英国の外交関係は、外務大臣が率いる外務・英連邦・開発省によって運営されています。首相や数多くの他の機関が政策立案に役割を果たしており、多くの機関や企業が発言権と役割を持っています。
英国は19世紀から20世紀初頭にかけて、特に1800年代半ばから後半にかけての、比類のない覇権と前例のない国際平和の時代であるいわゆる「パックス・ブリタニカ」において、世界一の強国であった。1956年のスエズ危機と大英帝国の解体により、世界情勢における英国の支配的な役割が徐々に縮小するまで、英国は引き続き超大国と広くみなされていた。しかし、英国は依然として大国であり、国連安全保障理事会の常任理事国であり、AUKUS、英連邦、欧州評議会、G7、G20、NATO、OECD、OSCE、WTOの創設メンバーでもある。英国は1973年以来、欧州連合(およびその前身の加盟国)の加盟国であった。しかし、2016年の加盟を問う国民投票の結果を受けて、EU離脱手続きが2017年に始まり、2020年1月31日に英国が正式にEUを離脱し、2020年12月31日にEU貿易協定を締結して移行期間が終了した。投票とEUとの貿易交渉の終結以来、政策立案者は他のグローバルパートナーとの新たな貿易協定の締結を目指し始めている。
歴史

1707 年にイギリス王国(イングランドとスコットランドを統合)が成立した後、イギリスの外交関係は主にイングランド王国の外交関係を継承しました。イギリスの外交政策は当初、ヨーロッパ内での勢力均衡の達成に重点が置かれ、大陸の情勢を 1 つの国が支配することがないようにしました。この政策は、イギリスがナポレオンと戦争をしたり、第一次世界大戦と第二次世界大戦に関与したりする主な理由となりました。次に、イギリスは移民と投資によって植民地「第一大英帝国」の拡大を続けました。
1815年にナポレオンが敗れるまで、フランスが主な敵国だった。フランスははるかに多くの人口と強力な陸軍を持っていたが、海軍は劣っていた。イギリスは多くの戦争で概して勝利を収めていた。注目すべき例外はアメリカ独立戦争(1775年 - 1783年)で、イギリスは大きな同盟国を持たずに、フランス、オランダ、(間接的に)スペインの支援を受けたアメリカ植民地に敗れた。イギリスが好んだ外交戦略は、大陸の同盟国(プロイセンなど)の軍隊を補助し、ロンドンの莫大な資金力を軍事的優位に変えるというものだった。イギリスは安全保障をイギリス海軍に大きく依存し、最終的には世界中に完全な基地を持つ最強の艦隊を維持しようと努めた。イギリスの海上支配は、大英帝国の形成と維持に不可欠であり、1920年以前は、次に大きい2つの海軍を合わせたよりも大きな海軍の支援によって達成されました。イギリスは、20世紀初頭まで一般的には孤立していましたが、その後、米国と友好関係を築き、かつての敵対国で現在は同盟国である日本、フランス、ロシア、ドイツと同盟を結びました。
1814–1914

100 年間は概して平和で、イギリス海軍が強制した一種のパックス ブリタニカでした。2 つの重要な戦争がありましたが、どちらも規模は限定的でした。クリミア戦争(1853-1856) ではロシアが敗北し、オスマン帝国への脅威となりました。第二次ボーア戦争(1899-1902) では南アフリカの 2 つのボーア共和国が敗北し、同年に義和団の乱が起こりました。ロンドンは世界の金融センターとなり、商業事業は世界中に拡大しました。「第二次大英帝国」はアジア (特にインド) とアフリカを基盤として築かれました。
第一次世界大戦
1920年代
1918年以降、英国は「問題を抱えた巨人」となり、1920年代には以前ほど外交的影響力を持たなくなった。財政面で優位に立つことが多かった米国に譲歩せざるを得なかった。[1] 英国外交政策の主なテーマには、1919年から1920年にかけてのパリ講和会議での主導的役割が含まれ、ロイド・ジョージはドイツへの復讐を求めるフランスの要求を和らげるために尽力した。[2]彼は部分的に成功したが、英国はすぐに1925年のロカルノ条約のように、フランスの対ドイツ政策をさらに和らげなければならなかった。[3] [4] さらに、英国は「委任統治領」を獲得し、英国とその領土は旧ドイツおよびオスマン帝国植民地のほとんどを統治することができた。[5]
イギリスは新設された国際連盟の積極的な加盟国となったが、その主な業績はわずかであった。[6] [7]
軍縮は重要な議題であり、 1921年のワシントン海軍軍縮会議では、イギリスはアメリカに続いて主要国の海軍軍縮に向けて大きな役割を果たした。1933年までに軍縮協定は崩壊し、問題はドイツとの戦争に向けた再軍備となった。[8]
英国は、返済義務を負っていた巨額の戦時公債に関して、米国との交渉で部分的には有利な条件を得ることに成功した。[9]英国はドーズ計画とヤング計画を通じて、ドイツの賠償金に対する国際的な解決策を支持した。ドーズ計画がドイツの通貨を安定させ、毎年の支払いを引き下げた後、ドイツはニューヨークの銀行から借りたお金を使って毎年の賠償金を支払うことができ、英国は受け取ったお金を使ってワシントンに支払った。[10] 1929年に始まった世界恐慌は英国経済に大きな圧力をかけた。英国は帝国特恵関税を復活させ、大英帝国内では低い関税、他国との貿易障壁は高くなった。ニューヨークからの資金の流れは枯渇し、賠償金と債務支払いのシステムは1931年に消滅した。
イギリス国内の政治では、台頭してきた労働党が平和主義に基づく独特で疑わしい外交政策をとった。党首たちは、資本主義、秘密外交、武器貿易のせいで平和は不可能だと信じていた。労働党は、第一次世界大戦の心理的記憶や、国家主義や国境に関する非常に感情的な緊張を無視した物質的要因を強調した。しかし、党首の ラムゼー・マクドナルドは、ヨーロッパ政策に多くの注意を払った。[11]
1930年代

