現代の民族グループの一覧

以下は、現代の民族グループの一覧です。民族グループの分類については、常に議論が続いています。民族グループのメンバーであることは、共通の祖先、歴史、故郷、言語または方言、文化遺産と関連付けられる傾向があります。ここで「文化」という用語には、宗教、神話、儀式、料理、服装 (衣服)スタイルなどの側面が具体的に含まれます。

概念の性質上、民族グループはサブグループに分けられる傾向があり、参照する情報源に応じて、それ自体が独立した民族グループとして識別される場合と識別されない場合があります。

民族グループ

以下のグループは、民族言語学上の門、国家グループ、人種グループなどとは対照的に、一般的に「民族グループ」として識別されます。

Lists of ethnic groups

by status:

regional lists:

Notes

^ a b Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
^ a b c d e f Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
^ a b c Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.
^ Although Akan is the principal language of the Akan people, the Akan language has only recently been standardized. The majority of Akan people still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.
^ Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.
^ Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.
^ a b c d e f g h Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.
^ a b c d e f Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.
^ Due to the influence of assimilation into Acehnese culture, most Aneuk Jamee people use Acehnese as their everyday language.
^ With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
^ The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.
^ During the Armenian genocide that occurred in Western Armenia, many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).
^ The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Assyrians are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.
^ Modern Assyria have seen long periods of violence throughout the region, some of which (such as the Assyrian genocide and the Persecution of Christians by ISIL) have been directed against the Assyrians themselves. This has caused many to flee to places such as the United States and Sweden; it is believed that the majority now reside outside of the Middle East.
^ Eonavian is variously classified as a dialect group of Galician, a transitional variety between Galician and Asturian, and as a separate linguistic group.
^ Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
^ Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
^ The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.
^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.
^ a b c d Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
^ Due to the Expulsion of the Chagossians, there are no Chagossians living on the Chagos Archipelago. The majority of Chagossians now live in the United Kingdom, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
^ The last of the Chumashan languages went extinct in 1965 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2010.
^ The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.
^ a b c d Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
^ a b Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.
^ a b c d e f Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.
^ Endonymically known as iTaukei.
^ a b c This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
^ The Gabrieleno language went extinct around 1900, but revival efforts have been ongoing since the 2000s. Most are fluent in English and/or Spanish
^ Like its speakers, the Garifuna language is the only remnant of the Island Carib language.
^ Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras has seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.
^ Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible; they are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.
^ Although a Nakh people, they are heavily assimilated into Georgian society.
^ Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.
^ Gorolski is not a distinct language, but rather a group of Lechitic dialects spoken by Gorals that fall into various Lechitic languages.
^ Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.
^ Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.
^ a b Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.
^ The ResearchGate mirror (archive) contains metadata about the presentation.
^ Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Japanese varieties, the Kagoshima/Satsugū^[20]^[21]^[22] and Tsugaru^[23]^{[note 41]} varieties are considered to be distinct languages from other Japanese varieties within a Japanesic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.^[24]^[25]
^ The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.
^ Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.
^ Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.
^ While Jews originate in the Land of Israel, they were primarily a diaspora ethnicity from the late antique period until 1948, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, Israeli Jews make up only 45% of the worldwide Jewish population.^[26]
^ The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.
^ The indigenous Kalinago language became extinct in the 1920s. However, an offshoot of it known as Garifuna is still spoken today.
^ Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.
^ The Lhoba speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages, all of which may or may not be mutually intelligible.
^ Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.
^ The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.
^ Otherwise known as Keralites or Keralans.
^ a b The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.
^ Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.
^ Due to gradual Hispanicization following the Occupation of Araucania, the majority of Mapuche can only speak Spanish.
^ Most Maronites today speak Arabic since a language shift around the 17th century with Syriac in liturgical use, however some Maronites in Jish are reviving Aramaic.
^ Tutelo went extinct in 1982, leading most Monacans, Saponi, and Occaneechi to speak English. There has been some interest in reviving Tutelo in the 21st century.^[28]
^ The Moriori language went extinct in 1898 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2001.
^ a b Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.
^ a b The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.
^ a b c Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.
^ Though many Tasmanian languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Palawa.
^ Though many Para-Romani languages are not genetically related to each other beyond having a Romani substrate, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Romani diaspora.
^ The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
^ All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.
^ The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.
^ Due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.
^ Due to the Sirenik language going extinct, Sirenik people have begun using the related Siberian Yupik language in its place.
^ a b The Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are distinct subgroups. The former are descended from the Tamil community that has lived in Sri Lanka since at least the 2nd century BCE, while the latter are the descendants of 19th- and 20th-century immigrants from South India. Also, most of the Indian Tamil population lives in the country's central highland region, while the native Tamils typically live in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.
^ Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.
^ Due to policies of polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.
^ Though many Zhuang languages are not closely related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects spoken among Zhuangs.

