korea Independence Party legislator Kim Du-han threw feces on cabinet members. His membership was terminated, and he received a jail sentence.^[109]

During a vote to approve Kim Jong-pil as prime minister, Grand National Party legislators submitted blank ballots to demonstrate their disapproval. A fight broke out after supporters of the Democratic ruling coalition of President Kim Dae-jung demanded that the vote be declared void.^[110]

During a National Assembly vote on the motion to impeach President Roh Moo-hyun, supporters of the President openly clashed with opposition MPs for 20 minutes to stop the vote (which was in favor of impeachment) from being finalized.^[111]

A brawl broke out as the National Assembly passed three bills on reforming the media industry. Opposition MPs blocked Speaker Kim Hyong-o from entering the room to pass the bills while both sides clashed. The bills were eventually passed by the Deputy Speaker.^[112][113]

A brawl broke out as the Grand National Party forcefully passed the year 2011 budget bill in advance without the presence of opposition parties.^[114][115]

A brawl broke out as the National Assembly ratified the country's United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement. Opposition lawmakers used tear gas in the parliament. The ruling Grand National Party managed to force it through.^[116][117]

Legislative violence has happened in the Parliament of Sri Lanka.^[118][119]

On 13 December 2007, Chair of the National Assembly Paul Somohardjo (PL) and representatives Ronnie Brunswijk (ABOP) and Rashid Doekhie (NDP) were involved in a fistfight on the assembly floor after the latter accused Somohardjo of involvement with alleged corruption at the Ministry of Spatial Planning.^[120]

The Taiwanese Legislative Yuan is the most notable modern example of legislative violence. In the history of the Legislative Yuan, numerous violent acts have occurred during parliamentary sessions.^[121] It is popularly referred to locally as "Legislator Brawling" (Taiwanese Mandarin: 立委群毆、立委全武行). In 1995, the Legislative Yuan was presented with the Ig Nobel Prize Peace Award, for "demonstrating that politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations".

The first recorded brawl in the history of the Legislative Yuan. While speaker Liu Kuo-tsai was counting votes on a budget proposal that passed, Ju Gau-jeng jumped onto the speaker's podium, followed by Jaw Shaw-kong, who was attempting to stop Ju. Throughout the altercation, Liu continued counting votes.^[122]

Lo Fu-chu scuffled with Diane Lee during a committee meeting.^{[123][124][125]}

A serious scuffle broke out between the ruling Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and opposition Kuomintang (KMT) members after an argument over vote recounts from the presidential election, when opposition leader Lien Chan accused President Chen Shui-bian of rigging the vote.^[126]

Legislators Chu Hsing-yu and William Lai got into a brawl over legislative procedures. TV cameras showed Chu grabbing Lai and trying to wrestle him onto a desk. He then tried to headbutt his colleague before jabbing him in the stomach. The brawl resulted in having a traffic policeman called into the chamber to test Chu's alcohol level after he was accused of being drunk. The tests showed no sign of alcohol influence.^[127]

During a debate on a military hardware purchase ordinance, the opposition and ruling party engaged in a food fight after a disagreement broke out.^[128]

Amid a proposal about creating direct transport links with the People's Republic of China, DPP deputy Wang Shu-hui snatched the written proposal and shoved it into her mouth. Opposition members failed to get her to cough it up by pulling her hair. She later spat the proposal out and tore it up. This was the third time the DPP's actions stopped a vote over the issue.

During the incident another DPP member, Chuang Ho-tzu [zh], spat at an opposition member.^[129]

Two dozen members overwhelmed the Speaker's podium, which became a free-for-all between the ruling DPP and opposition KMT with punches and sprayed water, requiring at least one hospitalization. The fight was over an alleged delay in the annual budget.^[130]

Angry legislators wrestled, splashed water, and bit each other in a brawl over a controversial capital gains tax on share trading.^[131]

Legislators brawled on two consecutive days over a controversial $420 billion infrastructure spending plan. The opposition (headed by the KMT) said the plan would benefit cities and counties faithful to President Tsai Ing-wen's ruling party, the DPP. They also said the plan was devised to secure support for the DPP ahead of the 2018 regional elections.

