In 2008, Kav LaOved charged that Palestinians who work in Israeli settlements are not granted basic protections of Israeli labor law. Instead, they are employed under Jordanian labor law, which does not require minimum wage, payment for overtime and other social rights. In 2007, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that Israeli labor law does apply to Palestinians working in West Bank settlements and applying different rules in the same work place constituted discrimination. The ruling allowed Palestinian workers to file lawsuits in Israeli courts. In 2008, the average sum claimed by such lawsuits stood at 100,000 shekels.[243]
According to the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, 63% of Palestinians opposed PA plans to prosecute Palestinians who work in the settlements. However, 72% of Palestinians support a boycott of the products they sell.[244] Although the Palestinian Authority has criminalized working in the settlements, the director-general at the Palestinian Ministry of Labor, Samer Salameh, described the situation in February 2014 as being "caught between two fires". He said "We strongly discourage work in the settlements, since the entire enterprise is illegal and illegitimate...but given the high unemployment rate and the lack of alternatives, we do not enforce the law that criminalizes work in the settlements."[240]
↑ Haklai, O.; Loizides, N. (2015). Settlers in Contested Lands: Territorial Disputes and Ethnic Conflicts . Stanford University Press. p. 19. ISBN978-0-8047-9650-72018年12月14日取得。イスラエルの入植者はほぼ例外なくユダヤ人だけのコミュニティに居住している(例外はヘブロン市内の小さな飛び地である)。
↑ダンパー、M. (2014).エルサレムの解放:聖都の地理、歴史、そして未来. コロンビア大学出版局. p. 85. ISBN978-0-231-53735-3. Retrieved 14 December 2018. This is despite huge efforts by successive governments to fragment and encircle Palestinian residential areas with exclusively Jewish zones of residence – the settlements.
↑"Leave or let live? Arabs move in to Jewish settlements". Reuters. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2023– via www.reuters.com.
↑Rivlin, P. (2010). The Israeli Economy from the Foundation of the State through the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. p.143. ISBN978-1-139-49396-3. Retrieved 14 December 2018. In the June 1967 Six Day War, Israel occupied the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Sinai Peninsula. Soon after, it began to build the first settlements for Jews in those areas.
↑Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967"(PDF). The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. ISSN0002-9300. JSTOR2203016. S2CID145514740. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 February 2020. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law... Although East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights have been brought directly under Israeli law, by acts that amount to annexation, both of these areas continue to be viewed by the international community as occupied, and their status as regards the applicability of international rules is in most respects identical to that of the West Bank and Gaza.
↑Pertile, Marco (2005). "「占領下のパレスチナ領土における壁建設の法的帰結」:国際人道法にとっての失われた機会か?。コンフォルティ、ベネデット、ブラボー、ルイージ編『イタリア国際法年鑑』第14巻、マルティヌス・ナイホフ出版、 141頁。ISBN978-90-04-15027-0占領下のパレスチナ領土におけるイスラエル人入植地の建設は、国際社会および大多数の法学者によって違法とみなされている。
↑ Barak-Erez, Daphne (2006). "イスラエル:安全保障の壁―国際法、憲法、国内司法審査の間" . International Journal of Constitutional Law . 4 (3): 548. doi : 10.1093/icon/mol021 .安全保障の壁に関する訴訟全体に漂う真の論争は、占領地におけるイスラエル人入植地の運命に関するものである。1967年以来、イスラエルは、イスラエルの地におけるユダヤ民族の歴史に結びついた宗教的および民族的感情に動機づけられ、占領地に設立された新しい入植地に自国民が居住することを許可し、奨励さえしてきた。この政策は、1967年以前のイスラエルの危険な地理的状況(地中海沿岸のイスラエル地域がヨルダンによるヨルダン川西岸尾根の支配によって潜在的に脅かされていた)を考慮すると、安全保障上の利益の観点からも正当化されてきた。国際社会は、占領地域への住民の移動を禁止するジュネーブ第四条約の規定に基づき、この政策を明白に違法であるとみなしている。
↑Anthony Cordesman, Jennifer Moravitz, The Israeli–Palestinian War: Escalating to Nowhere, Greenwood Publishing Group, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005 p. 432: 'Between 1993 and 1999, settlers established 42 "unofficial" settlements, only four of which were subsequently dismantled. More than a dozen new settlements were established between the 1998 Wye Accord [sic: it's the Wye River Memorandum, but Oslo Accords] and the outbreak of war, although former Prime Minister Netanyahu supposedly promised Clinton that he would halt expansion.'
