バギオ | |
|---|---|
| ニックネーム: フィリピンの夏の首都、 パインズ市 | |
| 国歌: バギオ賛歌 | |
バギオが強調表示されたベンゲットの地図 | |
オープンストリートマップ | |
フィリピン国内の位置 | |
| 座標: 16°24′43″N 120°35′36″E / 16.4119°N 120.5933°E / 16.4119; 120.5933 | |
| 国 | フィリピン |
| 地域 | コルディリェラ行政地域 |
| 州 | ベンゲット (地理的にのみ) |
| 地区 | ローン地区 |
| 設立 | 1900 |
| 法人化 | 1909年9月1日(市) |
| 高度に都市化された都市 | 1979年12月22日 |
| バランガイ | 129(バランガイを参照) |
| 政府 | |
| • タイプ | サングニアン パンルンソド |
| • 市長 | ベンジャミン・B・マガロン(NPC)[1] |
| • 副市長 | ファウスティーノ・A・オロワン ( PDP–ラバン) |
| • 代表 | マルケス・O・ゴ(NP) |
| • 市議会 | メンバー |
| • 選挙民 | 168,218人の有権者(2022年) |
| エリア [3] | |
| • 高度に都市化された都市 | 57.51 km 2 (22.20 平方マイル) |
| • メトロ (ブリスト) | 1,094.79 km 2 (422.70 平方マイル) |
| 標高 | 1,450メートル(4,760フィート) |
| 最高標高 | 1,667メートル(5,469フィート) |
| 最低標高 | 910メートル(2,990フィート) |
| 人口 (2020年国勢調査)[4] | |
| • 高度に都市化された都市 | 366,358 |
| • 密度 | 6,400/km 2 (16,000/平方マイル) |
| • メトロ (ブリスト) | 644,589 |
| • 地下鉄の密度 | 3,100/km 2 (8,000/平方マイル) |
| • 世帯 | 100,220 |
| 経済 | |
| • 国内総生産 | 139,174百万ペソ(2021年)[5] 2,762百万ドル(2021年)[6] |
| • 所得階級 | 都市所得第1クラス |
| • 貧困率 | 1.00 |
| • 収益 | 21億6,200万ペソ(2020年) |
| • 資産 | 11,278百万ペソ(2020年) |
| • 支出 | 14億2千万ペソ(2020年) |
| • 負債 | 48億1,100万ペソ(2020年) |
| サービスプロバイダー | |
| • 電気 | ベンゲット電力協同組合 (BENECO) |
| • 水 | バギオ水道局 (BWD) |
| タイムゾーン | UTC+8 (太平洋標準時) |
| 郵便番号 | 2600 |
| PSGC | 1430300000 |
| IDD :市外局番 | +63 (0)74 |
| 母国語 | カンカナエイ イバロイ イロカノ タガログ語 |
| Webサイト | バギオ |
バギオ(英国: / ˈ b æ ɡ i oʊ / BAG -ee-oh、 米国: / ˈ b ɑː ɡ i oʊ、ˌ b ɑː ɡ i ˈ oʊ / BAH -ghee-oh、- OH、タガログ語: [ˈbaɡjɔ] ] )、正式にはバギオ市(イバロイ: Siudad ne Bagiw ;イロカノ: Siudad ti Baguio ;タガログ語: Lungsod ng Baguio ) は、フィリピンのコルディリェラ行政区にある第一級の高度に都市化された都市です。ルソン島の熱帯松林の中にあり、海抜約4,810フィート(1,470メートル)に位置しているため、涼しい気候で「フィリピンの夏の首都」として知られています。エコリージョンであり、苔むした植物、蘭、松の木の成長にも適しており、「松の街」という別名も付けられています。[8]
バギオは1900年にアメリカ合衆国によってカファグウェイとして知られるイバロイ族の村の跡地に丘陵リゾート地として設立された。これはアメリカ合衆国がアジアに持つ唯一の丘陵リゾート地であった。[9]
バギオは高度都市化都市(HUC)に分類されている。ベンゲット州最大の都市であり、1901年から1916年まで州都を務めたが[10] 、その後州が認可都市に転換されてからは州から独立して統治されている。バギオは、フィリピン統計局によって地理的にベンゲット州内に位置付けられているが、これは地理統計上の目的のためだけである。この都市はルソン島北部のビジネス、商業、教育の中心地であり、コルディリェラ行政地域で最も人口が多く、政府所在地でもある。[11] 2024年の国勢調査によると、バギオの人口は40万人である。[4]
語源
バギオは先住民族からはカファグウェイと呼ばれていた。バギオという名前はアメリカ統治時代に由来し、イバロイ語のバギウ(苔)に由来し、その後ヒスパニック化されてバギオとなった。[12]市の原住民の愛称であるイバギウもこの言葉に由来している。また、この都市で毎年開催される芸術祭の名前でもある。[13] [14]
歴史
イバロイの町カファグウェイ
バギオはかつては広大な山岳地帯で、豊かな高原の森林があり、在来の鹿、クラウドラット、フィリピンワシ、フィリピンイボイノシシ、そして数多くの植物種など、さまざまな野生生物が生息していた。この地域は先住民、特にイバロイ族や他のイゴロット族の狩猟場であった。スペイン人がフィリピンに到着したとき、コルディリェラ山脈の先住民イゴロット族の徹底した防衛戦術により、この地域はスペインに完全に征服されることはなかった。[15]
イゴロトの口承によると、ベンゲットの上流階級であるバクナンは、1565年から1600年代初頭にかけて、金商人のアムキディットと、アキュパンで金採掘をしていたカンカナエイの処女との結婚によって築かれた。彼らの息子バルイがその地域で金鉱床を発見し、雇った労働者や奴隷を使って開発を行った。[15]
1755年、アウグスティノ会 修道士ペドロ・デ・ビバールはバギオ郊外のトングロ(トンド)に伝道所を設立した。翌年彼が追放されるまで、このランチェリアにはバクナン数家族を含む220人が住んでいた。スペイン人は1759年に伝道所の奪還を試みたものの、待ち伏せされた。このため総督ペドロ・マヌエル・デ・アランディア・サンティステバンはドン・マヌエル・アルサ・デ・ウルティアを懲罰遠征に派遣し、伝道所は焼き払われた。[15] : 477–478
スペイン統治
1846年のスペイン統治時代、スペイン人は近くのラ・トリニダードに司令部またはコマンダンシアを設置し、ベンゲットを31のランチェリアに組織した。その1つがカファグウェイで、現在のバーナム公園がある広い草地である。カファグウェイは当時、わずか20軒ほどの家からなる小さなランチェリアで、カファグウェイの土地のほとんどは、その首長を務めた著名なイバロイのマテオ・カリニョが所有していた。 [16]スペインのプレジデンシアは、ギサド渓谷付近のバグイウにあったが、後に現在の市庁舎が建っているカリニョの家に移された。バグイウは、イバロイ語で「苔」を意味する町の地名で、歴史的にこの地域に豊富に生えていた。この名前はスペイン人によってバギオと綴られた。[10] [17]
フィリピン第一共和国
1899年7月のフィリピン革命の間、ペドロ・パテルノ率いるフィリピン革命軍はラ・トリニダードをスペイン人から解放して政府を掌握し、ベンゲットを新しいフィリピン共和国の州と宣言した。バギオは「町」に変わり、マテオ・カリニョがプレジデンテ(市長)となった。[10] [17]
アメリカの統治
米西戦争後、アメリカがフィリピンを占領すると、当時のフィリピン諸島の夏の首都としてバギオが選ばれた。アメリカの動物学者ディーン・コナント・ウースターは、米国国務長官エリヒュー・ルートにフィリピン北部の山岳地帯の涼しい場所への遠征を命じるよう説得し、1900年に遠征隊を率いた。 [18]ウィリアム・タフト総督は、1901年の最初の訪問で「アディロンダックやマレー湾のようにすがすがしい空気」を評した。 [19] : 317–319 1901年11月11日、アメリカ植民地政府はイバロイ族が所有していたバギオの土地を没収し、イバロイ族は土地を売却せざるを得なくなった。[20]