References

^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Tulloch, Shelley. "Preserving Inuit Dialects in Nunavut" (PDF).
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Olson, James Stuart (1996). The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ "Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^ "A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic" (PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
^ Chapman, Colin (2012). "Christians in the Middle East - Past, Present and Future". Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. doi:10.1177/0265378812439955. S2CID 145722860.
^ Chatty, Dawn (15 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.
^ "The Botlikhs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^ De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
^ "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.
^ Sevinç, Necdet (1983). Gaziantep'de yer adları ve Türk boyları, Türk aşiretleri, Türk oymakları (in Turkish). pp. 71–72. Güney Azerbaycan'da da İlbekli = İlbeğli adında bir Türk aşireti vardır.
^ Azer, San'an (1942). Iran Türkleri. Cumhuriyet Matbaası. p. 12.
^ a b Исследование традиционной культуры и быта молокан-эрзя в Армении. НИИ ГН при правительстве Республики Мордовия
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "Government Publishes Bill to recognise British Sign Language as a language of Gibraltar - 274/2022". Government of Gibraltar. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ Anita Sujoldžić, "Molise Croatian Idiom" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 263–274
Along with the institutional support provided by the Italian government and Croatian institutions based on bilateral agreements between the two states, the Slavic communities also received a new label for their language and a new ethnic identity – Croatian, and there have been increasing tendencies to standardize the spoken idiom on the basis of Standard Croatian. It should be stressed, however, that although they regarded their different language as a source of prestige and self-appreciation, these communities have always considered themselves to be Italians who in addition have Slavic origins and at best accept to be called Italo-Slavi, while the term "Molise Croatian" emerged recently as a general term in scientific and popular literature to describe the Croatian-speaking population living in the Molise.
^ Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Umeyo Hirano (1989). The Japanese language. Translation: Umeyo Hirano. Tuttle Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6.
^ Schwartz, William L. (1915). "A Survey of the Satsuma Dialect in Three Parts". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 43 (2). Asiatic Society of Japan: 14 – via Internet Archive. It is a well known fact that there are two provinces in the extremities of our country where the language of the inhabitants cannot be understood by Tokyo people, viz. — Mutsu in the North, and Satsuma in the South.
^ Hattori, Shiro (1973). Hoenigswald, Henry M. (ed.). "Japanese Dialects". Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics: 375. doi:10.1515/9783111418797-017. ISBN 9783111418797 – via De Gruyter Mouton. The dialect of the city is incomprehensible to the people of Honshu, although it is classified among the Mainland dialects because of a great linguistic gap between it and those of the Ryukyu Archipelago.
^ Takubo, Yukinori (8 August 2018). Mutual Intelligibility as a measure of linguistic distance and intergenerational transmission (PDF). Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 16 and 29. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12014.66880. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Kagoshima". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Tsugaru". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
^ "World Jewish population rises to 15 Million | The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
^ Due to the 1923 Greek-Turkish population exchange, the majority now live in Greece.
^ Antrim, Aislinn (4 June 2019). "Rebuilding the Tutelo-Saponi language for tribe's next generation". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
^ Juha Janhunen (1996). Manchuria: An Ethnic History. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Part I - Mormons as an Ethno-Religious Group. ebooks.cambridge.org. 29 September 2014. ISBN 9781107027978. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
^ "2021 Norfolk Island, Census All Persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 833. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Pitcairn Islander". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
^ a b Clements, Joseph; Amaral, Patrícia; Garrett, Jordan (2021). "Social identity and the formation and development of Barranquenho". In Sippola, Eeva; Matras, Yaron; Mazzoli, Maria (eds.). New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249. doi:10.1515/9781501511257-008. ISBN 9781501517266. S2CID 236374063.
^ Ognibene, Terri Ann; Browder, Glen (2018), South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology, University of South Carolina, p. 64, ISBN 9781611178593
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^ "The Tsakhurs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
^ Jeffrey P. Brain and Frank W. Porter (1990). The Tunica-Biloxi. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-1555467319.
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Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.

[Circassian_genocide-1] Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.

[Language_family-2] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.

[non-contiguous-3] Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.

[Assam-6] Assamese ethnic group; the vast majority only speak Assamese.

[8] Although Akan is the principal language of the Akan people, the Akan language has only recently been standardized. The majority of Akan people still speak their local dialects, which are usually considered by linguists to be separate languages altogether.

[10] Due to historical migrations, about half of the Akan population reside in Ivory Coast.

[11] Some time around 1860s, many Akha have been migrating to Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand. Today, the majority reside outside of China.

[American_Indians-14] Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the American government, the vast majority only speak English.

[Trail_of_Tears-15] Following the passage of the Indian Removal Act, the Cherokee, the Choctaw, the Chickasaw, and the Muscogee were all forced to relocate their entire population to Oklahoma.

[Aneuk_Jamee-16] Due to the influence of assimilation into Acehnese culture, most Aneuk Jamee people use Acehnese as their everyday language.

[17] With the exception of Navajo, all Apachean speakers are seen as one ethnicity. However, due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.

[22] The Argobba have typically been a merchant community and usually trades with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in the majority only speaking Amharic or Oromo.

[23] During the Armenian genocide that occurred in Western Armenia, many Armenians fled to Russia, France, and the United States. Today, the majority reside outside of Greater Armenia, and Western Armenia no longer has an openly Armenian population (the Hemshin largely avoid identifying themselves as being Armenian, while the vast majority of people that are openly Armenian in Turkey reside in Istanbul, which is not a part of Western Armenia).

[Neo-Aramaic-24] The Aramaic language morphed into the Neo-Aramaic languages around 1200 AD. Whether the majority of the Assyrians are still speaking these languages is unclear, however.

[25] Modern Assyria have seen long periods of violence throughout the region, some of which (such as the Assyrian genocide and the Persecution of Christians by ISIL) have been directed against the Assyrians themselves. This has caused many to flee to places such as the United States and Sweden; it is believed that the majority now reside outside of the Middle East.

[Eonavian-26] Eonavian is variously classified as a dialect group of Galician, a transitional variety between Galician and Asturian, and as a separate linguistic group.

[27] Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.

[28] Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russianization during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.

[29] The Beti and the Fang form the Beti-Pahuin peoples. While the term Beti is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to the Beti-Pahuin people, the Beti ethnicity is specifically limited to Ewondo and Eton speakers.

[30] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Bengali.

[France-32] Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.

[Chagossian_expulsion-33] Due to the Expulsion of the Chagossians, there are no Chagossians living on the Chagos Archipelago. The majority of Chagossians now live in the United Kingdom, Mauritius, and Seychelles.

[34] The last of the Chumashan languages went extinct in 1965 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2010.

[35] The original Egyptian language, which morphed into the Coptic language around the 1st century AD, died out as a spoken language around the 17th century and is now only used for religious ceremonies. Today, the Egyptians, including the Copts, speak Egyptian Arabic.

[Celts-36] Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.

[First_Nation-37] Due to the a long history of forced assimilation by the Canadian government, the vast majority can only either speak English.

[non-religious-38] Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.

[41] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Gujarati.

[45] Endonymically known as iTaukei.

[nomadic-47] This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.

[48] The Gabrieleno language went extinct around 1900, but revival efforts have been ongoing since the 2000s. Most are fluent in English and/or Spanish

[49] Like its speakers, the Garifuna language is the only remnant of the Island Carib language.

[50] Following the Second Carib War, the majority of the Garifuna were deported to Honduras, where they later spread to Guatemala, Belize, and Nicaragua. Since then, Honduras has seen high murder rates, causing many to flee to United States.

[51] Many of the Gelao dialects are mutually unintelligible; they are known to intermarry with other ethnic groups; recently, these factors have resulted in most of the populations speaking only Chinese.

[52] Although a Nakh people, they are heavily assimilated into Georgian society.

[54] Due to their historical low status in India, the majority only speak Hindi.

[Gorolski-55] Gorolski is not a distinct language, but rather a group of Lechitic dialects spoken by Gorals that fall into various Lechitic languages.

[56] Since Hawaii's annexation into the United States, English has almost completely supplanted Hawaiian.

[57] Following the suppression of Miao Rebellion of 1854–1873, the majority of the Hmong fled further south to Guangxi, Yunnan, Vietnam, and Laos.

[Hutu,_Tutsi,_Twa-58] Refers specifically to the Kinyarwanda and Kirundi dialects. The other speakers of the dialects within the Rwanda-Rundi continuum are considered to be separate from the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa peoples.

[NINJAL_mirror-64] The ResearchGate mirror (archive) contains metadata about the presentation.

[Japanesic-67] Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Japanese varieties, the Kagoshima/Satsugū^[20]^[21]^[22] and Tsugaru^[23]^{[note 41]} varieties are considered to be distinct languages from other Japanese varieties within a Japanesic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.^[24]^[25]

[68] The majority of the Japanese practiced a syncretised form of Shinto and Buddhism called Shinbutsu-shūgō.

[69] Despite the successful revival of the Hebrew language, many Jews continue to speak the various languages that have developed by the diaspora populations, including Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. In addition, English serves as the lingua franca of Israel.

[Jewish_languages-70] Though many Jewish languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Jewish diaspora.

[72] While Jews originate in the Land of Israel, they were primarily a diaspora ethnicity from the late antique period until 1948, with the Jewish identity being claimed mostly by descendants of those that left Israel following the First Jewish–Roman War. Despite some entire Jewish communities migrating back to Israel, Israeli Jews make up only 45% of the worldwide Jewish population.^[26]

[73] The Wapan language have largely replaced Jukun Takum as the main language.

[74] The indigenous Kalinago language became extinct in the 1920s. However, an offshoot of it known as Garifuna is still spoken today.

[76] Due to both Turkification and the tendency among Georgia-residing Laz to see themselves as being a Georgian subgroup, the majority of Laz either speak Turkish or Georgian.

[77] The Lhoba speak a variety of Sino-Tibetan languages, all of which may or may not be mutually intelligible.

[78] Due to poor soil condition in Madura, the majority now live on Java.

[79] The majority of the Magars have recently switched to Nepali.

[80] Otherwise known as Keralites or Keralans.

[Tungusic-81] The majority of the Tungusic languages are endangered, and many Tungusic ethnic groups now mostly speak only Russian or Chinese depending on the location of their homeland.

[82] Although the Māori have been able to halt the extinction of their language, the majority still only speak English fluently.

[83] Due to gradual Hispanicization following the Occupation of Araucania, the majority of Mapuche can only speak Spanish.

[84] Most Maronites today speak Arabic since a language shift around the 17th century with Syriac in liturgical use, however some Maronites in Jish are reviving Aramaic.

[Tutelo-86] Tutelo went extinct in 1982, leading most Monacans, Saponi, and Occaneechi to speak English. There has been some interest in reviving Tutelo in the 21st century.^[28]

[88] The Moriori language went extinct in 1898 but revival efforts have been ongoing since 2001.

[Serbo-Croatian_language_family-91] Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.

[Chin–Naga-92] The Kuki-Chin–Naga language grouping (it is unclear whether the Kuki-Chin–Naga form an actual language family) consists of five to eight branches. Except for Karbi and Meitei, the Kuki-Chin–Naga is divided between the Chin and the Naga. The Mruic and most of the Kuki-Chin speakers are seen as Chin, while speakers of the remaining Kuki-Chin–Naga branches (Ao, Angami–Pochuri, Tangkhulic, and Zeme) and the speakers Northwestern Kuki-Chin are seen as Naga.

[Assimilation_of_First_Nations-94] Due to a long history of forced assimilation by both American and Canadian governments, the vast majority can only speak English.

[Tasmanian_languages-96] Though many Tasmanian languages are not genetically related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Palawa.

[Para-Romani_languages-99] Though many Para-Romani languages are not genetically related to each other beyond having a Romani substrate, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Romani diaspora.

[100] The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.

[Ryukyuan_languages-101] All Ryukyuan speakers are seen as one ethnicity; however, due to a history of forced assimilation by the Japanese government, the majority can only speak Japanese.

[102] The Siddi now speak the dominant language of their region.

[103] Due to a history of forced assimilation by the American government, the majority can only speak English.

[Sirenik_language-104] Due to the Sirenik language going extinct, Sirenik people have begun using the related Siberian Yupik language in its place.

[TamilsSriLanka-106] The Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka are distinct subgroups. The former are descended from the Tamil community that has lived in Sri Lanka since at least the 2nd century BCE, while the latter are the descendants of 19th- and 20th-century immigrants from South India. Also, most of the Indian Tamil population lives in the country's central highland region, while the native Tamils typically live in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.

[109] Due to the widespread presence of Chinese, the majority of Tujia only have a passive knowledge of their language.

[Polonization-112] Due to policies of polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.

[Zhuang_languages-113] Though many Zhuang languages are not closely related to each other, they are all known to be ethnolects spoken among Zhuangs.

[4] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[5] Tulloch, Shelley. "Preserving Inuit Dialects in Nunavut" (PDF).

[7] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[Olson_1996-9] Olson, James Stuart (1996). The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-313-27918-8.

[12] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[13] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[18] "Arab | Description, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2022.

[19] "A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic" (PDF). Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.

[20] Chapman, Colin (2012). "Christians in the Middle East - Past, Present and Future". Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies. 29 (2): 91–110. doi:10.1177/0265378812439955. S2CID 145722860.

[21] Chatty, Dawn (15 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81792-9.

[31] "The Botlikhs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

[39] De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780030525964. Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

[40] "Druze in Syria". Harvard University. The Druze are an ethnoreligious group concentrated in Syria, Lebanon, and Israel with around one million adherents worldwide. The Druze follow a millenarian offshoot of Isma'ili Shi'ism. Followers emphasize Abrahamic monotheism but consider the religion as separate from Islam.

[Sevinç-42] Sevinç, Necdet (1983). Gaziantep'de yer adları ve Türk boyları, Türk aşiretleri, Türk oymakları (in Turkish). pp. 71–72. Güney Azerbaycan'da da İlbekli = İlbeğli adında bir Türk aşireti vardır.

[43] Azer, San'an (1942). Iran Türkleri. Cumhuriyet Matbaası. p. 12.

[mordva-44] Исследование традиционной культуры и быта молокан-эрзя в Армении. НИИ ГН при правительстве Республики Мордовия

[46] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.

[53] "Government Publishes Bill to recognise British Sign Language as a language of Gibraltar - 274/2022". Government of Gibraltar. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.

[59] Anita Sujoldžić, "Molise Croatian Idiom" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 263–274
Along with the institutional support provided by the Italian government and Croatian institutions based on bilateral agreements between the two states, the Slavic communities also received a new label for their language and a new ethnic identity – Croatian, and there have been increasing tendencies to standardize the spoken idiom on the basis of Standard Croatian. It should be stressed, however, that although they regarded their different language as a source of prestige and self-appreciation, these communities have always considered themselves to be Italians who in addition have Slavic origins and at best accept to be called Italo-Slavi, while the term "Molise Croatian" emerged recently as a general term in scientific and popular literature to describe the Croatian-speaking population living in the Molise.

[60] Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Umeyo Hirano (1989). The Japanese language. Translation: Umeyo Hirano. Tuttle Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6.

[61] Schwartz, William L. (1915). "A Survey of the Satsuma Dialect in Three Parts". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 43 (2). Asiatic Society of Japan: 14 – via Internet Archive. It is a well known fact that there are two provinces in the extremities of our country where the language of the inhabitants cannot be understood by Tokyo people, viz. — Mutsu in the North, and Satsuma in the South.

[62] Hattori, Shiro (1973). Hoenigswald, Henry M. (ed.). "Japanese Dialects". Diachronic, Areal, and Typological Linguistics: 375. doi:10.1515/9783111418797-017. ISBN 9783111418797 – via De Gruyter Mouton. The dialect of the city is incomprehensible to the people of Honshu, although it is classified among the Mainland dialects because of a great linguistic gap between it and those of the Ryukyu Archipelago.

[NINJAL-63] Takubo, Yukinori (8 August 2018). Mutual Intelligibility as a measure of linguistic distance and intergenerational transmission (PDF). Approaches to Endangered Languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, Documentation and Revitalization. National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 16 and 29. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.12014.66880. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.

[65] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Kagoshima". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[66] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (5 December 2022). Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (eds.). "Tsugaru". Glottolog (4.7 ed.). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[71] "World Jewish population rises to 15 Million | The Jewish Agency". www.jewishagency.org. Retrieved 9 June 2024.

[Population_exchange_to_Greece-75] Due to the 1923 Greek-Turkish population exchange, the majority now live in Greece.

[85] Antrim, Aislinn (4 June 2019). "Rebuilding the Tutelo-Saponi language for tribe's next generation". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2022.

[Janhunen1996_2-87] Juha Janhunen (1996). Manchuria: An Ethnic History. Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-951-9403-84-7.

[89] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.

[90] Part I - Mormons as an Ethno-Religious Group. ebooks.cambridge.org. 29 September 2014. ISBN 9781107027978. Retrieved 22 September 2022.

[93] "2021 Norfolk Island, Census All Persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2022.

[95] Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples - An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 833. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.

[97] "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Pitcairn Islander". Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.

[Barranquenho-98] Clements, Joseph; Amaral, Patrícia; Garrett, Jordan (2021). "Social identity and the formation and development of Barranquenho". In Sippola, Eeva; Matras, Yaron; Mazzoli, Maria (eds.). New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249. doi:10.1515/9781501511257-008. ISBN 9781501517266. S2CID 236374063.

[Ognibene&Browder2018-105] Ognibene, Terri Ann; Browder, Glen (2018), South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology, University of South Carolina, p. 64, ISBN 9781611178593

[107] Kaji, Shigeki (2007). A Rutooro Vocabulary. PanLex Project The Long Now Foundation. アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所. pp. 190–196. ISBN 978-4-87297-890-2.

[108] "The Tsakhurs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.

[BRAINTUNICA-110] Jeffrey P. Brain and Frank W. Porter (1990). The Tunica-Biloxi. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-1555467319.

[111] Nafría, Ismael (2 April 2015). "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2023.

民族グループ

Lists of ethnic groups

See also

Notes

References