↑Zeev MaozDefending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security & Foreign Policy, University of Michigan Press, 2006 p. 472: 'As can be seen from the table, in 1993 there were about 110,000 settlers in the occupied territories. In 2001 there were 195,000 (Note that the number of settlers increased by 18 percent during the Al Aqsa Intifada). This was an increase of 73 percent'
↑Marwan Bishara, Palestine/Israel: Peace or Apartheid Zed Books, 2003 p. 133: 'The settlement expansion has continued unabated...and accelerated after the launch of the peace process.' p. 133.
↑Baylis Thomas, The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for Security Through Dominance Lexington Books, 3011 p. 137: "Six years after the agreement there were more Israeli settlements, less freedom of movement, and worse economic conditions." Settlement building and roads for Jewish settlers proceeded at a frenetic pace under Barak – the classic Zionist maneuver of creating of facts on the ground to preclude a Palestinian state.' p. 137.
↑Barahona, Ana (2013). Bearing Witness: Eight weeks in Palestine. London: Metete. p.49. ISBN978-1-908099-02-0.
↑"Summary of the Advisory Opinion of 9 July 2004"(PDF). International Court of Justice. 9 July 2004. p.10. Archived from the original(PDF) on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
↑"fco.gov.uk". Archived from the original on 30 August 2010.
↑Regarding international organizations and courts of law, see "Israeli settlements under international law"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.国連に関しては、1984年12月14日の国連総会決議39/146、1979年3月22日の国連安全保障理事会決議446、および2004年7月9日の国際司法裁判所勧告的意見「占領下のパレスチナ領土における壁建設の法的帰結」第120項を参照。欧州連合の立場については、 2015年5月3日にWayback Machineにアーカイブされた「シリアのゴラン」を参照。
1 2 「エルサレム」 . Peace Now . 2023年4月25日のオリジナルからアーカイブ済み。 2023年1月5日取得。
Barak-Erez, Daphne (2006). "イスラエル:安全保障の壁―国際法、憲法、国内司法審査の間" . International Journal of Constitutional Law . 4 (3). Oxford University Press: 548. doi : 10.1093/icon/mol021 .安全保障の壁に関する訴訟全体に漂う真の論争は、占領地におけるイスラエル人入植地の運命に関するものである。1967年以来、イスラエルは、イスラエルの地におけるユダヤ民族の歴史に結びついた宗教的および民族的感情に動機づけられ、占領地に設立された新しい入植地に自国民が住むことを許可し、奨励さえしてきた。この政策は、1967年以前のイスラエルの危険な地理的状況(地中海沿岸のイスラエル地域がヨルダンによるヨルダン川西岸尾根の支配によって潜在的に脅かされていた)を考慮すると、安全保障上の利益の観点からも正当化されてきた。国際社会は、占領地域への住民の移動を禁止するジュネーブ第四条約の規定に基づき、この政策を明白に違法であるとみなしている。
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↑"Twenty-three Jewish settlements werde destroyed during the 1948 fighting. Arab forces ... held onto the remains ... and the land on which they had stood was incorporated into the West Bank and Gaza after the war. These were ..." A list of these settlements follows. (Fischbach, Michael R. (2008). Jewish Property Claims against Arab Countries. Columbia University Press, New York. p.109. ISBN978-0-231-13538-2.(=フィッシュバック)(別のリストは84ページにあります。)
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↑'The charge that Israeli settlements violate international law is widely accepted in the international community. The UN, the ICJ, almost every state in the world, and the vast majority of legal experts all consider Israeli settlements to be illegal and, in fact, a war crime according to the Fourth Geneva Convention (specifically article 49, paragraph 6). The Israeli government and a small number of legal experts dispute this, arguing that the Geneva Convention is not applicable to the West Bank because Israel is not an occupying power there (since the territory had no legitimate sovereign and that, even if the Geneva Convention does apply, it only prohibits forcible population transfers (like the mass deportations..)'. Dov Waxman, The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know,Oxford University Press, 2019, ISBN978-0-190-62534-4, p. 179.
Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1). American Society of International Law: 85–86. doi:10.2307/2203016. JSTOR2203016. S2CID145514740. The international community has taken a critical view of both deportations and settlements as being contrary to international law. General Assembly resolutions have condemned the deportations since 1969, and have done so by overwhelming majorities in recent years. Likewise, they have consistently deplored the establishment of settlements, and have done so by overwhelming majorities throughout the period (since the end of 1976) of the rapid expansion in their numbers. The Security Council has also been critical of deportations and settlements; and other bodies have viewed them as an obstacle to peace, and illegal under international law.
Pertile, Marco (2005). "'Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory': A Missed Opportunity for International Humanitarian Law?". In Conforti, Benedetto; Bravo, Luigi (eds.). The Italian Yearbook of International Law. Vol.14. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.141. ISBN978-90-04-15027-0. the establishment of the Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory has been considered illegal by the international community and by the majority of legal scholars.
Barak-Erez, Daphne (2006). "イスラエル:安全保障の壁―国際法、憲法、国内司法審査の間" . International Journal of Constitutional Law . 4 (3). Oxford University Press: 548. doi : 10.1093/icon/mol021 .安全保障の壁に関する訴訟全体に漂う真の論争は、占領地におけるイスラエル人入植地の運命に関するものである。1967年以来、イスラエルは、イスラエルの地におけるユダヤ民族の歴史に結びついた宗教的および民族的感情に動機づけられ、占領地に設立された新しい入植地に自国民が住むことを許可し、奨励さえしてきた。この政策は、1967年以前のイスラエルの危険な地理的状況(地中海沿岸のイスラエル地域がヨルダンによるヨルダン川西岸尾根の支配によって潜在的に脅かされていた)を考慮すると、安全保障上の利益の観点からも正当化されてきた。国際社会は、占領地域への住民の移動を禁止するジュネーブ第四条約の規定に基づき、この政策を明白に違法であるとみなしている。
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Further reading
Israeli Settlements interactive map and Israeli land useArchived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine from The Guardian
Barahona, Ana (2015). Bearing witness: eight weeks in Palestine. Unknown Publisher. ISBN978-1-908099-02-0. OCLC900064194.
Viewpoints and commentary
Monitoring Israeli Colonization Activities in the Palestinian TerritoryArchived 8 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine, The Applied Research Institute Jerusalem
Land Expropriation and SettlementsArchived 21 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine from B'tselem
Occupation and Settlement: The Myth and RealityArchived 1 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, David Meir-Levi, Think-Israel.org, 24 June 2005
"At Israeli Outpost, Showdown Looms for Settlers, Government"Archived 6 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine Gershom Gorenberg, Jewish Daily Forward, 27 January 2006
Settlements 'violate Israeli law'Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 21 November 2006
"Israel's Settlers Are Here to Stay"Archived 8 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine op-ed by Dani Dayan in The New York Times 25 July 2012
External links
Legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice, 19 July 2024
2019 amnesty 2019 Think Twice: Can companies do business with Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territories while respecting human rights?Archived 24 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
UNSC 2334 quarterly reportsArchived 19 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine