人事管理(HRM)とは、企業や組織における人材の効果的かつ効率的な管理に対する戦略的かつ一貫したアプローチです。人事管理は主に組織内の人材管理に関係し、方針やシステムに焦点を当てています。[ 1 ]人事部門は、従業員福利厚生の設計、従業員の採用、研修と能力開発、業績評価、報酬管理(給与や従業員福利厚生システムの管理など)の監督を担当しています。[ 2 ]
人事(HR)の全体的な目的は、組織が人材を通じて成功を収めることができるようにすることです。[ 3 ]人事の専門家は、従業員のパフォーマンスを最大化するために組織の人的資本を管理します。[ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]彼らは、従業員の発見、採用、選抜、トレーニング、開発、および従業員関係や福利厚生の維持に特化することができます。トレーニングおよび開発の専門家は、従業員がトレーニングを受け、継続的に能力開発を行うことを保証します。これは、トレーニング プログラム、パフォーマンス評価、および報酬プログラムを通じて行われます。従業員関係は、ハラスメントや差別などのケースでポリシーが破られたときの従業員の懸念に対処します。従業員の福利厚生の管理には、報酬体系、育児休暇、割引、その他の福利厚生の開発が含まれます。この分野の反対側には、人事のジェネラリストまたはビジネス パートナーがいます。
人事(HR)は、 20世紀初頭の人間関係運動の産物であり、研究者たちは労働力の戦略的管理を通じてビジネス価値を創造する方法を記録し始めた。 [ 8 ]当初は給与計算や福利厚生管理などの事務作業が中心だったが、グローバル化、企業統合、技術進歩、そしてさらなる研究により、 2015年現在、人事は includes strategic initiatives like mergers and acquisitions, talent management, succession planning, industrial and labor relations, inclusion, employee retention and lowering employee turnover.[9]
The human resources field began to take shape in 19th century Europe. It is built on a simple idea by Robert Owen (1771–1858) and Charles Babbage (1791–1871) during the Industrial Revolution. These men concluded that people were crucial to the success of an organization. They expressed the thought that well-being of employees led to perfect work; without healthy workers, the organization would not survive.[10]
The term "human resource" was first coined by labor economist John R. Commons in 1893.[11][12] HR emerged as a specific field in the early 20th century, influenced by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915). Taylor explored what he termed "scientific management" (sometimes referred to as "Taylorism"), striving to improve economic efficiency in manufacturing jobs. He eventually focused on one of the principal inputs into the manufacturing process—labor—sparking inquiry into workforce productivity.[13]
Meanwhile, in London C S Myers inspired by unexpected problems among soldiers who alarmed generals and politicians. During the First World War, he co-founded the National Institute of Industrial Psychology (NIIP) in 1921.[14] He set seeds for the human relations movement, this movement, on both sides of the Atlantic, built on the research of Elton Mayo (1880–1949) and others to document through the Hawthorne studies (1924–1932) and other studies how stimuli, unrelated to financial compensation and working conditions, could yield more productive workers.[15] Work by Abraham Maslow (1908–1970), Kurt Lewin (1890–1947), Max Weber (1864–1920), Frederick Herzberg (1923–2000), and David McClelland (1917–1998) formed the basis for studies in industrial and organizational psychology, organizational behavior and organizational theory.
By the time there was enough theoretical evidence to make a business case for strategic workforce management, changes in the business landscape—à la Andrew Carnegie (1835–1919) and John Rockefeller (1839–1937)—and in public policy—à la Sidney (1859–1947) and Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal of 1933 to 1939—had transformed employer-employee relationships, and the HRM discipline became formalized as "industrial and labor relations". In 1913 one of the oldest known professional HR associations—the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD)—started in England as the Welfare Workers' Association; it changed its name a decade later to the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, and again the next decade to Institute of Labour Management before settling upon its current name in 2000.[16] From 1918 the early Soviet state institutions began to implement a distinct ideological HRM focus[17] alongside technical management—first in the Red Army (through political commissars alongside military officers), later (from 1933) in work sites more generally (through partorg posts alongside conventional managers).[18]
In 1920, James R. Angell delivered an address to a conference on personnel research in Washington detailing the need for personnel research. This preceded and led to the organization of the Personnel Research Federation. In 1922 the first volume of The Journal of Personnel Research was published, a joint initiative between the National Research Council and the Engineering Foundation.[19] Likewise in the United States, the world's first institution of higher education dedicated to workplace studies—the School of Industrial and Labor Relations—formed at Cornell University in 1945.[20] In 1948 what would later become the largest professional HR association—the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)—formed as the American Society for Personnel Administration (ASPA).[21]
In the Soviet Union, Stalin's use of patronage exercised through the "HR Department" equivalent in the Bolshevik Party, its Orgburo, demonstrated the effectiveness and influence of human-resource policies and practices,[22][23] and Stalin himself acknowledged the importance of the human resource,[24] exemplified in his mass deployment of it, as in the five-year plans and in the Gulag system.
