約700 km (430マイル)進んだ後、アプルマック川はマンタロ川と合流してエネ川となり、エネ川はペレネ川と合流してタンボ川となり、タンボ川はウルバンバ川と合流してウカヤリ川となる。アプルマック川とウカヤリ川の合流点を過ぎると、川はアンデス山脈を離れ、氾濫原に囲まれる。この地点からウカヤリ川とマラニョン川の合流点までの約1,600 km (990マイル)の間、森林に覆われた川岸は水面すれすれにあり、川が最大増水位に達するずっと前に水没する。[ 60 ]低い川岸はわずかな丘によってのみ遮られ、川は広大なアマゾン熱帯雨林に入る。
アマゾン川とナイル川のどちらが世界最長の川であるかについての議論は長年続いていますが、地理学の専門家の歴史的なコンセンサスは、アマゾン川を世界で2番目に長い川とみなし、ナイル川を最長の川とみなすことでした。しかし、アマゾン川の長さは6,275 km (3,899 mi)から6,992 km (4,345 mi)の間であると報告されています。[ 4 ]少なくとも6,400 km (4,000 mi)の長さであるとよく言われます。[ 5 ]ナイル川の長さは5,499 km から 7,088 km (3,417 mi から 4,404 mi)の間であると報告されています。[ 4 ]およそ6,650 km (4,130 mi)の長さであるとよく言われます。[ 32 ]これらの測定値に影響を与える可能性のある要因はいくつかあり、地理的な水源と河口の位置、測定スケール、長さ測定技術などがあります(詳細については、「長さによる河川一覧」も参照してください)。[ 4 ] [ 7 ]
The length of the Amazon River is usually said to be "at least" 6,400km (4,000mi),[5][6] but reported values lie anywhere between 6,275 and 7,025km (3,899 and 4,365mi).[4]
The length measurements of many rivers are only approximations and differ from each other because many factors determine the calculated river length, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the length measuring techniques (for details see also List of rivers by length).[4][7]
↑Entire Amazon–Tocantins basin (6,743,000–7,050,000km2 (2,603,000–2,722,000mi2).[9][10][11][5] Amazon without Tocantins 5,956,000–6,112,000km2 (2,300,000–2,360,000mi2)[12][13][10]
↑Amazon without Tocantins 206,000–215,000m3/s (7,300,000–7,600,000cuft/s) and 209,000 m³/s (1973–1990);[12][10][18]
The Rio Pará is a tidally influenced estuary south of the Amazon River and Marajó Island. From the mouth of the Anapu River and the Furo do Tajapuru Channel (Amazon branch) to the Atlantic Ocean, it is about 350 km long. From the mouth of the Tocantins River, it is called the Marajó Bay. The Rio Pará estuary receives a significant amount of water from the north through the Amazon River. Some scientists advocate classifying it as part of the Amazon basin, since a significant amount of water (on average 6,000 m³/s) enters the system from the Amazon.[12] If Amazon with Rio Pará considered as a water system, the catchment area is 6,925,674 km²,[8] the total discharge averages at Amazon Delta 223,700 m³/s (or 220,800 m³/s for the period 1973–1990; 230,000 m³/s for the period 2003–2015).[9][19][20][18][10][21][22][23][24][25]
↑The Nile is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650km (4,130mi),[32] and the Amazon the second longest river in the world, with a length of at least 6,400km (4,000mi).[5] In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992km (4,345mi) and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853km (4,258mi).[33][34] A peer-reviewed article, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088km (4,404mi) for the Nile and 6,575km (4,086mi) for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions.[4] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate.[5][35]
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↑Ney, Maranhão; Laura, Tillmann Viana; Ney, Maranhão; Carlos André, Cascelli; Alessandro, Mendes; Raphael, Guimarães; Bárbara, de Castro; Danúzia, Queiroz (2012). Plano estratégico de recursos hídricos dos afluentes da margem direita do rio Amazonas(PDF). Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). ISBN978-85-89629-91-1.
↑Barthem, R.B. et al.: Global International Waters Assessment, Regional Assessment 40B – Amazon Basin, UN Environment Programme, Kalmar 2004
Garfield, Seth. In search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States and the nature of a region (Duke University Press, 2013) online
Hecht, Susanna, et al. "The Amazon in motion: Changing politics, development strategies, peoples, landscapes, and livelihoods." Amazon Assessment Report 2021, Part II (2021): ch 14 pp 1–65. online, with long bibliography
Nugent, Stephen L. The rise and fall of the Amazon rubber industry: an historical anthropology (Routledge, 2017) online.
Schulze, Frederik, and Georg Fischer. "Brazilian history as global history." Bulletin of Latin American Research 38.4 (2019): 408–422. online
Wohl, Ellen (2011). The Amazon: Rivers of Blushing Dolphins. A World of Rivers. The University of Chicago Press.
External links
Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science
A photographic journey up the Amazon River from its mouth to its source
Amazon Alive: Light & Shadow documentary film about the Amazon river
Amazon River Ecosystem
Research on the influence of the Amazon River on the Atlantic Ocean at the University of Southern CaliforniaArchived 9 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine
Geographic data related to Amazon River at OpenStreetMap
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Rivers of Colombia
Rivers of Peru
Colombia–Peru border
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Rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Rivers of the Department of Loreto
Rivers of Pará
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