ダイオウイカ（Architeuthis dux ）の最大サイズは、長い間、一般の議論と学術研究の両方の対象となってきた。[51]ダイオウイカとは異なり、ダイオウイカは成熟した標本が相当数知られている。記録された標本の総数（すべての発達段階にわたる）は1000に迫り、2015年時点で約700が記録されており[update]、そのうち約460が何らかの方法で測定されている。[52]この数はその後大幅に増加し、2014年から2015年にかけての例外的な15か月間に57の標本が日本海で記録された。[53]
1950 年代後半、私はカナダの商業ダイバー、ブリティッシュコロンビア州プリンス ルパートのジョック マクリーン氏にインタビューしました。彼は、体重 600 ポンド (272 kg)、腕の先から上までの長さ 32 フィート (9.8 m) の巨大な生物を捕獲したと報告しました。残念ながら、マクリーン氏の写真の品質は良くありませんでした。彼の商業的なタコ漁では、400 ポンド (181 kg) までのより小さな動物が時折捕獲されていました。
ホックバーグ＆フィールズ（1980：436）も同じ標本について、「腕を広げた全長9.6メートル、体重272キログラムで、記録上最大の標本」と書いている。しかし、これらの数字は推定値に過ぎず、ハイ（1976：17-18）の上記の引用とは反対に、この標本は収集も計測もされなかったようだ。[40]バンクーバー水族館の館長を37年間務めたマレー・ニューマンは、1994年の回想録『 Life in a Fishbowl 』の中でジョック・マクリーンの言葉を引用している。「翌年（1957年）、同じ場所で、幅32フィート（9.8メートル）、体重600ポンド（272キログラム）くらいの魚を見ました。でも、捕まえようとはしませんでした。飼う場所がなかったからです！」[148]それにもかかわらず、メートル法換算では272kg（600ポンド）という誤解を招きやすい正確な 値と、 9.6m（32フィート）という不正確な値（単純に0.3048ではなく0.3の変換係数を使用）が、記録されているオオダコの最大寸法として広く受け入れられ、何度も繰り返されてきました。[注 12]
20世紀半ば以降、これほど巨大な個体は報告されていない。巨大個体がいないことは、商業用のタコ漁師によっても裏付けられている。コスグローブとマクダニエル（2009）がインタビューした漁師のうち、過去20年間に漁獲された数千匹のうち、57kg（126ポンド）を超える個体を1匹も捕獲していなかった。[82]シアトル水族館で30年以上生物学者として活躍するタコ専門家のローランド・アンダーソンは、長い間、体重100ポンド（45kg）を超える巨大な太平洋ダコを見つけようとしていたが、見つからなかった。本当に巨大な個体を育てようと、アンダーソンは飼育下の雄数匹に自由に餌を与えた。最も重い個体（「ビッグ」というニックネーム）は、最大体重43kg（95ポンド）に達し、最大の吸盤の直径は7.9cm（3.1インチ）だった。[151]アンダーソンは、毒性物質の生体内蓄積の結果として、この種が現在ではより小さなサイズで成長しているのではないかと示唆しており、これが近年の真に巨大な標本の欠如を説明できるかもしれない。特に、野生のオオミミダコの消化腺では、おそらく好物のアカザエビ（Cancer productus）に由来する、高濃度の重金属とPCBが検出されている。 [152]予備調査では、等量の生の魚介類と生きたC. productus （エリオット湾で捕獲）を与えられた水槽の動物は、より小さなサイズで成長し、より低い最大体重（平均27 kg [60 lb]）に達し、生の魚介類のみを与えられた動物（平均36 kg [79 lb]、前述の43 kg [95 lb]の標本を含む）よりも重金属のほとんどの濃度が高かったことがわかった。[153]
[...] This specimen was a female, and to this fact may be due some of the points in which it differs from previous occurrences; but yet they are so considerable that I have no doubt a new subgenus at least will have to be created for its reception. In the meantime I place it under Architeuthis, with the full knowledge, however, that it cannot possibly remain there permanently, the shape of the arms and the fins alone being sufficient to put it out of association with that genus. As soon as opportunity offers, I hope to make a further study and fully determine its affinities.[112]
Kirk (1888:38) provides a table with a detailed breakdown of the specimen's various measurements. There is, however, a discrepancy between the total length of 684 in (17.37 m, or exactly 57 ft) given in the table—which agrees with the individual values of 71 in (1.80 m) for the mantle, 22 in (0.56 m) for the head, and 591 in (15.01 m) for the tentacles—and the total length of 55 ft 2 in (16.81 m) given by Kirk in the body of the article.
Wood (1982:191) suggested that, due to the tentacles' highly retractile nature, the total length of 62 feet (18.9 m) originally reported by the fisherman "may have been correct at the time he found the squid", and that "[t]his probably also explains the discrepancy in Kirk's figures". Owing to its small mantle size, Wood (1982:191) estimated that "this specimen probably weighed less than 300 lb [140 kg]".
O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) opined that the reported total length of 55 ft 2 in (16.81 m) "simply cannot be correct" and attributed it to either "imagination" or artificial lengthening of the tentacles. They added that a female giant squid with a mantle length of 71 in (180 cm) "measured post mortem and relaxed (by modern standards) today would have a total length of ≈32 feet [9.8 m]".
^ a bKirk (1880:312) wrote of this specimen:
On 23rd of May last, the Ven. Archdeacon Stock very kindly sent me word that three boys, named Edward R. Stock, and Frank and Walter Morrah, had that morning discovered, at Lyall Bay, what they took to be a very large cuttlefish, with arms several feet long. I lost no time in proceeding to the spot, determined, if possible, to carry home the entire specimen; but judge my surprise when, on reaching the bay, I saw an animal of the size represented in the drawing now before you.* Victor Hugo's account of his "pieuvre" was brought vividly to my mind, and I could not help thinking that a man would stand but a poor chance if he once got within the grasp of such a monster.
My first step after spreading out the arms, was to make a rough sketch and very careful measurements. I then proceeded to extract the so-called skeleton, but found that some person or persons, who had visited the spot earlier than myself, had not been able to resist the temptation to try the temper of their knives upon its back, and had in consequence severed the cuttle-bone in various places. However, I was able, not only to procure all the pieces, but also the beak, tongue, and some of the suckers, only a few of which remained, the greater portion of them having been torn off, either in some fierce encounter, or during the rough weather which had prevailed for some days previously.
The length of body from tip of tail to anterior margin of the mantle was 9 feet 2 inches [2.79 m] and 7 feet 3 inches [2.21 m] in circumference; the head from anterior margin of mantle to roots of arms 1-foot 11 inches [58 cm], making the total length of the body 11 feet 1 inch [3.38 m]. The head measured 4 feet [1.2 m] in circumference. The sessile arms measured 4 feet 3 inches [1.30 m] in length, and 11 inches [28 cm] in circumference; each of these arms bore thirty-six suckers, arranged in two equal rows (as shown by the scars), and measuring from to of an inch [20.6–6.4 mm] in diameter; every sucker was strengthened by a bony ring armed with from forty to sixty sharp incurved teeth. The tentacular arms had been torn off at the length of 6 feet 2 inches [1.88 m], which was probably less than half their original length.
The fins were posterior, and were mere lateral expansions of the mantle, they did not extend over the back as in the case with Onychoteuthis, etc.; each measured 24 inches [61 cm] in length and 13 inches [33 cm] in width.
The cuttle bone, when first extracted, measured 6 feet 3 inches [1.91 m] in length, and 11 inches [28 cm] in width, but has since shrunk considerably; it was broadly lanceolate, with a hollow conical apex 1 inch [28.6 mm] deep.