During the latter half of the 20th century, private-sector union membership in the U.S. declined significantly,[25][26][27][28] while workforce-management specialists continued to expand their influence within organizations.[29] In the U.S., the phrase "industrial and labor relations" came into use to refer specifically to issues concerning collective representation, and companies began referring to the proto-HR profession as "personnel administration."[30][31] Many current HR practices originated with the needs of companies in the 1950s to develop and retain talent.[32]
In the late 20th century, advances in transportation and communications greatly facilitated workforce mobility and collaboration. Corporations began viewing employees as assets. "Human resource management" consequently became the dominant term for the function,[11] with the ASPA even changing its name to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in 1998.[21]
"Human capital management" (HCM) is sometimes used synonymously with "HR", although "human capital" typically refers to a narrower view of human resources; i.e. the knowledge the individuals embody and can contribute to an organization.[33] Other terms sometimes used to describe the HRM field include "organizational management", "manpower management", "talent management", "personnel management", "workforce management", and simply "people management".
Several popular media productions have depicted human resource management in operation. The U.S. television series The Office, HR representative Toby Flenderson is sometimes portrayed as a nag because he constantly reminds coworkers of company policies and government regulations.[34] Long-running American comic strip Dilbert frequently portrays sadistic HR policies through the character Catbert, the "evil director of human resources".[35] An HR manager is the title character in the 2010 Israeli film The Human Resources Manager, while an HR intern is the protagonist in 1999 French film Ressources humaines. The main character in the BBC sitcom dinnerladies, Philippa, is an HR manager. The protagonist of the Mexican telenovelaMañana es para siempre is a director of human resources. Up In the Air is centered on corporate "downsizer" Ryan Bingham and his travels. As the film progresses, HR is portrayed as a data-driven function that deals with people as human resource metrics, which can lead to absurd outcomes for real people.
Dave Ulrich lists the function of human resources as:[36]
At the macro level, HR is in charge of overseeing organizational leadership and culture. HR also ensures compliance with employment and labor laws and often oversees employee health, safety, and security. Labor laws may vary from one jurisdiction to the next. In a workplace administered by the federal government, HR managers may need to be familiar with certain crucial federal laws, in order to protect both their company and its employees. In the United States of America, important federal laws and regulations include:
人事部の重要な責任の一つは、会社がすべての法律や規制を遵守し、会社を法的責任から守ることである。[ 38 ]従業員が団体交渉協定を交渉する法的権限を行使する場合、人事部は通常、従業員代表(通常は労働組合)と会社の主要な連絡役も務める。そのため、人事業界は政府機関(例えば、米国では米国労働省や全米労働関係委員会)にロビー活動を行い、自社の優先事項を推進している。
Other Activities:
スタートアップ企業では、訓練を受けた専門家が人事の業務を行う場合があります。大企業では、通常、人事部門全体がその分野に特化しており、さまざまな人事タスクを専門とするスタッフと、事業全体にわたる戦略的意思決定に関与する部門リーダーがいます。この専門職の実務者を育成するために、高等教育機関、専門家団体、企業は、人事部門の業務に特化した学習プログラムを確立しています。学術団体や実務家団体は、分野固有の出版物を発行することがあります。人事は、経営学や産業・組織心理学の分野で人気のある研究分野でもあります。人事管理の重要な目標の1つは、ユニタリズムの概念(企業を一体の全体として捉え、雇用主と従業員が共通の利益のために協力すべきであるという考え)を確立し、共通の利益を持つ従業員と雇用主の長期的なパートナーシップを確保することです。[ 45 ]
倫理規定は、人事管理における倫理的行動と専門的行動の枠組みを提供します。それは、誠実性、公平性、および責任を保証します。その機能は、人事専門家と部門がすべての利害関係者の権利、安全、および利益を擁護するように導くことです。それらは一般的に次のカテゴリに分類されます。[ 46 ] [ 47 ]
テクノロジーは人事慣行に大きな影響を与えています。テクノロジーを活用することで、組織内での情報へのアクセスが容易になり、管理業務にかかる時間が削減され、企業がグローバルに事業を展開できるようになり、コストも削減されます。[ 48 ]現代のビジネス慣行と情報技術の導入により、人事慣行は次のような形で変化しました。
採用活動は主に情報技術の影響を受けています。[ 49 ]以前は、採用担当者は求人募集を出版物への掲載や口コミに頼っていました。人事担当者は複数の場所に求人を掲載することができず、何百万人もの人々にアクセスすることもできなかったため、新規採用のリードタイムが長くなり、面倒な作業となっていました。e-リクルーティングツールを使用すると、人事担当者はさまざまな場所にある何千もの求人の求人を掲載し、応募者をすべて一箇所で追跡できます。面接のフィードバック、身元調査、薬物検査、オンボーディングはすべてオンラインで確認できます。これにより、人事担当者はすべての求人と応募者を以前よりも迅速かつ簡単に追跡できるようになります。e-リクルーティングは地理的な場所の制約をなくすのにも役立ちます。[ 49 ]
人事担当者は、部署異動申請から機密性の高い従業員の税務申告書まで、日常的に大量の書類を処理しています。書類はかなりの期間保管する必要があります。人事情報システム(HRIS)の利用により、企業は電子形式でファイルを保存および取得し、組織内の人々が必要に応じてアクセスできるようにすることが可能になり、物理的なファイルが不要になり、オフィス内のスペースが解放されます。HRISはまた、より迅速に情報にアクセスできるようにします。ファイルは数秒以内にアクセスできます。[ 50 ]すべての情報が一箇所にあるため、専門家はデータを迅速に分析し、複数の場所にわたって分析することができます。これは、情報が一元化されているためです。人事分析は人事管理を改善できます。[ 51 ]
テクノロジーにより、専門家はより効率的な方法で新入社員をトレーニングできます。これにより、従業員は事実上どこからでもオンボーディングおよびトレーニング プログラムにアクセスできるようになります。これにより、費用のかかる対面式のトレーニングやオンボーディング セッションを企画する必要がなくなります。これにより、管理職は仮想教室やコンピュータ化されたテストを通じて、仕事の成功に必要なトレーニングを提供し、従業員の進捗状況を監視し、データ分析を通じて従業員の離職リスクを予測し、人事部門が適切な人材維持およびインセンティブ戦略を策定し、会社の個人開発を改善し、[ 52 ]パフォーマンス管理に役立つ指標を維持することができます。[ 48 ]
バーチャルマネジメントは、人事部門が多数の新規従業員に必要な書類手続きを迅速に完了させ、組織内でのキャリアサイクル全体を通して従業員との連絡を維持することを可能にします。バーチャルマネジメントを通じて、従業員は自身の学習と能力開発をより主体的に管理できるようになり、組織文化への関与度が高まり、希望する時間と場所で研修に参加できるため、ワークライフバランスの管理に役立ち、解雇や離職率の低下にもつながります。
人事管理は分散化することができ、例えば、ラインマネージャーが新しい従業員を採用し、入社手続きを行う場合などである。[ 53 ] [ 54 ]
雇用代行サービス(EOR)とは、第三者機関が企業の従業員の正式な雇用主として、給与計算、税務コンプライアンス、福利厚生などの人事関連業務を代行する一方、顧客企業は従業員の日常的な管理業務を担うという仕組みです。この仕組みにより、企業は人事管理業務を直接行う必要がなくなり、他の優先事項に集中できるようになります。
人事コンサルティング会社は、専門的な知識と経験に基づき、顧客のニーズに合わせたソリューションを有料で提供する民間企業です。各企業の固有のニーズに対応するため、カスタマイズされた人事戦略とプロセスを設計します。サービス内容には、採用計画、報酬体系、研修プログラム、業績管理システムの開発などが含まれ、これらはすべて特定の人事慣行、組織の目標、そして企業文化に沿ったものです。コンサルタントとして、複雑かつ変化の激しい市場環境において、企業が人材を最適化し、組織目標を達成できるよう、的を絞ったソリューションを提供します。
There are half a million HR practitioners in the United States and millions more worldwide.[55] The Chief HR Officer or HR Director is the highest ranking HR executive in most companies. He or she typically reports directly to the chief executive officer and works with the Board of Directors on CEO succession.[56][57]
Within companies, HR positions generally fall into one of two categories: generalist and specialist. Generalists support employees directly with their questions, grievances, and work on a range of projects within the organization. They "may handle all aspects of human resources work, and thus require an extensive range of knowledge. The responsibilities of human resources generalists can vary widely, depending on their employer's needs." Specialists, conversely, work in a specific HR function. Some practitioners will spend an entire career as either a generalist or a specialist while others will obtain experiences from each and choose a path later. Human resource consulting is a related career path where individuals may work as advisers to companies and complete tasks outsourced from companies.[58]