1903年、フィリピン人、日本人、中国人の労働者が雇われ、バギオとラ・ウニオンおよびパンガシナンの低地を直接結ぶ最初の道路であるケノン道路の建設が行われた。これ以前は、ベンゲットへの唯一の道路はナギリアン道路であり、標高の高い場所では主に馬道であった。[要出典]キャンプ・ジョン・ヘイは、セオドア・ルーズベルト大統領が、低地の暑さからアメリカ軍が休息し回復するための軍事保護区としてベンゲットの土地を確保する大統領令に署名した後、1903年10月に設立された。 [21] [22]ルーズベルトの国務長官ジョン・ミルトン・ヘイにちなんで名付けられた。
1908年に建てられたこの邸宅は、夏の間マニラの暑さを逃れるためのアメリカ総督の公邸として使われていました。この邸宅は、建築家ダニエル・バーナムの予備計画に基づいて建築家ウィリアム・E・パーソンズによって設計されました。[23]
近代都市計画家として最も初期の成功を収めた人物の一人であるバーナムは、美しい都市運動の理念に従って山間の別荘を設計した。1904年、市の残りの部分はバーナムによって計画された。1909年9月1日、バギオは認可都市として宣言され、「フィリピンの夏の首都」という愛称が付けられた。[24]
その後、バギオではさらなる発展が見られ、ルーク・エドワード・ライト総督を記念したライト公園、バーナムを記念したバーナム公園、ガバナー・パック・ロード、セッション・ロードが建設されました。[25]
第二次世界大戦

第二次世界大戦前、バギオはフィリピン連邦の夏の首都であり、フィリピン陸軍士官学校の本拠地でもありました。[26] そのため、軍事的にも政治的にも非常に重要な場所でした。戦争が始まったとき、 フィリピン大統領のマヌエル・ケソンもバギオにいました。
1941年12月8日、17機の日本軍爆撃機がキャンプ・ジョン・ヘイを攻撃した。[27] : 291 これはルソン島に対する最初の日本軍空襲の一環であった。[28]バギオは12月27日に無防備都市と宣言された。[29]
1941年の日本軍のフィリピン侵攻後、日本軍はバギオのアメリカ軍基地キャンプ・ジョン・ヘイを軍事基地として使用した。 [30]近くのフィリピン警察基地キャンプ・ホームズは、 1942年4月から1944年12月までの間、約500人の敵性外国人民間人(ほとんどがアメリカ人)の収容所として使用された。 [31] [32]

1943年に設立された傀儡国家、第二フィリピン共和国のホセ・P・ローレル大統領は3月22日にバギオを出発し、 8日後の3月30日に台湾に到着した。 [33]第二共和国政府の残りの職員と日本人民間人は3月30日にバギオから避難するよう命令を受けた。その後、山下奉文将軍とそのスタッフはヌエバビスカヤ県バンバンに移転した。[34]
1945年3月下旬までに、バギオはアメリカ軍とフィリピン軍の砲撃の射程内に入った。[33] 3月4日から10日の間に、アメリカ第5空軍の飛行機がバギオに933トンの爆弾と1,185ガロンのナパーム弾を投下し、市の大部分を瓦礫と化した。[35]バギオを占領するための大規模な攻勢は、アメリカ陸軍第37歩兵師団に所属するUSAFIP-NLの第66歩兵連隊第1大隊、アメリカ第33歩兵師団に所属するUSAFIP-NLの第66歩兵連隊第2大隊、およびUSAFIP-NLの第66歩兵連隊第3大隊がバギオに集結した1945年4月まで行われなかった。 1945年4月27日までに市は解放され、合同部隊はラ・トリニダード渓谷の解放に着手した。[27]
1945年9月、山下大将と大河内中将率いるフィリピンの日本軍は、アーサー・パーシバル中将とジョナサン・ウェインライト中将の立ち会いのもと、キャンプ・ジョン・ヘイのアメリカ人公邸で正式に降伏した。[36]
第二次世界大戦後の復興
第二次世界大戦の終結とともにバギオは急速に復興し、1976年に公式の「フィリピンの夏の首都」ではなくなったにもかかわらず、観光地として大きな評判を得て、観光収入を大きく増やした。[37]
1986年のピープルパワー革命の際
1986年の突然の大統領選挙の後、反独裁政権活動家たちは主にセッション通りの中ほどにあるアゾテアビルと、セッション通りをさらに上ったガバナーパック通りとの交差点にあるカフェアマポラに拠点を置いていた。キャンプジョンヘイのアメリカ軍ラジオテレビネットワーク局がマニラからニュースを放送していたため、彼らは早い段階でマニラでピープルパワー革命が始まったことを知った。自分たちの場所はあまりに危険だと判断して、彼らは高台にあったバギオ大聖堂の中庭に野営した。 [38]その後、ベンゲット州ブギアスのフィリピン警察分遣隊のベンジャミンマガロン中尉が彼らに加わった。 [39]彼は政府から離反し、近くのバギオ中央警察署に行き、不都合な事件を防ぐために警察署員を武装解除したが、その間バギオ住民は大聖堂に集まり続け、マルコス政権の虐待に抗議していた。[39]バギオ大聖堂とそれに隣接するセッションロードは、バギオのピープルパワー革命の中心地となり、セブ、ダバオ、バコロド、マニラ、その他のフィリピンの主要都市で同様の抗議活動が起こり、最終的には1986年2月25日にフェルディナンド・マルコス大統領の退陣につながった。[38]
コルディリェラ行政地域の創設
1987年7月15日、コラソン・アキノ大統領は大統領令220号を発令し、コルディリェラ行政地域を創設し、[40] [41]高度に都市化されたバギオ市をその政府所在地とした。[11] コルディリェラ行政地域を合法的に自治地域にするための様々な試みが行われたが、2回の自治権住民投票で十分な国民の支持を集めることができなかった。[42]
1990年ルソン島地震とその余波
1990年ルソン島地震(マグニチュード7.7 )は、1990年7月16日の午後、バギオと周囲のベンゲット州の一部を破壊した。[43]ハイアットテラスプラザ、ネバダホテル、バギオパークホテル、FRBホテル、バギオヒルトップホテルなど、多数の建物とインフラが被害を受けた。主要幹線道路は地滑りと舗装の崩壊により一時的に封鎖され、多くの家屋が倒壊または激しく揺れ、多数の死傷者が出た。[44]倒壊した建物の中には、断層線上または断層線近くに建てられたものもあった。地元の建築家は後に、特にコンクリートや鉄筋の基準、および「軟弱な階」に関して、構造建築基準をもっと厳格に遵守すべきだったと認めた。バギオは、中央政府および日本、シンガポール、米国などの国際援助国からの援助により再建された。[要出典]
地理
(2018-11-26).jpg/500px-Trees_near_UP_Baguio_(Baguio,_Benguet)(2018-11-26).jpg)
バギオはルソン島北部のコルディリェラ・セントラル山脈に囲まれた高原都市である。市街地の中心部は海抜1400~1500メートルであるが、バギオの行政区域内の標高はブエド川沿いで約900メートル、ブソル流域で約1700メートル(5600フィート)に及ぶ。バギオ郊外の山頂は海抜2200メートル(7200フィート)を超え、最も高いのはトゥバのサント・トーマス山である。[45]
ベンゲット州に囲まれたこの都市は、面積57.5平方キロメートル(22.2平方マイル)の小さな地域を占めています。開発された都市のほとんどは、北部の起伏のある丘陵地帯に建てられています。ダニエル・バーナムが都市計画を描いたとき、彼は市役所を基準点とし、市の境界は東西に8.2キロメートル(5.1マイル)、南北に7.2キロメートル(4.5マイル)に広がっていました。[24]
バランガイ
バギオは 129 のバランガイで構成されています。各バランガイはプロクで構成されており、一部にはシティオがあります。

- A. ボニファシオ - カギオア - リマンド( ABCR )
- アバナオ - ザンドゥエタ - カヨン - チュグム - オテック( AZKCO )
- アルフォンソ・タボラ
- アンビオン
- アンドレス・ボニファシオ(ロワ・ボコーカン)
- アプガン・ロアカン
- アシンロード
- アトックトレイル
- オーロラ ヒル プロパー(マルバー-フロレスカ軍曹)
- オーロラヒル、北中部
- オーロラヒル、サウスセントラル
- バゴン・リプナン(市場エリア)
- バカケンセントラル
- バカケン北
- バル・マルコヴィル(マルコヴィル)
- バルシガン
- バヤンパークイースト
- バヤンパークビレッジ
- バヤン パーク ウェスト(バヤン パーク、レオニラ ヒル)
- BGH化合物
- ブルックサイド
- ブルックスポイント
- キャビネット ヒル - 教師キャンプ
- カムダス地区
- キャンプ7
- キャンプ8
- キャンプアレン
- カンポ・フィリピン
- シティキャンプセントラル
- シティキャンププロパー
- カントリークラブビレッジ
- クレセンシアビレッジ
- ダグシアン、下
- ダグシアン、アッパー
- ディゾン地区
- ドミニカン ヒル ミラドール