第一次世界大戦の恐怖と死の鮮明な記憶は、戦間期の多くの英国人、そしてあらゆる政党の指導者を平和主義に傾倒させた。これは、戦争の脅威を回避するために独裁者(特にムッソリーニとヒトラー)を宥和することに直結した。 [12]
挑戦は独裁者たちから来た。最初はイタリア総督ベニート・ムッソリーニ、次にはるかに強力なナチスドイツの総統アドルフ・ヒトラーである。国際連盟は支持者たちを失望させた。独裁者たちがもたらす脅威を一つも解決できなかったのだ。イギリスの政策は独裁者たちを「宥め」 、彼らが満足することを期待することだった。1938年までに戦争が迫っていることは明らかであり、ドイツは世界最強の軍隊を持っていた。宥めの最後の行為は、1938年9月のミュンヘン協定でイギリスとフランスがヒトラーの要求に応じてチェコスロバキアを犠牲にしたときに起こった。[13]ヒトラーは満足するどころかポーランドを脅かし、ついにネヴィル・チェンバレン首相は宥め政策を中止し、ポーランド防衛の約束を堅持した(1939年3月31日)。しかしヒトラーはヨシフ・スターリンと東ヨーロッパを分割する協定を結んだ(1939年8月23日)。 1939年9月にドイツがポーランドに侵攻したとき、イギリスとフランスは宣戦布告し、イギリス連邦はロンドンの先導に従った。[14]
第二次世界大戦
1939年8月に英ポーランド軍事同盟に調印したイギリスとフランスは、ドイツのポーランド侵攻に応じて、1939年9月にドイツに対して宣戦布告した。この宣戦布告には、イギリスが直接支配していた王室植民地とインドが含まれていた。自治領は外交政策では独立していたが、いずれもすぐにドイツとの戦争に参戦した。1940年6月のフランスの敗北後、イギリスとその帝国は1941年6月までドイツと単独で戦った。米国は1940年から外交的、財政的、物質的な支援を行い、特に1941年に始まり1943年に完全強化されたレンドリースを通じて支援した。1941年8月、チャーチルとルーズベルトは会談し、大西洋憲章に合意した。この憲章では、「すべての人民が自らの住む政治形態を選択する権利」が尊重されるべきであると宣言されていた。この文言は曖昧で、イギリス、アメリカ、民族主義運動によって異なる解釈がなされた。[15]
1941年12月から、日本は香港、マレー半島、特にシンガポールの主要基地を含むアジアにおけるイギリス領を制圧した。その後日本はビルマに進軍し、インドへと向かった。チャーチルは、アメリカの参戦に対して、イギリスは勝利を確信し帝国の将来は安泰であるが、急速に敗戦が続いたことで帝国としてのイギリスの地位と威信は取り返しのつかないほど傷ついた、と反応した。イギリスが自国を防衛できないと悟ったオーストラリアとニュージーランドは、アメリカと恒久的に緊密な関係を築くことになった。[16]
戦後

