Unspecified Depressive Disorder is designated by the code311 for depressive disorders. In the DSM-5, Unspecified Depressive Disorder encompasses symptoms that are characteristic of depressive disorders and cause significant impairment in functioning, but do not meet the criteria for the diagnosis of any specified depressive disorders. In the DSM-IV, this was called Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified.
Depressive personality disorder (DPD) is a controversial psychiatric diagnosis that denotes a personality disorder with depressive features. Originally included in the DSM-II, depressive personality disorder was removed from the DSM-III and DSM-III-R.[30] Recently, it has been reconsidered for reinstatement as a diagnosis. Depressive personality disorder is currently described in Appendix B in the DSM-IV-TR as worthy of further study.
Recurrent brief depression (RBD), distinguished from major depressive disorder primarily by differences in duration. People with RBD have depressive episodes about once per month, with individual episodes lasting less than two weeks and typically less than 2–3 days. Diagnosis of RBD requires that the episodes occur over the span of at least one year and, in female patients, independently of the menstrual cycle.[31] People with clinical depression can develop RBD, and vice versa and both illnesses have similar risks.[32]
Minor depressive disorder, or simply minor depression, which refers to a depression that does not meet full criteria for major depression but in which at least two symptoms are present for two weeks.[33]
Bipolar disorders
Bipolar disorder (BD) (also called "manic depression" or "manic-depressive disorder"), an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression),[34] which was formerly known as "manic depression" (and in some cases rapid cycling, mixed states, and psychotic symptoms).[35] Subtypes include:
Bipolar I is distinguished by the presence or history of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes with or without major depressive episodes. A depressive episode is not required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder, but depressive episodes are usually part of the course of the illness.
Bipolar II consisting of recurrent intermittent hypomanic and depressive episodes or mixed episodes.
The long-term use of benzodiazepines may have a similar effect on the brain as alcohol, and are also implicated in depression.[53] As with alcohol, the effects of benzodiazepine on neurochemistry, such as decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, are believed to be responsible for the increased depression.[54][55][56][57][58][59] Additionally, benzodiazepines can indirectly worsen mood by worsening sleep (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced sleep disorder). Like alcohol, benzodiazepines can put people to sleep but, while asleep, they disrupt sleep architecture: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to REM sleep, and decreasing deep sleep (the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).[60][61][62] Just as some antidepressants can cause or worsen anxiety in some patients due to being activating, benzodiazepines can cause or worsen depression due to being a central nervous system depressant—worsening thinking, concentration and problem solving (i.e., benzodiazepine-induced neurocognitive disorder).[45] However, unlike antidepressants, in which the activating effects usually improve with continued treatment, benzodiazepine-induced depression is unlikely to improve until after stopping the medication.[61][62]
In a long-term follow-up study of patients dependent on benzodiazepines, it was found that 10 people (20%) had taken drug overdoses while on chronic benzodiazepine medication despite only two people ever having had any pre-existing depressive disorder. A year after a gradual withdrawal program, no patients had taken any further overdoses.[49]
In determining treatment, there are many types of depression scales that are used. One of the depression scales is a self-report scale called Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Another scale is the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). HAMD is a clinical rating scale in which the patient is rated based on clinician observation.[90] The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a scale for depression symptoms that applies to the general population. This scale is typically used in research and not for self-reports. The PHQ-9 which stands for Patient-Health Questionnaire-9 questions, is a self-report as well. Finally, the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) evaluates bipolar disorder.[91]
Epidemiology
According to a substantial number of epidemiology studies conducted, women are twice as likely to develop certain mood disorders, such as major depression. Although there is an equal number of men and women diagnosed with bipolar II disorder, women have a slightly higher frequency of the disorder.[92]
In 2011, mood disorders were the most common reason for hospitalization among children aged 1–17 years in the United States, with approximately 112,000 stays.[93] Mood disorders were top principal diagnosis for Medicaid super-utilizers in the United States in 2012.[94] Further, a study of 18 states found that mood disorders accounted for the highest number of hospital readmissions among Medicaid patients and the uninsured, with 41,600 Medicaid patients and 12,200 uninsured patients being readmitted within 30 days of their index stay—a readmission rate of 19.8 per 100 admissions and 12.7 per 100 admissions, respectively.[95] In 2012, mood and other behavioral health disorders were the most common diagnoses for Medicaid-covered and uninsured hospital stays in the United States (6.1% of Medicaid stays and 5.2% of uninsured stays).[96]
A study conducted in 1988 to 1994 amongst young American adults involved a selection of demographic and health characteristics. A population-based sample of 8,602 men and women ages 17–39 years participated. Lifetime prevalence were estimated based on six mood measures:
major depressive episode (MDE) 8.6%,
major depressive disorder with severity (MDE-s) 7.7%,
↑Rosenthal, N.E (1984). "A Description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with Light Therapy". Archives of General Psychiatry. 41 (1): 72–80. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010. PMC2686645. PMID6581756.
↑Lam, Raymond W.; Levitan, Robert D. (2000). "Pathophysiology of seasonal affective disorder: a review". Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 25 (5): 469–480. PMC1408021. PMID11109298.
↑Millon, T. (2006). "Personality subtypes". Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
↑ Hawkins, Eric J.; Malte, Carol A.; Imel, Zac E.; Saxon, Andrew J.; Kivlahan, Daniel R. (2012年7月) 「退役軍人省の心的外傷後ストレス障害患者におけるベンゾジアゼピン使用の有病率と傾向、2003~2010年」 Drug and Alcohol Dependence . 124 ( 1–2 ): 154–161 . doi : 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.003 . ISSN 1879-0046 . PMID 22305658 .
↑ Williams Daniel T.; Hirsch Scott; Coffey Barbara (2007). "特定不能の広汎性発達障害および中等度精神遅滞を有する青年における気分および不安症状". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology . 17 (5): 721– 726. doi : 10.1089/cap.2007.17503 . PMID 17979592 .
↑Ramot, Assaf (March 2017). "Hypothalamic CRFR1 is essential for HPA axis regulation following chronic stress". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (3): 385–388. doi:10.1038/nn.4491. PMID28135239. S2CID5017743.
↑Parker, George (2014). "DSM-5 and Psychotic and Mood Disorders". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. 42 (2): 182–190. PMID24986345.
↑Weston, Drew; Morrison, Kate (2001). "A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 69 (6): 875–899. CiteSeerX10.1.1.200.7241. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.6.875. PMID11777114.
↑Karyotaki, E.; Smit, Y.; Holdt Henningsen, K.; Huibers, M.J.H.; Robays, J.; de Beurs, D.; Cuijpers, P. (2016). "Combining pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy or monotherapy for major depression? A meta-analysis on the long-term effects". Journal of Affective Disorders. 194: 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.036. hdl:1871.1/adac41b1-0b2a-449f-a4df-b8e9baebddde. ISSN0165-0327. PMID26826534.
↑Keck, Paul E. Jr.; McElroy, Susan L.; Strakowski, Stephen M. (1998). "Anticonvulsants and antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 59 (Suppl 6): 74–82. PMID9674940.
↑Cipriani, A (2013). "Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 346: 1. doi:10.1136/bmj.f3646. PMID23814104.
↑ Nierenberg, Andrew A、Kansky, Christine、Brennan, Brian P、Shelton, Richard C、Perlis, Roy、Iosifescu, Dan V (2012)。「双極性障害に対するミトコンドリア調節剤:病態生理学的知見に基づく新薬開発のパラダイム」。Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry。47 ( 1): 26–42。doi : 10.1177 / 0004867412449303。PMID 22711881。S2CID 22983555。
↑ Kim, Eun Young; Hwang, Samuel Suk-Hyun; Lee, Nam Young; Kim, Se Hyun; Lee, Hyun Jeong; Kim, Yong Sik; Ahn, Yong Min (2013年6月)「知能、気質、性格は、気分障害患者の情動症状の過剰報告または過少報告と関連している」Journal of Affective Disorders . 148 ( 2–3 ): 235–242 . doi : 10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.065 . ISSN 0165-0327 . PMID 23270973 .