On 13 July, Premier Lin Chuan was prevented from delivering his report on the budget after a water balloon was thrown towards him. This resulted in him leaving the chamber and causing the session to halt. The following day, opposition lawmakers occupied the chamber. They raised large padded office chairs above their heads, surrounded the podium, and grappled with rival legislators to prevent Lin from presenting the report again as water balloons were thrown. This resulted in the early suspension of the parliamentary session.^[132]

Legislators from the KMT threw pig guts and brawled with other lawmakers as they tried to stop Premier Su Tseng-chang from taking questions regarding the easing of US pork imports.^[133][134]

A brawl broke out after the KMT-dominated Legislative Yuan voted in favor of highly controversial legislative reform bills. Chung Chia-pin, Chiu Chih-wei, Chuang Jui-hsiung, Puma Shen and Wu Tsung-hsien were hospitalized following the incident.^[135]

There has been legislative violence in the National Assembly of Thailand.^[136][137]

There have been violent clashes between members of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People.^[138]

Members of the far-right Dignity Coalition assaulted lawmakers from the Democratic Bloc. One MP had a bleeding face; another appeared unconscious. The reason for the fight reportedly was a misogynistic statement by Karama's deputy, Mohammed Affes, from the week before.^[139]

Abir Moussi, the outspoken leader of the opposition Free Destourian Party, was slapped and kicked as she was filming a parliamentary session on her mobile phone.^[140][141]

There has been legislative violence during Grand National Assembly sessions, including:

• Fevzi Sihanlioglu died of a heart attack during a fistfight in 2001.^[142][143]
• Politicians fought over cram schooling in 2014.^[144]
• Five politicians, including Mahmut Tanal and Ertuğrul Kürkçü, were injured during a fight over police powers in 2015.^{[145][146][147]}
• Fatma Kaplan Hürriyet was filming a debate using her mobile phone when Mustafa Elitaş strangled her in 2017.^[148][149]
• Politicians fought during debates over a Constitutional Commission in 2016.^[150]
• Politicians fought over constitutional amendments in 2017.^[151]
• Aylin Nazlıaka, Gökcen Özdoğan Enç [tr], Şafak Pavey, Burcu Çelik Özkan, Pervin Buldan and Melike Basmacı [tr] were injured during the first female fight in Parliament in 2017.^{[152][153][154][155][156][157][158]}
• Müslüm Doğan and Mahmut Toğrul had to seek medical attention after a parliamentary row over the cross-border offensive on Afrin, Syria in 2018 took a violent turn.^[159][160]
• A fistfight erupted in parliament in 2018 after lawmakers approved changes to the country's electoral rules that critics say are aimed at helping President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan consolidate power.^[161][162]
• Lawmakers fought over HDP lawmaker Ahmet Şık's speech.^[163]
• AKP lawmaker Salih Cora [tr] punched HDP lawmaker Tuma Çelik during a brawl.^[164]
• Garo Paylan, a member of the HDP, was attacked by AKP members as the parliament's Constitutional Commission was debating whether to strip pro-Kurdish deputies of their immunity.^[165]
• During a meeting in Ankara with metropolitan municipality officials, mayor Mansur Yavaş interrupted his speech and abandoned the lectern in an attempt to prevent a confrontation between the AKP, CHP, MHP and İYİ Party councilors in 2019.^[166][167]
• Parliament members fought over the military intervention in Idlib in the Syrian Civil War in 2020.^{[168][169][170][171][172][173]}
• A fight broke out between MPs during a debate on government control over the appointment of judicial officials.^[174]
• A brawl between female MPs erupted in 2021 during budget talks after ruling AKP deputy Bahar Ayvazoğlu targeted the main opposition CHP MPs and its leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu throughout her speech.^{[175][176][177]}
• A fight broke out in 2022 over next year's budget.^[178]
• A fight broke out during a debate regarding the eligibility of imprisoned MP Can Atalay to assume his seat.^[179][180]

On 26 September 2017, members of parliament brawled during a plenary session after the parliament speaker allowed a constitutional amendment to be presented to MPs. The amendment centered on the age-limit issue on the re-election of President Yoweri Museveni, who was then 73 years old, and the limit for re-election was capped at 75. A member stood on a table and threw a chair at the flag of the president and was pulled down and punched up. Metal sticks and chairs were used as weapons.^[181] Museveni was allowed to campaign in the 2021 Ugandan general election.

