Global ecological role / Function for climate change
"Over past 20 years (2021), the Brazilian Amazon emitted 13% more CO2 than it absorbed".[97][98]
Amazon vegetation holds around 56.8 billion metric tons of carbon above ground. The slash and burn cycle is causing the Amazon to release more carbon than it takes in.[99]
The Amazon basin holds 10% of the world's biodiversity and about 15% of the worlds river discharge. The Amazon functions as a carbon sink due to photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is converted into oxygen. The role the vegetation plays in the water cycle is very important. 50% to 80% of the water remains locked within the basin due to the complex role vegetation, rivers and the atmosphere play with each other. Without trees the Amazon basin's ability to hold onto the water will disappear and will lead to Desertification.[100]
"Amazon biodiversity also plays a critical role as part of global systems, influencing the global carbon cycle and thus climate change, as well as hemispheric hydrological systems, serving as an important anchor for South American climate and rainfall. It also produces 20% oxygen of the Earth."[101]
12Goulding, M., Barthem, R. B. and Duenas, R. (2003). The Smithsonian Atlas of the Amazon, Smithsonian Books ISBN1-58834-135-6
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12Lima, Ademar dos Santos; Mello, Antonio Augusto Souza; Sousa, Rosineide Magalhães de (23 October 2020). "Amazonia: the last surviving Amazonian indigenous languages". doi:10.33774/coe-2020-hmm80.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑Sirén, Anders Henrik (23 October 2007). "Population Growth and Land Use Intensification in a Subsistence-based Indigenous Community in the Amazon". Human Ecology. 35 (6): 669–680. Bibcode:2007HumEc..35..669S. doi:10.1007/s10745-006-9089-y. ISSN0300-7839.
12Athayde, Simone; Shepard, Glenn; Cardoso, Thiago M; van der Voort, Hein; Zent, Stanford; Rosero-Peña, Martha Cecilia; Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica; Wawaeitxapôh Suruí, Gasodá; Larrea-Alcazar, Daniel M (12 November 2021). "Chapter 10: Critical interconnections between the cultural and biological diversity of Amazonian peoples and ecosystems"(PDF). In Nobre, Carlos; Encalada, Andrea; Anderson, Elizabeth; Roca Alcazar, Fernando Hector (eds.). Amazon Assessment Report 2021. UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. doi:10.55161/iobu4861. ISBN978-1-7348080-0-1. Archived(PDF) from the original on 30 October 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
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↑"Amazon river flowed into the Pacific millions of years ago". Mongabay. 24 October 2006. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
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12Junk, W.J.; M.G.M. Soares; P.B. Bayley (2007), "Freshwater fishes of the Amazon River Basin: their biodiversity, fisheries, and habitats", Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 10 (2): 153–173, Bibcode:2007AqEHM..10..153J, doi:10.1080/14634980701351023, S2CID83788515
↑James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (2011). Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. University of California Press. p.308. ISBN978-0-520-26868-5.
↑Reis R.E.; Albert J.S.; Di Dario F.; Mincarone M.M.; Petry P.; Rocha L.A. (2016). "Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America". Journal of Fish Biology. 89 (1): 12–47. Bibcode:2016JFBio..89...12R. doi:10.1111/jfb.13016. PMID27312713. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
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↑Mendonça, F. P., W. E. Magnusson, J. Zuanon and C. M. Taylor. (2005) Relationships between habitat characteristics and fish assemblages in small streams of Central Amazonia. Copeia 2005(4): 751–764
↑Duncan, W.P.; and Fernandes, M.N. (2010). Physicochemical characterization of the white, black, and clearwater rivers of the Amazon Basin and its implications on the distribution of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae). PanamJAS 5(3): 454–464.
↑Roberts, T.R. (2013). "Leptophilypnion, a new genus with two new species of tiny central Amazonian gobioid fishes (Teleostei, Eleotridae)". Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 19 (2): 85–98.
12Romero, Aldemaro, ed. (2001). The Biology of Hypogean Fishes. Developments in environmental biology of fishes. Vol.21. ISBN978-1-4020-0076-8.
↑Fenolio, Danté (2016). Life in the Dark: Illuminating Biodiversity in the Shadowy Haunts of Planet Earth. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN978-1-4214-1863-6.
↑Lujan, Nathan. K.; Chamon, Carine. C. (2008). "Two new species of Loricariidae (Teleostei: Silurifomes) from main channels of the upper and middle Amazon Basin, with discussion of deep water specialization in loricariids". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. 19: 271–282.
↑Thomas, M.R.; L.H.R. Py-Daniel (2008). "Three new species of the armored catfish genus Loricaria (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from river channels of the Amazon basin". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 6 (3): 379–394. doi:10.1590/S1679-62252008000300011.
↑Cramer, C.A.; L.H.R. Py-Daniel (2015). "A new species of Panaqolus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Madeira basin with remarkable intraspecific color variation". Neotrop. Ichthyol. 13 (3): 461–470. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140099.
↑Howard, Brian Clark (27 September 2013). "Fish That Lay Eggs Out of the Water". National Geographic. Water Currents. Archived from the original on 28 May 2015.
↑SeriouslyFish. "Lepidosiren paradoxa". Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
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↑ Junk, Wolfgang J.; Soares, Maria Gercilia Mota; Bayley, Peter B. (2007年6月8日). "アマゾン川流域の淡水魚類:その生物多様性、漁業、生息地" . Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management . 10 (2): 153– 173. Bibcode : 2007AqEHM..10..153J . doi : 10.1080/14634980701351023 . ISSN 1463-4988 . 2024年7月12日のオリジナルからアーカイブ済み。 2026年3月16日取得。
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12de Vasconcellos, Ana Claudia Santiago; Ferreira, Sylvio Romério Briglia; de Sousa, Ciro Campos; de Oliveira, Marcos Wesley; de Oliveira Lima, Marcelo; Basta, Paulo Cesar (31 August 2022). "Health Risk Assessment Attributed to Consumption of Fish Contaminated with Mercury in the Rio Branco Basin, Roraima, Amazon, Brazil". Toxics. 10 (9): 516. Bibcode:2022Toxic..10..516D. doi:10.3390/toxics10090516. ISSN2305-6304. PMC9504189. PMID36136481.
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Further reading
Acker, Antoine. "Amazon" (2015). Center for InterAmerican Studies, University Bielefeld.
Dematteis, Lou; Szymczak, Kayana (June 2008). Crude Reflections/Cruda Realidad: Oil, Ruin and Resistance in the Amazon Rainforest. City Lights Publishers. ISBN978-0-87286-472-6.
External links
Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy—An except from the book The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley, by historian Normand E. Klare. Actual reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon Basin conditions.
"Scientists find Evidence Discrediting Theory Amazon Was Virtually Unlivable" by The Washington Post
"The Course of the River of the Amazons, Based on the Account of Christopher d'Acugna" from 1680 (map
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