1945年、英国は経済的に苦境に陥り(負債を抱え、インフラの広範囲にわたる破壊に対処していた)、海外での関与を体系的に削減した。英国は、共産主義との冷戦に積極的に参加するという別の役割を追求し、特に1949年にはNATOの創設メンバーとなった。 [17]
イギリスは、半世紀以上にわたり世界覇権を握った後、1922年にピークを迎えた非常に大きな世界帝国を築き上げました。しかし、2度の世界大戦の累積的な費用は国内経済に重い負担をかけ、1945年以降、イギリス帝国は急速に崩壊し始め、すべての主要植民地が独立しました。1950年代半ばから後半にかけて、アメリカとソ連の前にイギリスの超大国としての地位は失われました。ほとんどの旧植民地は、完全に独立した国々の組織で、現在イギリスと同等の地位にある「英連邦」に加盟しました。しかし、大規模な共同政策は試みられませんでした。[18] [19]最後の主要植民地である香港は、1997年に中国に引き渡されました。 [20] 14のイギリス海外領土は、イギリスとの憲法上のつながりを維持していますが、厳密にはイギリスの一部ではありません。[21]
英国は1956年の屈辱的なスエズ危機の後、中東への関与を削減した。しかし英国はNATO軍事同盟を通じて米国、フランス、ドイツと緊密な軍事関係を築いた。何年にもわたる議論(と拒絶)の後、英国は1973年に共同市場に加盟し、それが1993年に欧州連合となった。 [22]しかし財政的には統合せず、ポンドとユーロを分離したままにしたため、2011年のEU金融危機の影響を部分的に受けなかった。[23] 2016年6月、英国はEUからの離脱を投票で決定した。[24] [25]
21世紀

1990年代以降の英国政府の外交政策の取り組みには、紛争や平和維持活動への軍事介入、人道支援プログラムと援助支出の増加、国際刑事裁判所の設立支援、発展途上国の債務救済、気候変動への取り組みの優先化、自由貿易の推進などが含まれていた。[26]英国のアプローチは「正しい規範を広め、NATOを維持する」と評されている。[27]
Lunn et al. (2008)は次のように主張している。[28]
- トニー・ブレア首相の10年間の任期における3つの主要なモチーフは、「介入主義」という活動的な哲学、米国との強力な同盟関係の維持、そして英国をヨーロッパの中心に据えるという決意だった。「特別な関係」とヨーロッパにおける英国の役割の問題は第二次世界大戦以来、英国の外交政策の中心であったが、介入主義は真に新しい要素だった。
2012年のGREATキャンペーンは、主要国がこれまでに実施した中で最も野心的な国家プロモーション活動の1つでした。ロンドン夏季オリンピックへの世界的な注目を最大限に活用するように計画されました。目標は、貿易、投資、観光を刺激するために、英国文化をより目立たせることでした。政府は、文化、ビジネス、外交、教育の主要なリーダーと提携しました。キャンペーンは、ビジネス会議、学術会議、RVディーラー、公園やキャンプ場、コンベンションおよび観光案内所、ホテル、B&Bイン、カジノ、ホテルなど、多くのテーマとターゲットを統合しました。[29] [30]
2013年、デイヴィッド・キャメロン政権は外交政策に対するアプローチを次のように述べた。[31]
- いかなる外交政策上の問題に対しても、英国は国益にかなう影響を与えるためのさまざまな選択肢を潜在的に持っている。…我々は連携できる複雑な同盟やパートナーシップのネットワークを持っている。…これには、EUのほかに、国連とその中の安全保障理事会の常任理事国5か国(「P5」)、NATO、英連邦、経済協力開発機構、主要先進国によるG8およびG20グループなどが含まれる。
英国は2014 ~2015年、アラブ首長国連邦、バーレーン、オマーンに位置するペルシャ湾に航空・海軍施設の建設を開始した。 [32] [33] [34] [35]「戦略防衛・安全保障レビュー2015」では、英国政府のさまざまな外交政策の取り組みが強調されている。[36] [37]エドワード・ロンギノッティは、現在の英国の防衛政策が、ヨーロッパと「スエズ以東」の世界的軍事戦略という2つの大きなコミットメントを、どちらか一方しか賄えない控えめな防衛予算内でどのように調整するかに苦慮していると指摘している。彼は、英国が2014年12月にバーレーンに恒久的な海軍基地を開設することに同意したことは、スエズ以東への英国の段階的な再コミットメントを強調していると指摘している。[38]いくつかの尺度によれば、英国はソフトパワーと「海外に大量の[軍事]部隊を展開、支援、維持する兵站能力」により、依然として世界で2番目に強力な国である。 [39]評論家は世界的な戦力投射の必要性に疑問を呈しているが、[40]保守党政権が2019年に提唱した「グローバル・ブリテン」という概念は、NATOの伝統的な勢力圏外にある中東と太平洋での軍事活動の増加を示唆している。[41] [42]
2020年1月末、英国は欧州連合を離脱し、その後EUとの貿易協定が2021年1月1日から発効し、英国とEUの経済関係の条件と、貿易に関連する外交関係において外務・英連邦・開発省がどのような能力を発揮できるかが定められました。
軍事力
イギリスは、世界の194か国のうち172か国の現代の国境内の領土を一度は侵略した(必ずしも支配したわけではない)[43] [44]。また、イギリス自身も1066年以来73回(ある数え方によると)侵略されている。[45]
1945年以降の主な国際紛争