The Verkhovna Rada is famous for its common and violent fights, and Verkhovna Rada meetings are often called a "government boxing match". The Verkhovna Rada has no regulations nor traditions against unparliamentary language, and brawls are very common in the chamber due to the high number of insults and extreme actions in the chamber (e.g., accusations of dishonesty, corruption, embezzlement, and treason).^{[citation needed]}

A debate on extending Russia's lease of the Sevastopol Naval Base in the Black Sea in exchange for a €30 billion discount on Russian natural gas descended into a mass brawl, involving smoke bombs, eggs and general fighting among members.^[182][183] The Speaker had to be escorted from the chamber, covered by umbrellas.^[184]

Violent scuffles broke out during a debate over a bill allowing the official use of the Russian language in parts of the country.^[185]

Two MPs, Oleh Lyashko and Oleksandr Shevchenko, got into an argument on the floor. Shevchenko accused Lyashko, who had built an image as a combative opponent of pro-Russian separatists, of never having visited the separatist eastern region. The argument eventually led to Shevchenko punching Lyashko in the face.^[186]

Yuriy Boyko, of the centre-left Opposition Bloc, punched Oleh Lyashko in the face after the left-wing Radical Party member purportedly accused him of being a "Kremlin agent".^[187]

A brawl broke out after opposition politician Nestor Shufrych tore down a poster of oligarch and politician Viktor Medvedchuk.^[188]

In the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the government and the opposition are separated by red lines drawn on the carpet. The red lines in front of the two sets of benches are two sword-lengths apart^[189] (or a little more than two sword-lengths apart);^[190] a Member is traditionally not allowed to cross the line during debates, supposedly because the Member might then be able to attack an individual on the opposite side. These procedures were made because the Members were allowed to carry weapons into the House in its founding days.^[1]

During a debate about the Spanish Civil War, Conservative MP Robert Bower told Jewish Labour MP Emanuel Shinwell to "go back to Poland". Shinwell walked across the floor of the House and struck Bower in the face before turning to the Speaker, apologising, and walking out of the chamber. Bower also then apologised to the Speaker, and no disciplinary action was taken against either MP.^[191]

During a dispute over the conduct of British Army soldiers on Bloody Sunday on the day before, Independent Socialist MP Bernadette Devlin punched the Conservative Party Home Secretary Reginald Maudling. Her aggression was in response to the comments made by Maudling, who was maintaining that the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment had fired at the protesters in self-defence, contrary to the testimonies of civilian eyewitnesses (including Devlin herself).^[192] She argued that she was being denied the right to speak. Her actions resulted in her being banned from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom for six months.

In the aftermath of a rancorous debate with Labour MPs over the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Bill, Conservative Michael Heseltine was enraged by a group who began singing The Red Flag. He seized the chamber's ceremonial mace and brandished it over his head but was restrained by Jim Prior, and after his departure, legislative action was suspended for the day.^[193]

During opposition day, the Labour Party tabled a motion to ban fracking across the United Kingdom. A ban on fracking had been a key promise of the Conservative Party's winning 2019 general election manifesto under former leader Boris Johnson, and many Conservative MPs and voters were vocally opposed to fracking. However, Prime Minister Liz Truss, who had recently been elected party leader by the Conservative Party membership with only a minority of support from MPs, personally supported fracking and instructed MPs to vote against the proposal, claiming that the vote was a motion of confidence in the government and threatening that any Conservative MP who supported the ban would have the whip withdrawn (i.e., be expelled from the Parliamentary party and sit as an independent). Minutes before the vote took place, the Minister of State for Climate Graham Stuart announced that it was not a vote of confidence and he would support the ban. This led to chaos among Conservative MPs, and party whips are alleged to have physically pushed MPs towards the "No" voting lobby, in one of the few examples of violence between members of the same party. The motion was defeated, but forty Conservative MPs abstained from the vote. Liz Truss resigned as leader of the Conservative Party the following day and was replaced as prime minister on 25 October 2022 by former Chancellor Rishi Sunak, after the shortest tenure in British political history.^[194] Sunak quickly reinstituted the government moratorium on fracking despite having previously voiced support for the practice.^[195]

Federalist Congressman Roger Griswold of Connecticut attacked Democratic-Republican Party Representative Matthew Lyon of Vermont with a hickory walking stick in the chambers of the United States House of Representatives. Griswold struck Lyon repeatedly about the head, shoulders, and arms while Lyon attempted to shield himself from the blows. Lyon then turned and ran to the fireplace, took up a pair of metal tongs, and, having armed himself thus, returned to the engagement. Griswold then tripped Lyon and struck him in the face while he lay on the ground, at which point the two were separated. After a break of several minutes, however, Lyon unexpectedly pursued Griswold again with the tongs, and the brawl was re-ignited.