Some individuals with PhDs in HR and related fields, such as industrial and organizational psychology and management, are professors who teach HR principles at colleges and universities. They are most often found in Colleges of Business in departments of HR or Management. Many professors conduct research on topics that fall within the HR domain, such as financial compensation, recruitment, and training.
There are a number of professional associations, some of which offer training and certification. The Society for Human Resource Management, which is based in the United States, is the largest professional association dedicated to HR,[55] with over 285,000 members in 165 countries.[59] It offers a suite of Professional in Human Resources (PHR) certifications through its HR Certification Institute. An international provider of specialized certifications is Academy to Innovate HR (AIHR). The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, based in England, is the oldest professional HR association, with its predecessor institution being founded in 1918.
人事部門内にも特定のニッチ分野に特化した協会がいくつかあります。採用担当者協会(IOR)は採用専門家協会で、会員に教育、サポート、トレーニングを提供しています。[ 60 ] WorldatWorkは「トータルリワード」(報酬、福利厚生、ワークライフバランス、業績、表彰、キャリア開発など)に焦点を当て、報酬とワークライフバランスに関する複数の認定資格とトレーニングプログラムを提供しています。その他のニッチな協会には、米国トレーニング開発協会や国際表彰専門家協会などがあります。
人事に関連する学術的な組織としては、人事部門を持つ経営アカデミーがあります。この部門は、人事の有効性を向上させる方法を見つけることに関心を持っています。 [ 61 ]アカデミーは、 Academy of Management Journal [ 62 ]やAcademy of Management Review [ 63 ]など、人事に関する研究に特化した複数のジャーナルを発行しており、年次総会を開催しています。

一部の大学では、人事および関連分野の学習プログラムを提供しています。コーネル大学の産業労働関係学部は、世界で初めて大学レベルの人事研究を行う学部でした。[ 64 ]現在、学部、大学院、専門職レベルの教育を提供しており、サミュエル・カーティス・ジョンソン経営大学院との共同学位プログラムを運営しています。アメリカ合衆国では、人事大学が連邦職員の研修を行っています。
Many colleges and universities house departments and institutes related to the field, either within a business school or in another college. Most business schools offer courses in HR, often in their departments of management. In general, schools of human resources management offer education and research in the HRM field from diplomas to doctorate-level opportunities. The master's-level courses include MBA (HR), MM (HR), MHRM, MIR, etc. (See Master of Science in Human Resource Development for curriculum.) Various universities all over the world have taken up the responsibility of training human-resource managers and equipping them with interpersonal and intrapersonal skills so as to relate better at their places of work. As Human resource management field is continuously evolving due to technology advances of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is essential for universities and colleges to offer courses which are future oriented.[65]
Ongoing research investigates the relationship between human resource management and performance and includes organization studies, industrial and organizational psychology, organizational theory and management science.[66]
Human resource metrics are measurements used to determine the value and effectiveness of human resources (HR) initiatives, typically including such areas as turnover, training, return on human capital, costs of labor, and expenses per employee.
