「生態系の破壊は現代の問題だと考えがちですが、その影響は何千年も前に遡り、人類が狩猟採集民として暮らしていた時代にまでさかのぼります。野生動物との関係は、常にゼロサムゲームでした。つまり、絶滅するまで狩り尽くすか、農地で生息地を破壊するかのどちらかだったのです。」 –ハンナ・リッチー( Our World in Dataより)[ 146 ]
人類世という用語の妥当性については依然として議論の余地があるものの、その根底にある前提、すなわち人類が地質学的力、あるいは地球の気候を形作る支配的な力になったという考え方は、学者や一般の人々の間で支持を集めている。ロドルフォ・ディルゾ、ジェラルド・セバロス、ポール・R・エーリックは、Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B の意見記事で、この用語は「学術的な社会領域だけでなく、より一般的な社会の語彙にもますます浸透しつつある」と述べており、現在ではオックスフォード英語辞典の項目として含まれている。[ 147 ]また、別の例として、ケンブリッジ大学は人類世研究の学位を提供している。[ 148 ]公共の場では、人類世という用語は、活動家、評論家、政治家の言説においてますます普及している。人新世という用語に批判的な人の中には、「多くの問題点はあるものの、この用語には力がある」と認める人もいる。 [ 149 ]この言葉の人気と普及度から、学者たちはこの用語を「カリスマ的なメタカテゴリー」[ 150 ]または「カリスマ的なメガコンセプト」[ 151 ]と呼ぶようになった。いずれにせよ、この用語は社会科学者、哲学者、先住民の学者などからさまざまな批判を受けてきた。
↑ Leconte, Joseph (1877). "地球史における臨界期とその進化との関係について; 第四紀[ sic ]をそのような時期として" . The American Naturalist . 11 (9): 540– 557. Bibcode : 1877ANat...11..540L . doi : 10.1086/271947 . ISSN 0003-0147 . JSTOR 2448188 .
↑Petersen-Rockney, Margiana; Baur, Patrick; Guzman, Aidee; Bender, S. Franz; Calo, Adam; Castillo, Federico; De Master, Kathryn; Dumont, Antoinette; Esquivel, Kenzo; Kremen, Claire; LaChance, James; Mooshammer, Maria; Ory, Joanna; Price, Mindy J.; Socolar, Yvonne (15 March 2021). "Narrow and Brittle or Broad and Nimble? Comparing Adaptive Capacity in Simplifying and Diversifying Farming Systems". Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 5 564900. Bibcode:2021FrSFS...564900P. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.564900. ISSN2571-581X.
↑Ogden, M. (29 February 2016). "'The Anthropocene' viewed from Vernadsky's Noosphere". Promethean Pac. LaRouche PAC.
↑Doklady: Biological sciences sections, Volumes 132–135. Akademii͡a nauk SSSR.
↑Revkin, Andrew C. (11 May 2011). "Confronting the 'Anthropocene'". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
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↑Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. "The "Anthropocene"". IGBP Newsletter. pp.17–18.
↑Pearce, Fred (2007). With Speed and Violence: Why Scientists fear tipping points in Climate Change. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. ISBN978-0-8070-8576-9. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
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↑Ehlers, Eckart; Moss, C.; Krafft, Thomas (2006). Earth System Science in the Anthropocene: Emerging issues and problems. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN978-3-540-26590-0.
↑ Gibbard, Philip L.、Bauer, Andrew M.、Edgeworth, Matthew、Ruddiman, William F.、Gill, Jacquelyn L.、Merritts, Dorothy J.、Finney, Stanley C.、Edwards, Lucy E.、Walker, Michael JC、Maslin, Mark、Ellis、Erle C. (2021) 「実用的な解決策:人新世は正式な時代区分ではなく、地質学的出来事である」。Episodes Journal of International Geoscience。45 ( 4 ): 349–357。Bibcode : 2021Episo..45..349G。doi : 10.18814/epiiugs/ 2021 / 021029。S2CID 244165877。
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↑Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39) e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC10523489. PMID37722053. Current generic extinction rates will likely greatly accelerate in the next few decades due to drivers accompanying the growth and consumption of the human enterprise such as habitat destruction, illegal trade, and climate disruption.
↑Hughes, Alice C.; Tougeron, Kévin; Martin, Dominic A.; Menga, Filippo; Rosado, Bruno H. P.; Villasante, Sebastian; Madgulkar, Shweta; Gonçalves, Fernando; Geneletti, Davide; Diele-Viegas, Luisa Maria; Berger, Sebastian; Colla, Sheila R.; de Andrade Kamimura, Vitor; Caggiano, Holly; Melo, Felipe (1 January 2023). "Smaller human populations are neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for biodiversity conservation". Biological Conservation. 277 109841. Bibcode:2023BCons.27709841H. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109841. ISSN0006-3207. Through examining the drivers of biodiversity loss in highly biodiverse countries, we show that it is not population driving the loss of habitats, but rather the growth of commodities for export, particularly soybean and oil-palm, primarily for livestock feed or biofuel consumption in higher income economies.
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↑Bender, Eric (21 March 2022). "Urban evolution: How species adapt to survive in cities". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-031822-1. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
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↑Davis, Heather; Turpin, Etienne (2014). Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies. Open Humanities Press. pp.3–30. ISBN978-1-78542-008-5.
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↑Moore, Jason W., ed. (2016). Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, history, and the crisis of capitalism. Oakland, CA: PM Press. ISBN978-1-62963-148-6.
↑ヒッケル、ジェイソン(2021)。『Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World』 。ウィンドミル・ブックス。39-40頁。ISBN978-1-78609-121-5地球規模で物事のバランスが崩れ始めたのは、ここ数百年の資本主義の台頭と、1950年代以降の驚異的な工業化の加速によるものだった。
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External links
The Anthropocene epoch: have we entered a new phase of planetary history?, The Guardian, 2019
Drawing A Line In The Mud: Scientists Debate When 'Age Of Humans' Began. NPR. 17 March 2021.
"The Anthropocene: Where on Earth are we Going? [Full]". YouTube. The Royal Society of Victoria. 15 April 2021. (lecture given by Professor Will Steffen in Melbourne, Australia)
8 billion humans: How population growth and climate change are connected as the 'Anthropocene engine' transforms the planet. The Conversation. 3 November 2022.
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