The two men had a prior history of conflict. On 30 January of that year, Griswold had publicly insulted Lyon by calling him a coward, and Lyon had retaliated by spitting in Griswold's face. As a result of Lyon's actions in that case, he became the first Congressman to have charges filed against him with that body's ethics committee, although he escaped censure through a vote in the House.

John Wilson, the speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and president of the Arkansas Real Estate Bank, stabbed Representative J. J. Anthony to death during a legislative dispute on the floor of the chamber.^[196] Anthony had suggested that the president of the state bank (Wilson himself) administer bounties for the killing of wolves, a responsibility comically beneath an official of Wilson's stature. Incensed, he drew a bowie knife and attacked Anthony, who was unable to defend himself despite drawing a knife of his own. Although Wilson was expelled from his office, he was later acquitted of murder.^[197][198]

Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina famously assaulted Charles Sumner of Massachusetts for a speech of his, saying Brooks' cousin, Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina, took "a mistress who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight—I mean, the harlot, Slavery."^[199] According to Hoffer (2010), "It is also important to note the sexual imagery that recurred throughout the oration, which was neither accidental nor without precedent. Abolitionists routinely accused slaveholders of maintaining slavery so that they could engage in forcible sexual relations with their slaves."^[200] Sumner's own adopted daughter Mary Mildred Williams was a white-appearing girl born into slavery who was the descendant of such a relationship before being freed with the help of Sumner.^[201]

Brooks was infuriated and intended to challenge Sumner to a duel. After having consulted with fellow South Carolina Congressman Laurence Keitt on the situation, Brooks and Keitt decided that Sumner had the social status of a "drunkard" and was thus unworthy of the traditional challenge to a duel. Brooks (accompanied by Keitt) approached and confronted Sumner as he sat writing at his desk in the almost empty Senate chamber. As Sumner began to stand up, Brooks began beating Sumner severely on the head with a thick gutta-percha cane with a gold head before he could reach his feet. Sumner was knocked down and trapped under the heavy desk (bolted to the floor), but Brooks continued to bash Sumner until he ripped the desk from the floor. By this time, Sumner was blinded by his blood, and he staggered up the aisle and collapsed, lapsing into unconsciousness. Brooks continued to beat the motionless Sumner until he broke his cane, then quietly left the chamber. Several other senators attempted to help Sumner but were blocked by Keitt, who had jumped into the aisle, brandishing a pistol and shouting, "Let them be!"^[202] Keitt was censured for his actions and resigned in protest but was overwhelmingly re-elected to his seat by his South Carolina constituency within a month.^[203] For several decades following, Senators often carried walking canes and even revolvers in the Senate Chamber, fearing a similar assault.^{[citation needed]}

Congressman Laurence M. Keitt of South Carolina was involved in another incident of legislative violence less than two years later, starting a massive brawl on the House floor during a tense late-night debate. Keitt became offended when Pennsylvania Congressman (and later Speaker of the House) Galusha A. Grow stepped over to the Democratic side of the House chamber while delivering an anti-slavery speech. Keitt dismissively interrupted Grow's speech to demand he sit down, calling him a "black Republican puppy". Grow indignantly responded by telling Keitt that "No negro-driver shall crack his whip over me". Keitt became enraged and went for Grow's throat, shouting that he would "choke him for that". A large brawl involving approximately 50 representatives erupted on the House floor, ending only when a missed punch from Rep. Cadwallader Washburn of Wisconsin upended the hairpiece of Rep. William Barksdale of Mississippi. The embarrassed Barksdale accidentally replaced the wig backward, causing both sides to laugh spontaneously.^{[204][205][206]} Keitt would later die of wounds following the Battle of Cold Harbor while fighting for the Confederacy.^[203][207]