主権紛争
_(2).jpg/500px-Gibraltar_National_Day_027_(9719742224)_(2).jpg)
- スペインはイギリスの海外領土であるジブラルタルの領有権を主張している。[57]ジブラルタル人は1967年と2002年に圧倒的多数でイギリスの統治下に留まることを投票で決定した。
- フォークランド諸島とサウスジョージア島およびサウスサンドウィッチ諸島は、英国が実効支配しているもののアルゼンチンが領有権を主張しており、紛争が激化したのは1982年のフォークランド紛争で、アルゼンチンは敗北した。フォークランド諸島民は2013年に圧倒的多数で英国の海外領土に留まることを投票で決定した。
- 南極大陸にはイギリス領南極地域という領有権の主張があり、その地域はチリとアルゼンチンが領有権を主張している地域と重なっている。 [58]
英連邦

英国は、大英帝国に端を発する英連邦諸国と様々な関係を築いている。チャールズ3世は英連邦の首長であり、加盟56カ国のうち15カ国の国王である。国王を国家元首とする国は英連邦王国と呼ばれる。時を経て、さまざまな理由でいくつかの国が英連邦から除外された。ジンバブエは大統領の独裁的な統治のために加盟が除外された。[59]
国交
イギリスの外交関係は13世紀にまで遡る。[60]イギリスはブータンを除くすべての国連加盟国と外交関係を樹立しており、さらに国連非加盟国の3カ国(クック諸島、バチカン、コソボ)とも外交関係を樹立している。さらに、イギリスは2024年10月9日にマルタ騎士団と公式関係を樹立した。 [61]次の表は、外国との外交関係が樹立された日付を示している。
二国間関係
アフリカ
アジア
ヨーロッパ
North America
Oceania
South America
International organisations
The United Kingdom is a member of the following international organisations:[566]
- ACP - Atlantic Co-operation Pact[208]
- ADB - Asian Development Bank (nonregional member)
- AfDB - African Development Bank (nonregional member)
- Arctic Council (observer)
- Australia Group
- BIS - Bank for International Settlements
- Commonwealth of Nations
- CBSS - Council of the Baltic Sea States (observer)
- CDB - Caribbean Development Bank
- Council of Europe
- CERN - European Organization for Nuclear Research
- CPTPP - Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans–Pacific Partnership
- EAPC - Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
- EBRD - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
- EIB - European Investment Bank
- ESA - European Space Agency
- FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
- FATF - Financial Action Task Force
- G-20 - Group of Twenty
- G-5 - Group of Five
- G7 - Group of Seven
- G8 - Group of Eight
- G-10 - Group of Ten (economics)
- IADB - Inter-American Development Bank
- IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency
- IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (also known as the World Bank)
- ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization
- ICC - International Chamber of Commerce
- ICCt - International Criminal Court
- ICRM - International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
- IDA - International Development Association
- IEA - International Energy Agency
- IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development
- IFC - International Finance Corporation
- IFRCS - International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- IHO - International Hydrographic Organization
- ILO - International Labour Organization
- IMF - International Monetary Fund
- IMO - International Maritime Organization
- IMSO - International Mobile Satellite Organization
- Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization
- IOC - International Olympic Committee
- IOM - International Organization for Migration
- IPU - Inter-Parliamentary Union
- ISO - International Organization for Standardization
- ITSO - International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
- ITU - International Telecommunication Union
- ITUC - International Trade Union Confederation
- MIGA - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
- MONUSCO - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- NEA - Nuclear Energy Agency
- NSG - Nuclear Suppliers Group
- OAS - Organization of American States (observer)
- OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OPCW - Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
- OSCE - Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
- Paris Club
- PCA - Permanent Court of Arbitration
- PIF - Pacific Islands Forum (partner)
- SECI - Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (observer)
- UN - United Nations
- UNSC - United Nations Security Council
- UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
- UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
- UNFICYP - United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
- UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization
- UNMIS - United Nations Mission in Sudan
- UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
- UPU - Universal Postal Union
- WCO - World Customs Organization
- WHO - World Health Organization
- WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization
- WMO - World Meteorological Organization
- WTO - World Trade Organization
- Zangger Committee - (also known as the) Nuclear Exporters Committee
See also
- Timeline of British diplomatic history
- Timeline of European imperialism
- Anglophobia
- British diaspora
- History of the United Kingdom
- Soft power of the United Kingdom
- Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
- Heads of United Kingdom Missions
- List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom
- European Union–United Kingdom relations
- Latin America–United Kingdom relations
- Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
- Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
- United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
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