メキシコ政府が行った調査では、先住民の言語を話す人、先住民の言語を話さず先住民のコミュニティに住んでいないが先住民であると自認する人は、すべて先住民としてカウントされます。これらの基準によると、先住民開発国家委員会(Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas、スペイン語ではCDI)とINEGI(メキシコ国立統計地理情報院)は、メキシコにはさまざまな民族グループに属する1570万人の先住民がおり[ 147 ] 、これは国内人口の14.9%を占め[ 148 ] 、 1.2%はスペイン語が流暢ではないと述べています。[ 149 ] [ 150 ]アメリカ先住民の言語を話す人、またはアメリカ先住民であると自認する人の割合が最も高い州は、ユカタン州(59%)、オアハカ州(48%)、キンタナ・ロー州(39%)、チアパス州(28%)、カンペチェ州(27 %) 、イダルゴ州(24%)、プエブラ州(19%)、ゲレーロ州(17%)、サン・ルイス・ポトシ州(15%) 、ベラクルス州(15%) です。オアハカ州は、国内で最も多くの異なる先住民族と言語が存在する州です。
Since the end of the Mexican Revolution, the official identity promoted by the government for non-indigenous Mexicans has been the Mestizo one (a mix of European and indigenous culture and heritage),[116] established with the original intent of eliminating divisions and creating a unified identity that would allow Mexico to modernize and integrate with the international community.[182] Even though nowadays the large majority of the country's population consider themselves Mexicans, differences on physical features and appearance continue playing an important role on everyday social interactions,[183][120] taking this into account, on recent time Mexico's government has begun conducting ethnic investigations to quantify the different ethnic groups that inhabit the country with the aim of reducing social inequalities between them. According to these recent investigations, 19.4% of Mexico's population self-identify as Indigenous[184] and 2.04% self-identify as Afro-Mexican,[184][185] there is no definitive census that quantifies White Mexicans, with estimates from the Mexican government and other contemporary sources reporting results that estimate them at about one-third of the country's population,[186][187][188][189] with this figure being based on phenotypical traits, rather than genetic ancestry or self-identified ancestry.
Generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups although in practice the classificatory system has become fluid, mixing socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally,[190] the presence of considerable portions of the population with African and Asian heritage makes the situation more complex.[127][191] Even though there is a large variation in phenotypes among Mexicans, European looks are still strongly preferred in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention, as it is associated with higher social class, power, money, and modernity.[182][120] In contrast, Indigenous ancestry is often associated with having an inferior social class, as well as lower levels of education.[116][192] These distinctions are strongest in Mexico City, where the most powerful of the country's elite are located.[182]
Luis Miguel, always referred to as The Sun of Mexico.
Despite Mexico's government not using racial terms related to European or white people officially for almost a century (resuming using such terms after 2010), the concepts of "white people" (known as güeros or blancos in Mexican Spanish) and of "being white" did not disappear [193] and are still present in everyday Mexican culture: different idioms of race are used in Mexico's society that serve as mediating terms between racial groups. It is not strange to see street vendors calling a potential customer Güero or güerito, sometimes even when the person is not light-skinned. In this instance it is used to initiate a kind of familiarity, but in cases where social/racial tensions are relatively high, it can have the opposite effect.[182] The lack of a clear dividing line between white and mixed race Mexicans means that the concept of race is fluid and subjective.[116][182] Contemporary sociologists and historians agree that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one.[183]
Spanish is the de facto official language in Mexico, being spoken by 98.3% of the population.[194]Mexican Spanish is spoken in a variety of dialects, accents and variations in different regions across the country. Some indigenous languages are still being spoken by around 5% of Mexicans according to the latest census. In 2003, the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples recognized 68 indigenous languages as "national languages", with the "same validity" in all territories and contexts where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is Nahuatl (1,586,884 speakers in 2010 or 1.5% of the nation's population), followed by Yucatec Maya (796,405 speakers in 2010 0.8%) spoken Yucatán Peninsula, Mixtecas languages (494,454), Tzeltal (474,298), Zapotecas languages (460,683), Tzotzil (429,168), Otomí (288,052), Totonaca (250,252) Mazateco (230,124), Chol (222,051) and 1,462,857 speakers of other languages. After half a century of rural-to-urban migration, in Mexico City and other major cities large districts and sections use both written and spoken Amerindian languages. Approximately 7,364,645 Mexicans (6.1% of the population) speak an indigenous language according to the 2020 Mexican Census.[143]
During the first half of the 20th century the government promoted a policy of castellanización, that is, promoting the use of Spanish as a way to integrate indigenous peoples into Mexican society. Later, this policy changed, and since the 1980s the government has sponsored bilingual and intercultural education in all indigenous communities. This policy has mainly been successful in large communities with a significant number of speakers. While some languages, with less than 1,000 speakers, are still facing extinction.