During an anti-slavery speech by Illinois Republican Owen Lovejoy on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives on 5 April 1860, Lovejoy condemned the Democratic Party for its racist views and steadfast support of slavery. As Lovejoy gave his speech condemning the evils of slavery, several of the Democrats present in the audience, such as Roger Atkinson Pryor, grew irate and incensed over Lovejoy's anti-slavery remarks and threatened him with physical harm, brandishing pistols and canes, with several Republicans rushing to Lovejoy's defense.^[208]

The Indiana General Assembly experienced a massive brawl between Democrats and Republicans in the Indiana Senate and Indiana House of Representatives. The event began as an attempt by Democratic Governor Isaac P. Gray to be elected to the United States Senate and his own party's attempt to thwart him. Gray was a former Republican elected Governor by popular vote but was scorned as a turncoat by his new party, who maneuvered desperately (and unsuccessfully) to try to prevent his eligibility for the Senate seat. When Gray went over the head of the Democrats in arranging a midterm election for a new Lieutenant Governor, Republican Robert S. Robertson was elected with a majority of the popular vote, a situation the Democrats refused to accept despite a ruling from the Indiana Supreme Court. The matter came to a head when Robertson attempted to enter the Senate chamber to be sworn in and take his seat presiding over the session; he was attacked, beaten, and thrown bodily from the chamber by the Democrats, who then locked the chamber door, beginning four hours of intermittent mass brawling that spread throughout the Indiana Statehouse. The fight ended only after Republicans and Democrats started brandishing pistols and threatening to kill each other. The Governor deployed the Indianapolis Police Department to restore order. Subsequently, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives refused to communicate with the Democratic Senate, ending the legislative session and leading to calls for United States Senators to be elected by popular vote.

During a debate on a bill dealing with the Philippine Islands, Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina accused Senator John L. McLaurin of South Carolina of "treachery" for siding with the Republicans in support of Philippine annexation, and alleged that McLaurin had been granted control of government patronage in South Carolina. Upon receiving word of this statement, McLaurin entered the Senate Chamber and denounced Tillman, upon which Tillman attacked him. During the fight, other senators were hit by the punches. As a result, the Senate went into a closed session to debate the matter. Both senators apologized to the Senate but almost came to blows immediately thereafter. On 28 February, the Senate voted 54 to 12, with 22 abstentions, to censure both Tillman and McLaurin. McLaurin did not seek re-election, while Tillman served in the Senate until 1918.

On the House of Representatives chamber floor, Democrat Thomas Downey of New York confronted Robert Dornan, a California Republican, and Dornan grabbed Downey's tie in response. Downey approached Dornan in response to a speech Dornan had given two days earlier before the Conservative Political Action Conference, in which he called Downey a "draft-dodging wimp" because of Downey's repeated denouncement of US-backed anti-government Contras rebels in Nicaragua. During the Vietnam War, Downey received a medical deferment from the draft because of a perforated eardrum. Downey had also been active in protesting the war. The Dornan-Downey feud originated two years earlier when Downey spoke against Dornan's nomination for a position at the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.^[209]

The Dornan speech was made on Saturday, 2 March. On Monday afternoon, 4 March, Downey confronted Dornan, attracting dozens of viewers. Dornan claims Downey grabbed him by the shoulder and turned him around, asking if he had called him a wimp. Dornan answered, "I did, and you are." The exchange became heated, and Dornan eventually accused Downey of losing him the job two years earlier. According to Downey, as he began to walk away, Dornan grabbed him by the tie and collar and threatened him with "bodily harm." Dornan claimed he was straightening Downey's tie knot, saying later, "I like all the members to look elegant on the floor, you know." According to himself and other witnesses, Dornan told Downey to "get out of my face." After, Downey went to the Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill to tell him what had happened.^[209]

After the incident, Downey released a statement through a spokesman that he would not speak to reporters "until Dornan apologizes." His spokesman also said Downey was considering filing a complaint with the House Sergeant at Arms. Several witnesses spoke about the incident. Democratic Congressman Mike Lowry said, "Dornan grabbed Downey roughly by the collar, and I mean aggressively. None of this straighten-the-tie baloney. And he told Downey, 'Don't let me catch you off the floor, where you are protected by the sergeant at arms.' I really think Downey restrained himself." Republican Representative Chris Smith of New Jersey, who witnessed the altercation, said, "I found it humorous that Downey had to run up to the Speaker when it was over to tell all. It was like a little classroom act . . . Very childish . . . I think he's made much to-do about nothing."^[209]

The day after the incident, House Speaker Tip O'Neill condemned the behavior and said he told Dornan, "You can settle it on the street, but don't settle it on the House floor." He also told reporters that "discipline" would ensue if "anything like that" happened again. That day, Downey stated again, "Congressman Dornan owes me and the House of Representatives an apology." Dornan responded, "Apologize for what? For calling him a wimp? I am willing to concede that perhaps he just walks, talks, and acts like a little arrogant wimp. But maybe it's disinformation. Maybe he really wears a black leather jacket by night that I don't know about."^[209]

During the final day of the 2007 regular session of the Alabama State Senate Republican Sen. Charles Bishop of Jasper punched Democratic Sen. Lowell Barron of Fyffe in the head after the latter allegedly called the former a "son of a bitch". Bystanders in the room then pulled the two apart.^[210]

During a vote of California budget, state Democrat Assemblymen Warren Furutani and Republican Don Wagner broke out in a fight over a comment Wagner made that Furutani deemed offensive.^[211][212]

A bloody backroom brawl took place between the mayor and a council member at a city council meeting in Birmingham, Alabama.^[213]

During a contentious 2017 Texas House of Representatives session, a minor altercation was observed after Republican State Representative Matt Rinaldi was pushed and received personal death threats. The incident occurred after Rinaldi called U.S Immigration and Customs Enforcement when a large crowd of protesters, in opposition to the sanctuary cities ban, disrupted the legislative proceedings. Representative Poncho Nevárez, Democratic Party member, admitted to laying hands on Rinaldi amid the fierce debates, but no arrests were made by Texas DPS.^[214]

In the midst of the lengthy 2023 House Speaker election, Representative Mike Rogers was restrained by Representative Richard Hudson when Rogers attempted to lunge at Representative Matt Gaetz.^[215] Gaetz, alongside other members of the Freedom Caucus, had blocked Kevin McCarthy's speakership bid for four days by nominating and voting for other representatives,^[216] which caused much tension in the House. This, in combination with Gaetz's attempt to obtain a subcommittee chairmanship in the House Armed Services Committee (which Rogers was chairman-elect of),^[217] precipitated the incident.

After almost two decades of continuous clashes, a brawl broke out at the headquarters of the Congress in Caracas between Conservatives and Liberals, leading to four deaths.^[218][219]

Deputy Alfonso Marquina [es] protested the presence of a boisterous group of Chavistas in the audience.^[220]

During a session of the National Assembly pro-government and opposition deputies got into a fight. The origin of the discussion had to do with the rejection by National Assembly president Diosdado Cabello to give members of the opposition a right to speak.^[221][222]

Colectivos and supporters of President Nicolás Maduro stormed the Palacio Federal Legislativo on Independence Day, assaulting many members of the opposition-led National Assembly.^[223] At least 12 opposition legislators and their staff were injured as a result of the attack.^[224]

On June 20, 1928, Puniša Račić, a Montenegrin Serb leader of the People's Radical Party (NRS), shot and killed Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) representatives Pavle Radić and Đuro Basariček and HSS leader Stjepan Radić, who died of his injuries two months later, during a highly-charged session aggravated by ethnic tensions on the floor of parliament. He was tried and handed a 60-year sentence, immediately reduced to twenty years. He served most of his sentence under house arrest and was killed by Yugoslav Partisans in October 1944.

• List of attacks on legislatures
• Political violence
• Workplace violence

• Schmoll, Moritz; Ting, Wang Leung (February 2023). "Explaining Physical Violence in Parliaments". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 67 (2–3): 375–401. doi:10.1177/00220027221115352. S2CID 250629736.

• Schmoll, Moritz. "Fistfights in Parliamentary Sessions database". Moritz-Schmoll.com.^[225]

• この記事の 2006 年 7 月 8 日版では、対応する中国語版 Wikipedia の記事の翻訳を使用しています。
• ウクライナ議会での乱闘の原因と解決策
• 議会での大乱闘の解説
• 政治家が争うとき：国会における身体的暴力の意味を理解する
• 議会における身体的暴力を説明する