The striosomes receive input from the prefrontal cortex and give outputs to the substantia nigra pars compacta.[17] There are more striosomes present in the dorsal striatum making up 10-15% of the striatal volume, than in the ventral striatum.[16]
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which are the principal neurons of the striatum.[2] They are GABAergic and, thus, are classified as inhibitory neurons. Medium spiny projection neurons comprise 95% of the total neuronal population of the human striatum.[2] Medium spiny neurons have two characteristic types: D1-type MSNs and D2-type MSNs.[2][4][18] A subpopulation of MSNs contain both D1-type and D2-type receptors, with approximately40% of striatal MSNs expressing both DRD1 and DRD2mRNA.[2][4][18]
Cholinergicinterneurons release acetylcholine, which has a variety of important effects in the striatum. In humans, other primates, and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with stereotyped responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.[19][20] The large aspiny cholinergic interneurons themselves are affected by dopamine through D5 dopamine receptors.[21] Dopamine also directly controls communication between cholinergic interneurons.[22][23]
Another well-known afferent is the nigrostriatal connection arising from the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. While cortical axons synapse mainly on spine heads of spiny neurons, nigral axons synapse mainly on spine shafts. In primates, the thalamostriatal afferent comes from the central median-parafascicular complex of the thalamus (see primate basal ganglia system). This afferent is glutamatergic. The participation of truly intralaminar neurons is much more limited. The striatum also receives afferents from other elements of the basal ganglia such as the subthalamic nucleus (glutamatergic) or the external globus pallidus (GABAergic).
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by cognitive inflexibility and poor understanding of social systems. This inflexible behavior originates in defects in the prefrontal cortex as well as the striatal circuits.[62] The defects in the striatum seem to specifically contribute to the motor, social and communication impairments seen in ASD patients. In mice which have an ASD-like phenotype induced via the overexpression of the eukaryotic initiation of translation factor 4E, it has been shown that these defects seem to stem from the reduced ability to store and process information in the striatum, which leads to the difficulty seen in forming new motor patterns, as well as disengaging from existing ones.[63]
Dysfunction
Dysfunction in the ventral striatum can lead to a variety of disorders, most notably depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Because of its involvement in reward pathways, the ventral striatum has also been implicated in playing a critical role in addiction. It has been well established that the ventral striatum is strongly involved in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs, especially stimulants, through dopaminergic stimulation.[64]
The term neostriatum was coined by comparative anatomists comparing the subcortical structures between vertebrates, because it was thought to be a phylogenetically newer section of the corpus striatum. The term is still used by some sources, including Medical Subject Headings.[78]
Other animals
In birds the term used was the paleostriatum augmentatum, while in the new avian terminology listing (as of 2002) for neostriatum this has been changed to the nidopallium.[79]
In non-primate species, the islands of Calleja are included in the ventral striatum.[11]
Striatum highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
Striatum highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
Striatum highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
An animation showing the location of the striatum in the human brain.
Anatomy of the striatum within the human brain.
Vocalization subsystems in complex-vocal learners and limited-vocal learners.
Comparative evolution of the striatum and pallium in vertebrates. The ratio of the brain mass devoted to the pallium increases in parallel in various vertebrate taxa.
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