- ドントガン
- DPSコンパウンド
- エンジニアズ ヒル
- フェアビュービレッジ
- フェルディナンド(ハッピーホームズ-カンポシオコ)
- ピラール砦
- ガブリエラ・シラン
- エミリオ・F・アギナルド将軍(キリノ・マグサイサイ、下部)
- ジェネラル・ルナ、アッパー
- ジェネラル・ルナ、下
- ジブラルタル
- グリーンウォータービレッジ
- ギサドセントラル
- ギサド・ソロン
- ハッピーホロー
- ハッピー ホームズ(ハッピー ホームズ-ルクバン)
- ハリソン・クラウディオ・カランテス
- ヒルサイド
- 聖霊の拡張
- 聖霊の本質
- ハネムーン(ハネムーン-聖霊)
- イメルダ・R・マルコス(ラ・サール)
- イメルダ村
- イリサン
- カバヤニハン
- カギティンガン
- カヤン拡張
- カヤン・ヒルトップ
- キアス
- レガルダ・バーナム・キサド
- リワナグ・ロアカン
- ロアカン・プロパー
- ロペス・ハエナ
- ルルド分譲地拡張
- ルルド地区、下
- ルルド地区
- ルアルハティ
- ルクナブ
- マグサイサイ私道
- マグサイサイ、ローワー
- マグサイサイ、アッパー
- マルコム・スクエア・パーフェクト(ホセ・アバド・サントス)
- マヌエル・A・ロハス
- マーケット区分、上部
- ミドル ケソン ヒル地区(ケソン ヒル ミドル)
- 軍事カットオフ
- マインズビューパーク
- モダンサイト、東
- モダンサイト、西
- MRR-平和の女王
- ニュー ルクバン
- Outlook ドライブ
- パクダル
- パドレ・ブルゴス
- パドレ・サモラ
- パルマ - ウルバーノ(カリーニョ - パルマ)
- フィリアム
- ピンゲット
- ピンサオパイロットプロジェクト
- ピンサオプロパー
- ポリウェス
- プクスサン
- ケソンヒル
- ケソンヒル、アッパー
- キリノヒル、イースト
- キリノヒル、下
- キリノ・ヒル、ミドル
- キリノヒル、西
- キリノ=マグサイサイ高原(アッパーQM)
- リサール記念碑エリア
- 岩石採石場、下
- 岩石採石場、中部
- 岩石採石場、上部
- セントジョセフ村
- サルード・ミトラ
- サンアントニオビレッジ
- サンルイスビレッジ
- サンロケ村
- サンビセンテ
- 衛生キャンプ、北
- 衛生キャンプ、南
- サンタ・エスコラスティカ
- サント・ロザリオ
- サント・トマス・プロペル
- サント・トーマス学区
- スカウト・バリオ
- セッションロードエリア
- 屠殺場エリア(サントニーニョ屠殺場)
- SLU-SVP住宅村
- サウスドライブ
- テオドラ・アロンゾ
- トランコヴィル
- ビクトリアビレッジ
バランガイの合併提案
市内の129のバランガイを合併する提案は、2000年の発足以来、実施されていない。複数の地方当局者は、市内のバランガイの多くが、高度に都市化された都市は最低5,000人の住民が認定されている必要があるというフィリピン地方自治法の最低要件を満たしていないと強調した。マウリシオ・ドモガン市長によると、過去には地方自治体に与えられる利益は既存のバランガイの数に基づいていたため、元地方当局者は国から追加の利益を得るために、市内にできるだけ多くのバランガイを創設した。提案されている合併は、隣接するバランガイを合併することでバランガイを130から40~50に減らすもので、バランガイの境界紛争、面積や人口の少ないバランガイに比べて規模の大きいバランガイへの資金の偏り、バランガイ職員への報酬の不足など、いくつかの問題を解決すると考えられている。[46] [47] [48]
気候
変化に富んだ地形を持つ都市であるバギオは、地元の標高に応じて、熱帯モンスーン気候(ケッペンの気候区分:Am)と亜熱帯高地気候(ケッペンの気候区分:Cwb)を特徴としています。この都市は、一般的に標高が高いため、温暖な気候で知られています。市内の気温は通常、海抜近くの低地の気温よりも約7〜10℃(13〜18℉)低くなります。[24] [53]平均気温は15〜23℃(59〜73℉)の範囲で、最低気温は11月から2月にかけて発生します。記録された最低気温は、1961年1月18日の6.3℃(43.3℉)です。対照的に、史上最高気温の30.4℃(86.7℉)は1988年3月15日に記録され、[54] 1988年のエルニーニョシーズン中に記録されました。[55]一年で最も暖かい時期でも気温が26℃(78.8℉)を超えることはめったにありません。
降水量

亜熱帯高地気候の他の多くの都市と同様に、バギオは乾季には著しく降水量が少ない。しかし、6月から10月の雨季には異常なほど降水量が多い。 [24]この都市の年間降水量は平均3,914 mm(154インチ)を超え、国内で最も高い。[56]
環境
汚染
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バギオは大気汚染に悩まされており、2014年のWHOの報告書によると、フィリピンで最も空気が汚れている都市の一つである。 [57] 2017年に環境天然資源省の環境管理局は、同市の空気の質がわずかに改善したと報告した。2018年のWHOの報告書では、同市は他の8つの地方都市(セブ、ダグパン、ダバオ、マニラ、サンカルロス、ウルダネタ、サンボアンガ)の中で最も空気が汚染されている都市としてリストに挙げられた。 [58]エコカーやユーロ4適合車は、公共交通機関(PUV)の近代化に向けた取り組みに沿って、市内の急勾配に適しているかどうかテストされている。 [59]ドゥテルテ大統領のPUV近代化イニシアチブに沿って、PUV、特にジープニーの近代化が推進されている。[60]
バギオを悩ませているもう一つの問題は、ゴミと廃棄物の処理である。市はこれまでウルダネタ市の埋立地にゴミを投棄してきたが、コストの上昇が市の予算を圧迫している。[61] 2018年初頭、市政府は市郊外のマルコスハイウェイ近くにあるゴミ中継ステーションの使用を開始したが、近隣の町トゥバの住民から、この施設が地域社会に健康被害をもたらすとして抗議を受けた。[62] 2019年現在、フィリピン国営石油会社は、ゴミ問題の解決策として廃棄物発電技術の試験を申し出ている。 [63]バギオの廃水処理場も、市のニーズに十分対応できていないため拡張が検討されている。処理場が処理できない廃水はバリリ川に投棄され、大腸菌のレベルが高くなり、マニラ湾よりも高くなった。[64]
風景
バギオも計画都市です。アメリカの建築家で都市計画家のダニエル・バーナムが新しい首都の設計を依頼されました。彼の都市設計は、長方形から放射状に広がる広い通りや大通りを特徴とする「美しい都市運動」 [ 65]に基づいています。
第二次世界大戦中、バギオは日本軍の侵攻と、それに続く解放後のアメリカ軍の砲撃により完全に破壊された。[66]解放後、再建が始まり、歴史的建造物のほとんどが徹底的に再建された。しかし、19世紀の歴史的建造物の中には、再建可能な形で保存されていたものもあったが、それでもなお破壊されたり、劣化したまま放置されたりした。[要出典] 1990年のルソン島地震はバギオの古い建物をさらに破壊し、ホテル、工場、政府や大学の建物など28棟の建物が倒壊し、多くの個人住宅や施設も破壊された。[67]
バギオの現在の景観は、ほとんどが現代建築です。[要出典]
建築
バギオの現代建築は、主にアメリカ建築である[要出典]。この地に駅を設置したのはアメリカ人だったからである。その例としては、ティーチャーズ・キャンプやキャンプ・ジョン・ヘイに建てられたもの、市内の以前のアメリカの施設、現在のバギオ市庁舎などがある。ポルタ・ヴァガ・モールやラ・アゾテアなど、スペインの建築コンセプトの影響を受けた建物もある[要出典] 。市内で最も現代的な建物の1つは、2003年に設立されたSMシティ・バギオである。[68]
これらの建物を保存することを目的とした様々な団体による動きがなされてきた。[69] [70]歴史的建造物であるバギオ市庁舎は、国の文化遺産に関する法律に違反する可能性があるため、敷地の改修に反対に直面してきた。 [71]しかし、市庁舎が国の遺産であることを裏付ける文書がないため、改修は続行された。[72]市庁舎公園の建設は2019年5月に完了し、市の新しい名称を工芸品と民芸品の創造的センターとして定義すると言われている。[73]
人口統計