^ a bThe Thimble Tickle specimen, which Addison Emery Verrill referred to as his specimen No. 18,[113] is often cited as the largest recorded giant squid, and has long been treated as such by Guinness.[114]
The Thimble Tickle squid was found aground offshore, alive, on 2 November 1878, near Little Bay Copper Mine, Thimble Tickle, Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. It was secured to a tree with a grapnel and rope and died as the tide receded. No part of the animal was retained as it was cut up for dog food. The length of the "body [..] from the beak to the extremity of the tail" (i.e. mantle plus head) was said to be 20 ft (6.1 m), with "one of the arms" (presumably a tentacle) measuring 35 ft (10.7 m), for a total length of 55 ft (16.8 m).[113] Reverend Moses Harvey detailed the encounter in a letter to the Boston Traveller dated 30 January 1879, which was reproduced by Verrill (1880a:191–192):
On the 2d day of November last, Stephen Sherring, a fisherman residing in Thimble Tickle, not far from the locality where the other devil-fish [Verrill specimen No. 19; see Verrill, 1880a:192], was cast ashore, was out in a boat with two other men; not far from the shore they observed some bulky object, and, supposing it might be part of a wreck, they rowed toward it, and, to their horror, found themselves close to a huge fish, having large glassy eyes, which was making desperate efforts to escape, and churning the water into foam by the motion of its immense arms and tail. It was aground and the tide was ebbing. From the funnel at the back of its head it was ejecting large volumes of water, this being its method of moving backward, the force of the stream, by the reaction of the surrounding medium, driving it in the required direction. At times the water from the siphon was black as ink.
Finding the monster partially disabled, the fishermen plucked up courage and ventured near enough to throw the grapnel of their boat, the sharp flukes of which, having barbed points, sunk into the soft body. To the grapnel they had attached a stout rope which they had carried ashore and tied to a tree, so as to prevent the fish from going out with the tide. It was a happy thought, for the devil fish found himself effectually moored to the shore. His struggles were terrific as he flung his ten arms about in dying agony. The fishermen took care to keep a respectful distance from the long tentacles, which ever and anon darted out like great tongues from the central mass. At length it became exhausted, and as the water receded it expired.
The fishermen, alas! knowing no better, proceeded to convert it into dog's meat. It was a splendid specimen—the largest yet taken—the body measuring 20 feet [6.1 m] from the beak to the extremity of the tail. It was thus exactly double the size of the New York specimen [Verrill specimen No. 14; see Verrill, 1880a:189], and five feet [1.5 m] longer than the one taken by [fisherman William] Budgell [No. 19]. The circumference of the body is not stated, but one of the arms measured 35 feet [10.7 m]. This must have been a tentacle.
Such is the fame of the Thimble Tickle specimen that a Giant Squid Interpretation Centre and a "life-sized", 55-foot (17 m) sculpture have been built near the site of its capture.[115] The sculpture appeared on a Canadian postage stamp issued in 2011.[116]
^Giant squid beak being measured. Isolated beaks found in the stomachs of predators such as sperm whales can be used to estimate the size of the original animal.[122]Romanov et al. (2017) used the following allometric scaling equations to estimate the dorsal mantle length (DML) from the lower rostral length (LRL) of the beak, and total length (TL) from DML:
(all values in mm)[123]
(all values in m)[124]
(all values in m)[124]
(all values in m)[125]
^Aldrich restated this belief in "Monsters of the Deep", the second episode of the 1980 television series Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World: "I believe the giant squid reach an approximate maximum size of something like one hundred and fifty feet [46 m]".[135]Richard Ellis, apparently unaware of Aldrich's similar statements in print, commented: "It is difficult to imagine why Aldrich would have made such an irresponsible statement, unless it had to do with being on camera".[136]Arthur C. Clarke himself once remarked: "it would be strange indeed if the world's biggest squid had been among the very few cast ashore to be examined and measured by naturalists. There may well be specimens more than a hundred feet [30 m] in length."[137]
^An example from the May 2000 issue of Diver magazine reads: "The generally accepted record was of awesome proportions, weighing 272kg and with an arm span of 9.6m."[149]
^Wood (1982:191) provided the following details: "Dr Anna M Bidder (pers. comm.) of the Department of Zoology at Cambridge University, possesses a transverse slice of the pen of another Mesonychoteuthis which, judging by its width, must have come from a cranchid [sic] measuring at least 5 m [16 ft] in mantle length." The same information is summarised by Bright (1989:146).
