サファヴィー朝の創始者イスマーイール1世は、フサイン・バイカラの死とティムール朝の衰退の後、マシュハドを征服した。彼は後にシャー・アッバース1世の治世中にウズベク人に捕らえられた。16世紀、この町はウズベク人の度重なる襲撃で大きな被害を受けた。1507年には、シャイバーニーまたはシャバーニー・ハーンの軍隊によって占領された。20年後、シャー・タフマースプ1世は1528年に再び敵を町から撃退することに成功した。しかし1544年、ウズベク人は再び町に侵入し、略奪と殺戮を行った。1589年はマシュハドにとって悲惨な年だった。シャイバーニーのアブド・アル=ムウミンは4ヶ月の包囲の後、町を降伏させた。 1585年から1587年にカズウィンで正式に即位するまでマシュハドに住んでいたシャー・アッバース1世は、1598年までウズベク人からマシュハドを奪還することができませんでした。マシュハドは、長く困難な戦いの末、シャー・アッバースによって奪還されました。彼はヘラート近郊での大戦でウズベク人を破り、オクサス川の向こう側に追いやることにも成功しました。アッバース大帝はイラン人にマシュハドへの巡礼を奨励したいと考えていました。彼はイスファハンからマシュハドまで歩いたと言われています。サファヴィー朝時代には、マシュハドはさらに宗教的な重要性を増し、イマーム・レザー廟のそばに多くのマドラサやその他の建造物が建てられたことで、大ホラーサーンで最も重要な都市となりました。宗教的な重要性に加えて、マシュハドは政治的にも重要な役割を果たしました。サファヴィー朝は、歴史を通じて認識されてきたシーア派の二面性に関する書籍(『赤いシーア派 vs. 黒いシーア派』)の中で、黒シーア派という概念が形成された時代ではないものの、シャー・イスマーイールがオスマン帝国の指導者ヤヴズ・セリム・スルタンに敗れた後に形成された時代として批判されている。黒シーア派はサファヴィー朝崩壊後の時代に生まれたものである。
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan –1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah, near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī'ah Islamic belief
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī'ah Islamic belief
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, 1135–1213; Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages)
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