The original inhabitants of Baguio are the Ibaloi people (natively pronounced as "Ivadoi"). When the Americans established the city in the early 1900s, early settlers in the city included members of other Igorot tribes (Igudut in Ibaloi), the lowlander Ilocanos (Iduko), Americans (Merikano), and mestizos. A significant number of Chinese (both Cantonese and Hokkien) and Japanese laborers were also hired to build Kennon Road, many of whom later settled in the city.[14]
Baguio is an overpopulated city, having a population density of more than 6,000 people per square kilometer.[78] Originally planned by Daniel Burnham to accommodate 25,000 to 30,000 people,[78] the city's population has swelled to 366,358 persons as of May 2020.[4] The city has a very young age structure as 65.5 percent of its total population is below thirty years old. Females comprise 51.3 percent of the population as against 48.7 percent for males. The household population comprises 98 percent of the total population, or 245,000 persons. With an average of 4.6 members per household, a total of 53,261 households are gleaned. During the peak of the annual tourist influx, particularly during the Lenten period, transients triple the population.[24]
Crime
Crime in Baguio is concentrated in theft and vehicular accidents. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug trade is also a problem of the city as 24 of its 129 barangays are considered as drug affected as of December 2017.[79]
In 2018, Baguio was listed as one of the safest cities both in the ASEAN region, ranking sixth with a crime index of 40.57 and safety index of 59.43. The Baguio City Police Office also has the highest crime solution efficiency nationwide of 84%, compared to the national 77% and the region's 70%.[79] In May 2019 BCPO also reported a drop of 27% in crimes, from 1,150 in 2018 to 834 in 2019. The BCPO was awarded as the country's best city police station in 2018.[80]
Religion
Baguio is a predominantly Christian city, as of 2015; Roman Catholics at 74% (254,716), Evangelicals (Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches) at 7% (24,236), National Council of Churches in the Philippines at 5% (17,968), and Iglesia ni Cristo at 4% (13,897).[81]
As of 2015, Muslims comprise 1% (3,269) of the city's total population.[81] The largest mosque in the area is Masjid Al-Maarif, which is a centre of Islamic studies in the Philippines.[82] The city also has smaller numbers of Buddhists and atheists, along with members of other faiths.[81]
Economy

Poverty incidence of Baguio
As a melting pot of different peoples and cultures in the Cordillera Administrative Region, numerous investments and business opportunities are lured to Baguio.[24] Baguio has a large retail industry, with shoppers coming to the city to take advantage of the diversity of competitively priced commercial products on sale.[91] The city is also popular with bargain hunters;[92] some of the most popular bargaining areas include Baguio Market and Maharlika Livelihood Center.[citation needed] The city is home to numerous shopping centers and malls catering to increasing commercial and tourist activity;[93] these include: SM City Baguio, Baguio Center Mall, Abanao Square, and Tiong San.[94]
Various food and retail businesses run by local residents proliferate, forming a key part of Baguio's cultural landscape. Several retail outlets and dining outlets are situated along Bonifacio Street, Session Road, Teacher's Camp, Mines View Park and Baguio Fastfood Center near the market.[citation needed]