This standard is the first global standard for human capital reporting and assessment.[67]
It is stated in the introduction of the ISO 30414:2025 standard that, Human capital (HC) encompasses the collective knowledge, skills, and capabilities of an organization’s workforce, along with their profound influence on long-term performance and the attainment of competitive advantage through the optimization of organizational outcomes.
Effective measurement and transparent reporting of human capital empower organizations to better identify and manage the risks and opportunities tied to their most vital asset — their people. Studies indicate that intangible assets, primarily driven by human capital, often account for more than 90% of an organization’s overall value. Conversely, organizations that fail to proactively manage their human capital risk undermining their ability to create sustainable, long-term value.
Academic and practitioner publications dealing exclusively with HR:
Related journals:
A systematic review found a lack of clarity in conceptualization and measurement of human resource systems.[82] The effect size of human resource management was found to decrease when correcting for past performance of employees.[66]
Human resource management has been criticized of in some cases discrimination and algorithmic bias.[83] Women were found over-represented in human resource management.[84] A meta-analysis found systemic discrimination against men in recruitment since around 2009.[85]
[...] 社会主義ソビエト連邦に典型的な人事管理の特徴[...]:すべての定義、規則、概念、説明のイデオロギー化。人事管理の基本原則をマルクス・レーニン主義理論の古典的著作と結びつけ、さまざまなレベルの共産党文書への必須の参照[...]。そして、ソ連憲法に独立した項目として明記された、非労働に対する行政責任および刑事責任。
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: タイトルとしてアーカイブされたコピー (リンク)Not seen as having the right stuff for high-profile posts such as the one held by Trotsky, Stalin thus occupied a series of relatively low-level positions in the Communist leadership after the revolution. One of these, which he acquired in 1919, was the de facto head of the Communist Party's Organizational Bureau (Orgburo), seen then as a technical body in much the same way a human resources department is seen in a modern institution. [...] Stalin's genius was to recognize that [...] this was precisely the position to occupy. Using his position to influence who was appointed to lower-level party posts, each relatively unimportant in its own right, Stalin systematically advanced people he believed would support him in the future, thereby constructing a large network of political clients within the party and the state which it dominated. [...] This patronalistic mechanism constituted what Robert V. Daniels later called the great 'circular flow of power' that essentially decided Communist Party leadership disputes and solved succession crises from Stalin straight through to Gorbachev. The power to influence lower-level appointments was concentrated, though still largely seen as a technical matter, with the creation of the post of general secretary in 1922, a post-Stalin was in a perfect position to occupy, and he did.
The Secretariat personified the Stalinist system. [...] It runs the day-to-day affairs of the State as well as the Party. Can you imagine that huge body of bureaucratic anachronism, which was also responsible for the selection and promotion of 'cadres'? The model invented by Stalin to consolidate his power existed up to contemporary time. [...] Stalin had both the time and the ability to shape human resources to his own ends, teaching secrecy, brutality and duplicity.
Надо, наконец, понять, что из всех ценных капиталов, имеющихся в мире, самым ценным и самым решающим капиталом являются люди, кадры. [Finally, one must understand that of all the valuable forms of capital existing in the world, the most precious and the most decisive capital is people, cadres.]
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Given the 'continued union membership decline' case vs. the 'rebound in union membership' case, which one is currently the 'general wisdom' within the community of labor-management analysts?
[...] after World War II, U.S. industry suffered a talent shortage unlike anything since. [...] In that [...] void, modern HR was born, ushering in practices such as coaching, developmental assignments, job rotation, 360-degree feedback, assessment centers, high-potential tracks, and succession plans. They sound routine now, but they were revolutionary then. And they arose from an urgent need to develop and retain talent in the 1950s.
Human capital management (HCM) has been described as 'a paradigm shift' from the traditional approach to human resource management (Kearns, 2005b) [...].