The second most spoken language in Mexico, however, is English. It is used extensively at border areas, tourist centers and large metropolitan areas, a phenomenon arguably caused by the economic integration of North American under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the immigration phenomenon and the return of workers and their families from the United States.[195] In border cities, American TV and radio waves in English (and Spanish) are received as much as Spanish-speaking radio and TV stations from Mexico on the US side of the border, thus a bilingual cross-cultural exchange is at work. Among the languages brought to the country by immigrants are the Venetian of Chipilo, and Mennonite Low German spoken in Durango and Chihuahua.
The Constitution of Mexico grants Mexican nationality based on birth and naturalization. Mexican laws regarding nationality by birth are very open. Mexican nationality by birth is granted to:[196]
all those individuals born in Mexican territory,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by birth,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by naturalization,
all those individuals born aboard Mexican aircraft or sea vessels, whether warships or commercial vessels.
Mexican nationality by naturalization is granted to:[196]
foreign citizens granted Mexican nationality by the Secretariat of Government (Ministry of the Interior);
foreign citizens married to a Mexican national, whether by birth or naturalization.
The Mexican population is predominantly Catholic (78% of the population aged five and older, according to the 2020 census),[197] although the percentage representing those who attend church on a weekly basis is lower (46%).[198] About 7.6% of the population was classified as Protestant or Evangelical, 2.5% were classified as "Non-Evangelical Biblical" (a classification that groups Adventists, Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses), 0.05% as practicing Jews, and 4.6% without a religion.[199] The largest group of Protestants are Pentecostals and Charismatics (classified as Neo-Pentecostals).
The states with the highest percentage of professing Catholics are central states, namely Guanajuato (96.4%), Aguascalientes (95.6%) and Jalisco (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the lowest percentage of Catholics, namely Chiapas (63.8%), Tabasco (70.4%) and Campeche (71.3%).[199] The percentage of professing Catholics has been on the decrease over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 78% in 2020.[197]
The average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of non-Catholics was 3.7%.[200] Given that the average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%,[201] the percentage of Catholics in relation to the total population continues to be in overall decline.
Since 1857 with the La Reforma laws, the Mexican Constitution drastically separates Church and State, unlike some other countries in Latin America or Ibero-America. The State does not support or provide any economic resource to the Church (as is the case in Spain and Argentina),[202] and the Church cannot participate in public education (no public school can be operated by a Catholic order, although they can participate in private education). Moreover, the government nationalized all the Church's properties (some of which were given back in the 1990s), and priests lost the right to vote or to be voted for (although in the 1990s they regained the right to vote).
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↑Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). Pluralismo cultural y redefinicioń del estado en México[Cultural pluralism and redefinition of the state in Mexico] (in Spanish). Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasilia. p.2. OCLC605212355. En primer lugar cabe destacar que en México la pertenencia racial no es un indicador relevante ni suficiente para denotar una adscripción étnica específica. [...] Por lo tanto es relativamente factible realizar el llamado tránsito étnico, es decir que un indígena puede llegar a incorporarse al sector mestizo a través de la renuncia a su cultura tradicional y si sus condiciones materiales se lo permiten.
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↑"Población De 5 Años Y Más Por Entidad Federativa, Sexo Y Grupos Lengua Indígena Quinquenales De Edad, Y Su Distribución Según Condición De Habla Indígena Y Habla Española"(PDF). INEGI, México. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 2, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2007.
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↑Source: CDI (2000) Archived September 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
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Further reading
Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. Mexico: a country study (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright online free
External links
UN: Fertility in Mexico: Trends and ForecastsArchived July 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
(in Spanish)Mexico population bureau CONAPOArchived December 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
(in Spanish)Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, INEGI
Map of Fecundity in MexicoArchived March 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
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Demographics of Mexico
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