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The areas of Session Road, Harrison Road, Magsaysay Avenue and Abanao Street, comprise the city's trade center, where commercial and business structures such as cinemas, hotels, restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers are concentrated. The City Market offers a wide array of locally sourced goods and products, usually from Benguet province,[95][96] which includes colorful woven fabrics and hand-strung beads to primitive wood carvings, cut flowers,[95] strawberries and "Baguio" vegetables. The term 'Baguio vegetables' often denotes vegetable types that thrive in the cooler growing climate. Strawberries and string beans—referred to as Baguio beans across the Philippines—are shipped to major urban markets across the archipelago.[citation needed]
Another key source of income for Baguio is its position as the economic hub of the Cordillera Administrative Region.[97] The economy of the city has benefited from the vibrant mining industry in several towns of Benguet.[98] Many agricultural goods produced in Benguet pass through Baguio for processing, sale or further distribution to the lowlands.[99]
Industrial
Baguio is one of the Philippines' most profitable and best investment areas.[100][101]
A Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA)-accredited business and industrial park called the Baguio City Economic Zone (BCEZ) is located in the southern part of the city between Camp John Hay Country Club and Philippine Military Academy in Barangay Loakan. Firms located in the BCEZ mostly produce and export knitted clothing, transistors, small components for vehicles, electronics and computer parts. Notable firms include Texas Instruments Philippines, which is the second largest exporter in the country.[102] Other companies headquartered within the economic zone include Baguio Ayalaland Technohub,[103] Moog Philippines, Inc.,[104] Linde Philippines, Inc., LTX Philippines Corporation, and Sitel Philippines, Baguio.[105]
Outsourcing
Outsourcing contributes to the city's economy and employment. Sitel, whose main office is located in the Baguio City Economic Zone, is the largest BPO company in the city with four sites established within the BCEZ. There are also multiple BPOs present in the city with numerous PEZA-accredited private economic zones established to cater to this industry. The Ayala Technohub located in Camp John Hay hosts Cocentrix and InterContinental Hotels Group alongside other commercial establishments.[106] Teleperformance Baguio and Thoughtfocus is established at the SM Cyberzone Building (also known as SM Fiesta Strip) located in front of Sunshine Park,[107] while other call centers downtown are Optimum Transsource, Sterling Global and Global Translogic. Tech-Synergy operates a large transcription and back office operation near Wright park.
In recent years, there has been a surge of ESL (English as a Second Language) Tutorial Schools throughout Baguio that caters to students from other countries and also provide online services. This industry however has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic with foreign students returning to their home countries.[108]
Culture
Arts and museums
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The city became a haven for many Filipino artists in the 1970s–1990s. Drawn by the cool climate and low cost of living, artists such as Ben Cabrera (now a National Artist) and filmmaker Butch Perez relocated to the city. At the same time, locals such as mixed-media artist Santiago Bose and filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik were also establishing work in the city. Even today, artists like painters and sculptors from all over the country are drawn to the Baguio Arts Festival which is held annually.[53] The city houses several museums, such as the Baguio Museum, Museo Kordilyera, Emilio F. Aguinaldo Museum, the Laperal White House and the SLU Museum of Arts and Cultures.
Baguio has been included in UNESCO's Creative Cities Network due to craft and folk art traditions of the city particularly ranging on expressions to wood carving, silver craft, traditional weaving and tattooing.[109] Baguio is the first city in the Philippines to be part of the inter-city network which aims to promote the creative industries as well as integrate culture in sustainable urban development.[110]
Languages
The languages commonly spoken in Baguio are Ilocano, Tagalog, and English. Languages like Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Pangasinan, Cantonese,[111] Hokkien,[111] Japanese,[14] Kapampangan, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Maranao, Maguindanaon and Tausug are also spoken to varying degrees by their respective ethnic communities within the city.[112][113]
Media
In 1939, when the country's literacy was below 50%, the city already had a weekly paper. Manila Bulletin's predecessor, The Manila Daily Bulletin, published a weekly supplement, Baguio Bulletin.[114]
Local and regional newspapers circulating in Baguio include the Baguio Midland Courier, Baguio Herald Express, Zigzag Weekly, and Baguio Chronicle.[115]
Baguio Midland Courier was the largest newspaper publication around Baguio and Cordillera Administrative Region. It started out as a four-page tabloid in April 28, 1947, by Sinai Hamada and siblings Oseo and Cecilia. Sinai was its first and longest-lasting editor-in-chief while his older brother Oseo managed its business operations.[116] Circa 1963, it distributed 7,500 copies. It launched its website in its 60th anniversary.[117] The Baguio Midland Courier announced its closure effective July 22, 2024 and it issued its final edition on July 21, 2024.[118][119] Baguio Midland Courier's publisher, Hamada Printers & Publishers Corp., however stated that despite cessation of print operations, its website and social media pages can still be accessed.[120]
Festivals and holidays

The annual flower festival, called the Panagbenga Festival, is held every February; it was created to highlight the city's flowers and cool temperature and as a way to rise up from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The festival includes floats covered mostly with flowers;[121] it also includes street dancing, presented by dancers clad in flower-inspired costumes inspired by the Bendian, an Ibaloi dance of celebration. The indigenous people were initially wary with government-led tourism due to a perceived threat that the government would interfere with or change their communities' rituals.[122]
Baguio celebrates its city charter anniversary every September 1, which has been declared as a special non-working holiday in 1989 through Republic Act 6710.[123]
Tourism
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Tourism is one of Baguio's main industries due to its cool climate and history. The city is one of the country's top tourist destinations. During the year end holidays some people from the lowlands prefer spending their vacation in Baguio, to experience cold temperatures they rarely have in their home provinces. Also, during summer, especially during Holy Week, tourists from all over the country flock to the city. During this time, the total number of people in the city doubles.[124] To accommodate visitors, there are more than 80 hotels and inns available, as well as numerous transient houses set up by the locals.[125] Local festivities such as the Panagbenga Festival also attracts both local and foreign tourists.[126]
Baguio is the lone Philippine destination in the 2011 TripAdvisor Traveller's Choice Destinations Awards (Asia category) with the city being among the top 25 destinations in Asia.[127] Burnham Park, Mines View Park, Wright Park, The Mansion, and Botanical Garden are among the popular tourist sites in Baguio.[128]
Government
Local government
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As a highly urbanized city with its own charter, it is not subject to the jurisdiction of Benguet province, of which it was formerly a part.
The City of Baguio is led by its own mayor and vice mayor. The vice mayor leads the city council, composed of 12 elected councilors and 3 ex-officio members (the ABC President, SK President, and IPMR of the city). The City Government holds office at the Baguio City Hall.[129]
The 129 barangays are led by their own captains assisted by a 7-man barangay council.[130]
These officials are term-limited by up to 3 consecutive terms, with each term lasting for 3 years.
Elected officials
The city government's composition as of June 30, 2022:[131][132][133][134]
Congress representation
Baguio is represented in the House of Representatives by its own congressman, Marquez O. Go. The city is a lone district, separate from the province of Benguet.
Summer residences
The city hosts the summer residences of the President, Vice President, Senate President and House Speaker at Barangay Lualhati, while the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and the Cabinet Secretaries cottages are housed at Cabinet Hill.[135] The Supreme Court and Court of Appeals hold summer sessions in the city, usually during the month of April.[136]
Sports

Baguio has hosted several sporting events, even those of international standing. The Baguio Athletic Bowl within the grounds of Burnham Park is one of Baguio's primary sporting venues. Baguio hosted the 1978 World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Viktor Korchnoi, building the Baguio Convention Center for that purpose. The city is a participant in the CARAA games or the Cordillera Administrative Region Athletic Association, hosting it last in 2016 and 2017. The winners of the said event will eventually represent the region in the annual Palarong Pambansa games, which is also sponsored by the Department of Education.[137] As of 2019, the city is still the overall champion with 205 gold, 110 silver and 79 bronze medals.[138][139]
In recent years, Baguio has been racking up titles and medals in the field of Mixed Martial Arts led by Team Lakay.[140][141]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Air
Loakan Airport is the lone airport serving the general area of Baguio. The airport is classified as a trunkline airport, or a major commercial domestic airport, by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. Major commercial operations to Baguio however ceased after Philippine Airlines closed their Baguio route in 1998. There were attempts to reopen Baguio routes throughout the following two decades by different airline operators such as Asian Spirit and Sky Pasada but none were able to sustain continuous operation.[142] Commercial flights resumed in 2022 with Philippine Airlines (operated by PAL Express) operating Baguio–Cebu flights and vice-versa but operations was halted by Philippine Airlines on July 2024 because of poor passenger traffic.[143][144]
The airport is located south of the city center. Due to the limited length of the runway, being only 1,802 m (5,912 ft) long, it is restricted to commuter size aircraft. The airport is used primarily by helicopters, turbo-prop and piston engine aircraft, although on rare occasions light business jets (LBJ) have flown into the airport.
Land
Jeepneys and taxis are the main means of public transportation in the city. The government's push for jeepney modernization has led to an increase of modern EURO 4 compliant PUVs plying Baguio's center. The rollout however for full jeepney modernization had been hampered by the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several bus lines linking Baguio with Manila, Bontoc, Mariveles, Olongapo, Cabanatuan, and provinces such as Pangasinan, Pampanga, Bataan,[145] Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Cavite, La Union, Nueva Vizcaya and those in the Ilocos regions. Notable bus companies that operate the Baguio to Manila routes are Victory Liner, Genesis Transport and its premium bus line JoyBus, and Solid North.
From Metro Manila, Baguio is accessible via NLEX (from Bulacan to Pampanga), SCTEX (Pampanga to Tarlac) and TPLEX (from Tarlac to La Union). The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road (formerly known as the Benguet Road),[146] Aspiras–Palispis Highway (previously known as Marcos Highway)[147] and Naguilian Road, also known as Quirino Highway. The newest road that connects the city to the lowlands is Asin Road (also known as Asin-San Pascual-Tubao, La Union Road).[148] All these roads traverse the municipality of Tuba, Benguet.
- Kennon Road starts in Rosario, La Union and winds upwards through a narrow, steep valley. This is often the fastest route to Baguio but it is particularly perilous,[146] with landslides during the rainy season and sharp dropoffs, some without guardrails. The recently passed Republic Act No. 11604 pushes for the full rehabilitation of Kennon Road as an all-weather highway.
- Aspiras-Palispis Highway starts in Agoo, La Union and connects to Palispis Highway, at the boundary of Benguet and La Union provinces.