The Russian vessel Novoulianovsk, working in the Sea of Okhotsk in 1984, brought up the remains of a gigantic specimen of Galiteuthis phyllura from a depth of one thousand to thirteen hundred meters (thirty-three hundred to forty-three hundred feet), and Nesis (1985) said that it was "almost as large as Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni (of the same family)." Only an arm and a tentacle were collected, but they were so large (the arm was 40 cm long [15.6 inches] and the tentacle 115 cm [45.5 in]) that Nesis was able to estimate the mantle length at 265 to 275 cm (8.69 to 9.02 ft), and the total length at over 4 meters (more than 13 feet). "Because of its narrow body," wrote Nesis, "we conclude that its mass is consistently lower than that of the other large squids."
Roper & Jereb (2010c:165) questioned the validity of this record, writing: "this is considered a doubtful record that might refer to total length; probably the maximum mantle length is less than 400 to 500 mm". But Steve O'Shea commented:
The late, great Kir Nesis was not one to exaggerate, and must have had very good reason to cite a possible mantle length of 2.7m [8.9 ft] for Galiteuthis phyllura. Not only would such a monstrous mantle render this the 'largest species of Galiteuthis', but it would give the species a mantle that was considerably longer than that of Architeuthis, and marginally longer (0.2m [0.66 ft]) than the submature Colossal Squid (Mesonychoteuthis) we reported last year [in 2003].
What amazes me is that the adult has never made the press (that I am aware of). Even if Galiteuthis lacks hooks on the arms it would still be a most frightening squid to bump into in the abyss. (O'Shea, 2004b)
^This record is based on a shell collected in 2001 from the Timor Sea off Indonesia, which was sold in 2003 as a specimen of N. repertus with a diameter of 268 mm (10.6 in). It was subsequently found to measure only around 243 mm (9.6 in) and the discrepancy was put down to an encoding mistake ([Anonymous], 2003a). Another specimen from the same locality, sold around the same time, was claimed to measure 255 mm (10.0 in) ([Anonymous], 2003b).
^There are two places which bear or have borne the name Joachimsthal: Jáchymov, Czech Republic and Joachimsthal, Brandenburg, Germany. The citation quotes an unpublished report, and it is unclear which one it is referring to. If the report is later than 1945, when the official name of the Czech town was changed, it is most likely the place in Germany.
^see Clarke, 1962; Wolff, 1981; 1984; Gröger et al., 2000; Staudinger et al., 2009; Potier et al., 2011
^Clarke, 1986:11
^Zeidberg, 2004:4195; Phillips, 2004:ii
^Nabhitabhata, 1998:32
^O'Dor et al., 1986:59; Wood & O'Dor, 2000:93
^Cosgrove & McDaniel, 2009:88
^Grulke, 2014:105
^Rowlett, Joe (2017-10-06). "Meet The World's Smallest & Weirdest Squid, Idiosepius". Reefs.com. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
^Boletzky, 2003:19
^Boletzky, 1999:24; 2003:20; Norman et al., 2002:733
^Norman et al., 2002:733; Fairbairn, 2007:3
^Norman et al., 2002:733
^see Kennedy & Cobban, 1990
^Nishiguchi, M.K., R. Mapes (2008). "Cephalopoda" (PDF). University of California Press. pp. 163–199.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Rosa & Seibel, 2010; McClain et al., 2015; Rosa et al., 2017
^ a b c d e f gMcClain et al., 2015
^Collins et al., 2001; Collins & Villanueva, 2006:294
^Voss, 1988; Vecchione et al., 2008
^see Teichert & Kummel, 1960; Stevens, 1988; Eyden, 2003b; Larson, 2010; Iba et al., 2015
^O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008; [Anonymous], N.d.
^ a b[Anonymous], N.d.
^Lovis, 2011
^[Anonymous], N.d.
^[Anonymous], N.d.
^ a b c[Anonymous], N.d.
^O'Shea, 2003c
^Ellis, 1998b; Paxton, 2016a; Bittel, 2016; Romanov et al., 2017
^ a bPaxton, 2016a
^ a bKubodera et al., 2016
^see Holroyd, 2005
^Cerullo & Roper, 2012:22
^ a bO'Shea, 2003a
^ a bO'Shea & Bolstad, 2008; Roper & Shea, 2013:113
^ a bTanabe, Kazushige; Misaki, Akihiro; Ubukata, Takao (2014). "Late Cretaceous record of large soft-bodied coleoids based on lower jaw remains from Hokkaido, Japan". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. doi:10.4202/app.00052.2013. ISSN 0567-7920.
^ a bTanabe, Kazushige; Misaki, Akihiro (2023-06-20). "Upper Cretaceous record of non-belemnitid coleoid jaws from Hokkaido, Japan, and its evolutionary implications". Cretaceous Research. 151: 105624. Bibcode:2023CrRes.15105624T. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105624. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 259228292.
^The Azorean Loligo forbesi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) in captivity: transport, handling, maintenance, tagging and survival
^Body size and fin length as determinants in the geographic distribution of Loliginid squids
^Ifrim, Christina; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang; González, Arturo H. González; Schorndorf, Nils; Gale, Andrew S. (2021-11-10). "Ontogeny, evolution and palaeogeographic distribution of the world's largest ammonite Parapuzosia (P.) seppenradensis (Landois, 1895)". PLOS ONE. 16 (11): e0258510. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1658510I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258510. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC8580234. PMID 34758037.
^Poulton, Terence P. (2023). "Corbinites (Subfamily Lithacoceratinae), a new genus for the giant western Canadian Late Kimmeridgian or Tithonian (Late Jurassic) ammonite Titanites occidentalis Frebold". Volumina Jurassica. 21: 27–38. ISSN 1731-3708.
^ a b cFuchs, Dirk; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2021-11-01). "Large-sized gladius-bearing octobrachians (coleoid cephalopods) in the Turonian plattenkalk of Vallecillo, Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 127: 104949. Bibcode:2021CrRes.12704949F. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104949. ISSN 0195-6671.
^Kröger, Björn (2013-03-27). "The cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Late Ordovician, of Dalarna, Sweden". European Journal of Taxonomy (41). doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.41. ISSN 2118-9773.
^Kröger, Björn; Ebbestad, Jan Ove R. (2014). "Palaeoecology and palaeogeography of Late Ordovician (Katian–Hirnantian) cephalopods of the Boda Limestone, Siljan district, Sweden". Lethaia. 47 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2014Letha..47...15K. doi:10.1111/let.12034. ISSN 0024-1164.
^Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Heyng, Alexander; Iijima, Masaya; Klug, Christian; Larson, Neal L.; Schweigert, Günter (2020). Brayard, Arnaud (ed.). "The Muensterelloidea: phylogeny and character evolution of Mesozoic stem octopods". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (1): 31–92. Bibcode:2020PPal....6...31F. doi:10.1002/spp2.1254. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 198256507.
^Fuchs, Dirk (2019-10-08). "Eromangateuthis n. gen., a new genus for a late Albian gladius-bearing giant octobrachian (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea)". Paleontological Contributions. doi:10.17161/1808.29619. ISSN 1946-0279.
^Tanabe, Kazushige; Hikida, Yoshinori (2010). "Jaws of a New Species ofNanaimoteuthis(Coleoidea: Vampyromorphida) from the Tuironian of Hokkaido, Japan". Paleontological Research. 14 (2): 145–150. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.145. ISSN 1342-8144. S2CID 128429338.
^ a b cSchmitz et al., 2013a
^Farquhar, 2014; [Te Papa], 2014
^Land & Nilsson, 2012:86
^Motani et al., 1999; Humphries & Ruxton, 2002
^Nilsson et al., 2012:687
^Schmitz et al., 2013a:45
^Ellis, 1996:177; [Anonymous], 2005a; though see Young et al., 2015
^Partridge, 2012
^ a bAdelman & Gilbert, 1990:102
^Scully, 2008
^Arata, 1954; Murata, 1988; Maciá et al., 2004; Muramatsu et al., 2013; O'Dor et al., 2013
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