- Asin-Tubao Road starts in Tubao, La Union and serves as secondary alternative road if gridlock occurs at Aspiras-Palispis Highway[148][149]
- Naguilian Road, which starts in Bauang, La Union, are both longer routes but are much safer than Kennon Road especially during rainy season, and are the preferred routes for coaches, buses and trucks.[150][151]
The Benguet-Nueva Vizcaya Road, which links Baguio to Aritao in Nueva Vizcaya province, traverses the towns of Itogon, Bokod, and Kayapa.[152]
Another road, Halsema Highway, (also known as the Baguio-Bontoc Road or the Mountain Trail) leads north through the mountainous portion of the provinces of Benguet and Mountain Province;[153] it starts at the northern border of Baguio with La Trinidad.[154]
HoHo Bus
In an effort to address traffic congestion and the lack of car parking at tourist spots in the city, Baguio operates a free bus shuttle service called the Hop On, Hop Off (HoHo) Tourist Bus. Through a park and ride scheme, the service encourages tourists with private vehicles to park their vehicles at the Baguio Convention Center (BCC) for a fee and ride the bus to various tourists sites free of charge.[155] Relaunched on July 15, 2022, the HoHo bus has scheduled departure and arrival times, operating a looped route between the BCC, the Baguio Botanical Garden, the Mansion House, Mines View Park, Wright Park, and Governor Pack Road. The bus service has an estimated waiting interval of 30 minutes and is operational from 8:30 AM to 6:20 PM daily.[156]
All times are in Philippine Standard Time (UTC+08:00).
Possible future modes
- Cable Cars - As of July 8, 2019, Secretary Tugade of the Department of Transportation said that the feasibility study for the installation of the cable cars in Manila may be finished within the year, with Baguio soon to follow.[157] The Philippine government earlier secured a P27 million grant from France for this venture, with Manila and Baguio seen as possible initial sites.[158]
- Monorail - A monorail project from Baguio to La Trinidad is being mulled over by the SSS as a possible investment in CAR. It is seen to further boost tourism and decongest traffic. The project is similar to the one installed by the Department of Science and Technology at the UP Campus in 2012.[159]
Water and electricity
Most of the water supply of the city is provided for by the Baguio Water District, founded in 1975 as the successor to the now-defunct Department of Public Services. It currently operates 60 deep wells to cater to its more than 300,000 consumers. It currently serves 122 out of the 129 barangays in the city and some parts of Tuba, Benguet.[160][161] In recent years, the BWD has expressed concern over the city's depleting water supply, due in part to the private wells dug by private individuals and companies.[161]
Electric services are provided by Benguet Electric Cooperative (BENECO), the sole electric power distributor in Benguet. In 2012, a bill was filled in the House of Representatives seeking the creation of the Baguio Electric Cooperative or BAELCO, an entity to provide for the city's own electricity needs, separate from BENECO. Its creation has been met with opposition by various groups citing the need of a feasibility study on the separation. The creation of a separate electric franchise for Baguio would also infringe on BENECO's existing franchise that mandated BENECO to provide electricity for both Baguio and Benguet which would create legal implications if it was to be amended.[162][163][164]
The city is also the only local government unit to own and operate its own renewable energy plant. Originally constructed in the 1920s, the Asin Mini Hydropower Plants 1, 2 and 3 located in Tuba, Benguet came under the city's possession after the lapse of the 25-year lease agreement with the Aboitiz-owned Hydroelectric Development Corporation (HEDCOR). The plant acted as both a power source and another income-generating asset of the city as BENECO was also its main client. The power plant however was forced to cease operation on 2015 when the Energy Regulatory Commission issued a cease and desist order to the city due to the lack of a certificate of compliance from the city. The city currently has plans to rehabilitate the power plants so that they could resume operations once again.[165][166]
Healthcare
Baguio's healthcare is mainly provided by various private corporations. Private hospitals operating in the city are the Baguio Medical Center, BCU-Santo Niño de Jesus Medical Center Foundation, Notre Dame de Chartres Hospital, Pines City Doctors' Hospital and Saint Louis University's Hospital of Sacred Heart. The BCU-Santo Niño de Jesus Medical Center Foundation ceased operations on 2009 due to financial reasons but was reopened during the COVID-19 pandemic with the local government refurbishing it as an isolation center for COVID-19 patients.[167][168][169] In early 2019, several groups were eyeing to establish a hospital in Barangay Scout Barrio, but was met with opposition; as of March 2019, the project has been shelved.[170][171][172]
The Baguio City Health Services Office is the office responsible for the health care programs provided by the city government, operating 16 health centers and 15 satellite clinics. Baguio hosts the Baguio General Hospital and Medical Center or BGHMC, a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the Department of Health. It is the sole government hospital in the city and the largest government tertiary hospital in the Cordillera Administrative Region.[173][174]
Education
Education is a major contributor to the economy of Baguio. Considered as the "Educational Center of the North", the city has a transient student population who migrate to the city to attend tertiary education.[175]
Baguio is the center of education in the Northern Philippines due to high performances in various professional licensure exams as well as adherence to high educational quality standards, housing some of the prestigious and largest universities in Northern Luzon.[176]
Elementary and secondary

The city has 45 public elementary schools and 21 public secondary schools. Most of its secondary private schools are divisions of the private universities of the city. The Philippine Science High School - CAR campus was established in the city in 2009 and is located in Irisan. In 2016, the city government established in Irisan the Baguio City Science High School to create a unified science high school campus.[177]
Baguio Central School, the country's first public primary school was opened on September 2, 1899. It was once a one-room school built upon Mateo Cariño's 2 hectare lot and Ibaloy house he donated to the local government. Its roof was made of reed and cogongrass with hewn wood walls and floor. Its first students were only 25 Igorot boys, including Dr. Jose Cariño and Maximo Carantes, under a United States Armed Forces teacher, Mr. Patrick. The pupils used slate and chalks to write. In 1901, female students were enrolled. World War II heavily damaged the school which was renovated by the Department of Education in 2004. The Heritage conservation Society declared it as a heritage school.[178] On May 24, 2024, the City Planning, Development, and Sustainability Office stopped the P41.2-million reconstruction project on BCS’ right wing portions of the Gabaldon School Buildings. Under the Cultural Mapping Book, BCS is a “significant tangible and immovable cultural heritage property, and the biggest elementary school in the city, with about 70 classrooms, 3,300 pupils and 83 teaching staff” which ought to be restored to its 1949 state.[179]
Universities

The city houses eight major institutions of higher education. Baguio's first private school, Easter College, was set up in 1906 by the Rt. Rev. Charles Brent, who was a bishop of the Episcopalian Church.[180][181]
The University of the Philippines, the country's premier state university, was established as an extension campus in Vigan, Ilocos Sur before transferring to Baguio in 1938.[182] In 1961, it became a branch campus of UP Diliman, before finally becoming UP Baguio in 2002.[183]
Saint Louis University is the largest university in the city and in the north of Manila, catering to over 30,000 students;[184] it was founded by Belgian CICM missionaries in 1911[185] initially as a one-storey school for boys. It became a college in the 1950s before becoming a university in 1963. It currently has four campuses spread across the city.[citation needed]
Baguio Central University was founded in 1945 as the Centro Academy by the Fernandez family.[186] The following year, another educational institution, the University of the Cordilleras was established as the Baguio Colleges before becoming the Baguio Colleges Foundation; it became a full-fledged university in 2003.[187] The University of Baguio was established as the Baguio Technical and Commercial Institute in 1948 by the Bautista family; it was upgraded to university status in 1969.[188]
Mainly a nursing and medical school, Pines City Colleges was founded in 1969 as the Pines City Doctors Hospital School of Nursing, three years after the opening of Pines City Doctors' Hospital in 1966.[citation needed]
The Philippine Military Academy, the country's military school, was originally founded in the Walled City of Intramuros in 1907 before relocating to Baguio in 1908.[189]
Notable people
Twin towns and sister cities
Local
- Angeles City[190]
- Alaminos, Pangasinan[190]
- Bacolod[190]
- Calbayog, Samar[190]
- Candon[191]
- Daet, Camarines Norte[190]
- Davao City[190]
- Dipaculao, Aurora[190]
- Lopez, Quezon[190]
- Lucena[190]
- Makati[190]
- Mandaue[190]
- Marawi, Lanao del Sur[190]
- Muñoz, Nueva Ecija[190]
- Ormoc, Leyte[190]
- Pavia, Iloilo[190]
- San Carlos, Negros Occidental[190]
- Zamboanga City[190]
International
Cusco, Peru[190]
Gongju, South Korea[190]
Hangzhou, China[190]
Hanyū, Saitama, Japan[190]
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[192]
Karuizawa, Nagano, Japan[190]
Nazareth, Israel[193]
Vaughan, Canada[190]
Seoul, South Korea[190]
San Antonio, United States[194]
Shepparton, Australia[190]
Taebaek, South Korea[190]
Tamuning, Guam, United States[190]
Taxco, Mexico[190]
Vallejo, California, United States[195]
Wakkanai, Hokkaido, Japan[190]
See also
- Capital of the Philippines
- Daniel Burnham
- Hill station
- Kennon Road
- La Trinidad
- Sagada
- Banaue
- Session Road
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- ^ a b Cabreza, Vincent (May 16, 2012). "Fighting for century-old Kennon Road". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Inquirer Northern Luzon. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
The colonial government decided then that constructing the Benguet Road (Kennon Road's original name) would provide the Americans a short route up the Benguet mountains. ... When Baguio was devastated by the July 16, 1990 earthquake, then Public Works Secretary Gregorio Vigilar decided to permanently close the damaged Kennon Road, said Cosalan. The government discovered 471 "disaster spots" along the route, which the Mines and Geosciences Bureau attributed to the fragility of the rock base, the abandoned mining operations near the road and the natural ground fractures that were undetectable in the 1900s.
- ^ "Republic Act No. 8971; An Act Naming the Agoo-Tubao-Pugo Section of the Agoo-Baguio Road, the Jose D. Aspiras Highway, and the Benguet-Baguio City Section of the Same Road, the Ben Palispis Highway". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. October 31, 2000. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
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Motorists going to Baguio can only use Naguilian Road as both Marcos Highway and Kennon Road are closed due to landslides ...
- ^ Lagasca, Charlie (March 14, 2006). "Vizcaya-Benguet road completed this year". The Philippine Star. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
BAYOMBONG, Nueva Vizcaya – Novo Vizcayanos can now look forward to reaching the country's summer capital in a few hours as the shortest route linking this landlocked province to the mountain city is expected to be completed by the end of this year. ... The new route will traverse the mountain highway from Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya to Baguio via the vegetable-rich upland town of Kayapa and the majestic Ambuklao Dam in Bokod, Benguet.
- ^ Caluza, Desiree (May 26, 2014). "Mountain Trail leads to culture, nature hubs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Inquirer Northern Luzon. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
BAGUIO CITY, Philippines—Travelers who often frequent the 165-kilometer Mountain Trail may have gotten so used to the view along the scenic route that they often doze off all throughout the trip along this highway linking the provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province and Ifugao in the Cordillera. ... While the road length stretches to only a little more than 100 kilometres (62 miles) from La Trinidad town in Benguet to the Mountain Province capital of Bontoc, those raring for adventure and new sights should be prepared to spend six hours on the road.
- ^ Galacgac, Aure (February 6, 2014). "Halsema Highway to be made 'tourist friendly'". SunStar. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ Aquino, Leira (July 14, 2022). "Baguio to revive Hop on, Hop off bus. Here's how it works". Interaksyon. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ a b Manto, Ina Louise (December 13, 2022). "PSA: You Can Get Free Rides Around Baguio via the Hop-On Hop-Off Tourist Bus". Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ "Government finalizing cable car plan". Manila Standard. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
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- ^ Dumlao-Abadilla, Doris. "Baguio monorail also on SSS' shopping list". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
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- ^ Cimatu, Frank (March 25, 2020). "Unused private hospital becomes medical facility for Baguio City's coronavirus patients". Rappler.
- ^ "Sto. Niño Hospital named Baguio Critical Care Center". SunStar. April 3, 2020.
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- ^ "City Health Services Office". City Government of Baguio. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
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- ^ Melanie, Saro. "Baguio City: A fun learning educational hub". Baguio Midland Courier. Archived from the original on February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
- ^ "Baguio science HS opens in June". Baguio Midland Courier. November 27, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
- ^ "Oldest elementary school in country marks 116th anniversary". SunStar. September 8, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
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- ^ "About Us". Easter College. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ "History & Overview". University of the Philippines Baguio. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ Castro, Leia. "A collation of other centenarians in Baguio". Baguio Midland Courier. Archived from the original on June 19, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ "Saint Louis University (SLU)". Fédération internationale des Universités Catholiques. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ Meneses, Nito (January 12, 2007). "SLU celebrates its 95th founding anniversary". Philippine Information Agency. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
- ^ "Baguio Central University". Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ "University of the Cordilleras". Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ "University of Baguio". Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ "History, Traditions and General Information". Philippine Military Academy. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Dacuag, Pearl A. (September 6, 2009). "20 sister cities pledge to fortify ties with Baguio". Baguio Midland Courier. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
- ^ "Marvil: Baguio and Candon City Sign Sisterhood MOU". SunStar. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
- ^ "Honolulu Data: Sister Cities" (official website). Honolulu: City and County of Honolulu. 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
- ^ See, Dexter A. (October 24, 2014). "Twinning ties for Baguio and Nazareth". The Standard. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
- ^ "San Antonio to formalize Friendship agreement with Baguio, Philippines". City of San Antionio. October 19, 2022. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
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External links
- Home page of BMC
- Official website
- Philippine Standard Geographic Code
- Baguio at OpenStreetMap
